W 2595532 O077562 T L

ADOPTI ON NOTI CE
AWS- A4. 3, Det er mi nat i on of Di f f usi bl e Hydr ogen Cont ent of
Mar t ensi t i c, Bai nt i c, and Fer r i c St eel Wel d Met al Pr oduced
by Ar c Wel di ng, St andar d Met hods For , was adopt ed on
Oct ober 3, 1994 f or use by t he Depar t ment of Def ense ( DoD) .
Pr oposed changes by DoD act i vi t i es must be submi t t ed t o t he
DoD Adopt i ng Act i vi t y: Commander , Naval Sea Syst ems
Command, SEA 03R42, 2531 J ef f er son Davi s Hi ghway, Ar l i ngt on,
VA 22242- 5160. DoD act i vi t i es may obt ai n copi es of t hi s
st andar d f r omt he St andar di zat i on Document Or der Desk, 700
Robbi ns Avenue, Bui l di ng 4D, Phi l adel phi a, PA 19111- 5094.
The pr i vat e sect or and ot her Gover nment agenci es may
pur chase copi es f r omt he Amer i can Wel di ng Soci et y, 550 N. W.
LeJ eune Road, Mi ami , FL 33135.
Cust odi ans:
Ar my - MR
Navy - SH
Ai r For ce - 11
Adopt i ng Act i vi t y
Navy - SH
AREA THJ M
DI STRI BUTI ON STATEMENT A. Appr oved f or publ i c r el ease;
di st r i but i on i s unl i mi t ed.
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~
ANSVAWS A4.3-93
An American National Standard
Standard Methods for
Determination of the Diffusible
Hydrogen Content of Martensitic,
Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal
Produced by Arc Welding
L .
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--- - - - - .__
AWS A 403 93 0784265 0500979 477
Keywords -Diffusible hydrogen, gas chroma-
tography, mercury displacement, arc
welding, steel, shielded metal arc
ANSI/AWS A4.3-93
An American National Standard
Approved by
welding American National Standards Institute
November 12, 1992
welding, gas metal arc welding, flux
cored arc welding, submerged arc
Standard Methods for
Determination of the Diffusible Hydrogen Content
of Martensitic, Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal
Produced by Arc Welding
Superseding ANSI/AWS A4.3-86
Prepared by
AWS Committee on Filler Metal
Under the direction of
AWS Technical Activities Committee
Approved by
AWS Board of Directors
Abstract
A standard 25 x 12 x 80 mm test specimen and method of preparation are set forth, along with two standard methods of
diffusible hydrogen analysis, mercury displacement and gas chromatography. The methods are suitable for shielded
metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding, and submerged arc welding using welding conditions
and electrodes given in several applicable American Welding Society filler metal specifications.
American Welding Society
550 N.W. LeJ eune Road, P.O. Box 351040, Miami, Florida 33135
Copyright American Welding Society
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AWS A Y . 3 93 074YZb5 0500940 199
Statement on Use of AWS Standards
Ail standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American
Welding Society are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the
American National Standards Institute. When AWS standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents
that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies, their
provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be
approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and
regulations. In ail cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the
AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS
standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.
International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-401-9
American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJ eune Road, P.O. Box 351040, Miami, Florida 33135
O 1993 by American Welding Society. All rights reserved
Printed in thc United States of America
Note: The primary purpose of AWS is to serve and benefit its members. To this end, AWS provides a forum for the
exchange, consideration, and discussion of ideas and proposals that are relevant to the welding industry and the
consensus of which forms the basis for these standards. By providing such a forum, AWS does not assume any duties to
which a user of these standards may be required to adhere. By publishing this standard, the American Welding Society
does not insure anyone using the information it contains against any liability arising from that use. Publication of a
standard by the American Welding Society does not carry with it any right to make, use, or sell any patented items.
Users of the information in this standard should make an independent investigation of the validity of that information for
their particular use and the patent status of any item referred to herein.
With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.
However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These
individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or
interpretations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official
interpretation.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS Filler Metal Committee. It must bereviewed every five
years and if not revised, it must be either reapproved or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or
deletions) and any pertinent data that may beof use in improving this standard are requested and should beaddressed to
AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS Filler Metal Committee and the
author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend ali
meetings of the AWS Filler Metal Committee to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse
decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee.
A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJ eune Road, P.O. Box 351040,
Miami, Florida 33135.
Copyright American Welding Society
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Personnel
AWS Committee on Filler Metal
D. J. Kotecki, Chairman
R. A. LaFave, 1 st Vice Chairman
J. P. Hunt, 2nd Vice Chairman
H. F. Reid, Secretary
B. Anderson
R. S. Brown
R. L. Bateman*
J. Caprarola, Jr.
L. J. Christensen*
R. J. Christoffel
D. J. Crement
D. D. Crockett
R. A. Daemen
D. A. DeiSignore
H. W. Ebert
S. E. Ferree
D. A. Fink
G. Hallstrom, Jr.
R. L. Harris*
R. W. Heid
D. C. Helton
W. S. Howes
R. W. Jud
R. B. Kadiyala
G. A. Kurkky
N. E. Larson
A. S. Laurenson
G. H. MacShane
L. M. Malik*
M. T. Merlo
S. J. Merrick
G. E. Metzger**
J. W. Mortimer
C. L. Null
Y. Ogata *
J. Payne
R. L. Peaslee
E. W. Pickering
M. A. Quintana
S. D. Reynolds, Jr.*
L. F. Roberts
D. Rozet
P. K. Salvesen
H. S. Sayre*
The Lincoln Electric Company
Elliott Company
Inco Alloys Intemational
American Welding Society
Alcotec
Carpenter Technology Corporation
Electromanufacturas, S. A.
Alloy Rods Corporation
Consultant
Consultant
Precision Components
The Lincoln Electric Company
Hobart Brothers Company
Westinghouse Electric Company
Exxon Research and Engineering
Alloy Rods Corporation
The Lincoln Electric Company
R. L. Harris Associates
Newport News Shipbuilding
Consultant
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
Chrysler Corporation
Techalloy Maryland, Incorporated
Maryland Specialty Wire
Union Carbide, Industrial Gas Division
Consultant
MAC Associates
Arctec Canada Limited
Stoody Company
Teledyne McKay
Consultant
Consultant
Department of the Navy
Kobe Steel Limited
Schneider Services International
Wall Colmonoy Corporation
Consultant
Electric Boat Division General Dynamics Corporation
Westinghouse Electric PGBU
Canadian Welding Bureau
Consultant
American Bureau of Shipping
Consultant
USNRC-RI1
'Advisor
**Deceased
iii
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AWS Committee on Filler Metal (Cont)
O. TY. Seth
i K A. Shopp*
M. S. SeraWnski
R. W. Straiton*
R. D. Sutton
R. A. Swain
J. 1%Tackett
R. D. Thomas, Jr.
R. Timerman*
R. T. Webster
A. E. Wehe*
il? A. Wehe**
w. L. IVilCOX
F. J. Vnsor*
K. G. Wold
T. J. Wonder
Chicago Bridge and Iron Company
SAE
Alloy Rods Corporation
Bechtel Group, Incorporated
L-Tec Welding and Cutting Systems
Welders Supply
Haynes International Incorporated
R. D. Thomas and Company
Conarco, S. A.
Teledyne Wah Chang
Consultant
Arcos Alloys
Consultant
Consultant
Consultant
VSE Corporation
AWS Task Group to Revise the Weld
Metal Diffusible Hydrogen Standard
B. A. Fnk, Chairman
J. Blackburn
D. T. Wallace
I). J. Kotecki
E. IY. Pickering Consultant
M. A. Quintana
The Lincoln Electric Company
DTNSRDC, U. S. Navy
Newport News Shipbuilding
The Lincoln Electric Company
Electric Boat Division General Dynamics
Corporation
*Advisor
** Deceased
iv
Copyright American Welding Society
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Foreword
(This Foreword is not a part of ANSVAWS A4.3-93, Standard Methods for Determination of the Difisible Hydrogen
Content of Martensitic, Bainitic and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal Produced by Arc Welding, but is included for
information only.)
A number of test methods for determining weld metal diffusible hydrogen have been used over the years. In
particular, media for collecting hydrogen have included glycerin, paraffin, and mercury, with glycerin being by far the
most popular in the United States. A previous AWS A5 Task Group, chaired by R. A. Wave, investigated the
collection of hydrogen over glycerin in 1982-1983. That Task Group concluded that, whereas collection of hydrogen
over glycerin is simple and inexpensive, the results suffer from severe variability. This is due in part to the solubility of
water, atmospheric gases, and hydrogen in glycerin.
Collection of hydrogen over glycerin, when using very low hydrogen weld metals, has also been shown to give null
readings, while collection over mercury using the method of IS0 3690 was giving readings greater than zero. The
method of IS0 3690 is only suitable for coated electrodes. Recognizing this, the International Institute of Welding (IIW)
has been developing a draft standard with a larger specimen size suitable for other welding processes but still using
collection of hydrogen over mercury as the reference method. This draft has also introduced analysis by gas
chromatography as giving results equal to those of collection over mercury.
The AWS A5 Task Group, in 1983 and 1984, chaired by D. J. Kotecki, considered adopting the method of the IIW
draft standard. However, after round robin testing employing the IIW specimen size and other sizes, the Task Group
rejected the IIW specimen size for two reasons. First, the small size required reorientation of the test specimen
depending upon welding heat input. Second, the small size resulted in hydrogen volumes almost too small to measure
when very low hydrogen weld metals were tested. As a result, the Task Group selected a specimen size appropriate to
generating a significant volume of hydrogen gas for measurement and not requiring specimen reorientation for welding
heat input within the realm of electrode classifications envisioned for use with this standard.
ANSVAWS A4.3-86, StandardMethods for Determination of the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of Martensitic, Bainitic,
and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal Produced by Arc Welding.
Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Managing
Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJ eune Road, P.O. Box 351040, Miami,
Florida 33135. Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending
a request, in writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society. A formal
reply will be issued after it has been reviewed by the appropriate personnel following established procedures.
This is the first revision of this specification as shown below:
V
Copyright American Welding Society
Provided by IHS under license with AWS Licensee=Aramco HQ/9980755100
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Table of Contents
Page No .
...
Personnel .......................................................................................................................................................... 111
Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................... v
List of Tables. .................................................................................................................................................... VII
List of Fgures ................................................................................................................................................... VU
1 . Scope ........................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 . Units of Measure ......................................................................................................................................... 1
3 . Preparation of Weld Test Assemblies ........................................................................................................... 1
3.1 Test Assembly Dimensions ................................................................................................................... 1
3.2 Test Assembly Degassing ..................................................................................................................... 4
3.3 Test Assembly Cleaning and Weighing ................................................................................................. 4
4 . Welding Fixture ........................................................................................................................................... 4
5 . Welding and Preparation for Analysb ......................................................................................................... 5
5.1 Preliminary Preparation ........................................................................................................................ 5
5.2 Welding the Test Assemblies ................................................................................................................ 5
5.3 Cleaning and Preparation for Analysis .................................................................................................. 5
6 . Dible Hydrogen Analysb ...................................................................................................................... 5
6.1 Analytical Apparatus Requirements ....................................................................................................... 5
6.2 Loading the Test Specimen into the Andy tical Apparatur .................................................................... 7
6.3 Hydrogen Evolution and Analysis ......................................................................................................... 7
6.4 Variants of Hydrogen Evolution ............................................................................................................ 7
6. 6 Reference Atmospheric Condition ........................................................................................................ 9
7. Standard Mercury Displacement Method ..................................................................................................... 10
7. 1 Safety Precautions ................................................................................................................................ 10
7.2 Collection of Diffusible Hydrogen ........................................................................................................ 10
73 Calculations .......................................................................................................................................... 10
8 . Standard Gas Chromatography Method ....................................................................................................... 11
Appendix ........................................................................................................................................................... 13
Al . Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 13
A2 . Correlations of Diffusible Hydrogen with Covered Electrode Coating Moisture .................................. 14
A3 . Correlations of Diffusible Hydrogen Obtained by the Methods of this Standard with Values
Obtained from Other Methods ............................................................................................................. 14
A4 . Welding Process Comparisons ............................................................................................................. 16
A5 . Significance of Differences in Results Among Laboratories ................................................................ 17
..
II
6S Reporting of Results ............................................................................................................................. 9
A WS Filler Metal Specficatons and Related Documents ....................................................... (Inside Back Cover)
vi
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AWS A 4 - 3 93 m 078426.5 0500985 770 m
List of Tables
Table Page No .
1 Minimum Hydrogen Diffusion Times at Acceptable Temperatures .................................................... 7
Diffusible Hydrogen Measurement Correlations ................................................................................. 17 A l
List of Figures
Figure Page No .
1A
2
Weld Test Assembly in Suggested Copper Clamping Fixture ..............................................................
1B Alternate Copper Clamping Fixture .................................................................................................... 3
Weld Test Assembly After Welding. with Correct Dimensions for Weld Bead Length on the
Weld Tabs ........................................................................................................................................... 3
3 Welding Data Record Sheet ................................................................................................................ 6
4 Eudiometer Tube and Assembly for Standard Mercury Displacement Method .................................... 8
5 Hydrogen Analysis Data Sheet ............................................................................................................ 9
6 Use of a Vacuum Line to Evacuate Eudiometer Tubes Over a Heated Oil Bath .................................. 11
Al Approximate Effect of Atmospheric Moisture at Time of Welding on Diffusible Hydrogen
with a Very Dry Covered Electrode .................................................................................................... 15
A2 Approximate Effect of As-Manufactured Coating Moisture and Rehydration of a Very Dry
Covered Electrode on Diffusible Hydrogen ......................................................................................... 16
2
vii
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AWS A 4 - 3 73
0784265 0500986 607
Standard Methods for Determination
of the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of
Martensitic, Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal
Produced by Arc Welding
1. Scope
This standard prescribes a standard weld test assem-
bly, a standard method of test specimen preparation, and
two standard methods of analysis for determination of
diffusible hydrogen from martensitic, bainitic, and ferritic
steel weld metals. The methods of preparation are suit-
able for shielded metal arc, gas metal arc, flux cored arc,
and submerged arc welding processes. Extension of the
methods of preparation to other processes, such as gas
tungsten arc or plasma arc welding, are possible.
It is not the intent of this standard directly herein to
classify arc welding electrodes, fluxes, and gases accord-
ing to the hydrogen content of welds produced from
them. However, it is the intent of this standard that it be
used as the standard test method for classification pur-
poses to be referenced in individual filler metal specifi-
cations prepared by the AWS Committee on Filler Metal
and its subcommittees.
In addition to its use for electrode classification pur-
poses, it is the intent of this standard that it be used for
quality conformance testing of arc welding electrodes,
fluxes, and gases.
It is recommended that this standard be used for
developing and reporting research results so that the
results may be directly compared with those from other
laboratories.
For purposes of electrode classification and quality
conformance testing, any requirement established based
on the use of this standard must also be based on a
reference atmospheric condition. If a reference condition
is not specified in conjunction with diffusible hydrogen
requirements in the individual consumable standards, the
recommended reference condition in 6. 6 shall be used.
2. Units of Measure
At the present time, U.S. customary units of measure-
ment are normally the primary units of AWS documents,
including the standards and specifications prepared by
the Committee on Filler Metal. However, these units are
awkward for expressing hydrogen values, whereas the
S.I. units are not. Furthermore, the practice of reporting
diffusible hydrogen values in S.I. units is practically
universal, including within the United States.
Therefore, the S.I. units of measurement are chosen as
the primary units of measurement for this standard, ex-
cept for welding parameters specified by filler metal
specifications. U.S. customary units are included paren-
thetically, except for diffusible hydrogen values and for
measurements directly used in computing diffusible
hydrogen values. Only S I . units are, in practice, used
for diffusible hydrogen values and for measurements
directly used in computing them.
3. Preparation of Weld Test
Assemblies
3.1 Test Assembly Dimensions. Each weld test assem-
bly shall consist of a starting weld tab, a test specimen at
the center, and a run-off weld tab, all held in a copper
clamping fixture (Figures l A, lB, and 2). Four such weld
test assemblies shall constitute a complete test. The
material for all three pieces of a weld test assembly shall
be nonrimming quality steel of grade ASTM A36 or SAE
1020. I n case of dispute, ASTM A36 steel shall be used
as referee material. All three pieces for a weld test
assembly shall have a cross section of 25 mm(wide)
1
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AWS AY.3 93 H 078Y265 0500987 543 W
2
TOP VIEW
TE57
SPECIMEN-\
w) r mm
(&lB In
1
STARTING WELD TAB 7 I - f Cu FOIL (OPTIONAL)
RUN OFF WELD TA6
50 mm
(2 in.)
I
., I -
I 5
((
Mlh
-
q m (0.4 in.) (la in.)
50 mm
(2 in.)
Figure 1A - Weld Test Aawembly in Suggested Copper Clamping Fi xt ur e
Copyright American Welding Society
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AWS A493 73 W 0784265 0500988 48T
3
25 rnm * 6 rnm 0-25 rnm
- c
Figure 1B - Alternate Copper Clamping Fixture
(1 in. k 1/4 in.) (0-1 in.)
Figure 2 - Weld Test Assembly After Welding, with Correct
Dimensions for Weld Bead Length on the Weld Tabs
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AWS A 413 73 W 07842b5 0500989 31b W
4
x 12 inm (thick) t: 2 mm (1 x 1/2 in. 2 1/16 in.) with
perpendicular edges. The width of the three pieces (25 mm
dimension) shall bc sufficiently uniform that a copper
aligntnent clamp will hold a11three parts of the weld test
assembly firmly. A convenient base metal form is hot-
rolled bar stock of this same cross section.
The length of the center test specimen shall be 80 mm
f 5 mm (3-1/8 in. t: 1/4 in.). Instead of one piccc of
80 mm (3-1/8 in.) length, two pieces cd40 mm t: 2.5 mm
(1-9/16 I l/8 in.) can be substituted. These pieces shall
be analyzed separately and the individual results com-
bined to represent one of the four required results. The
lengths of the weld tabs may be arbitrarily chosen such
that the lengths of the weld bead un the starting weld tab
and on the run-off weld tab comply with the requirement
of 5.2.
3.2 Test Assembly Degassing. The pieces for a weld
test assembly shall be heat-treated for one hour mini-
mum in air, vacuum, or inert gas at 400' to 65nQC (750"
to 1200'F) to remove any hydrogen present in the mate-
rial. In cases of dispute, the referee heat-treatment tem-
perature shall be 625C 2 25C (113~"F % 50F). The
rate of heating and cording is unimportant.
3.3 Test Assembly Cleaning and Weighing. If the picccs
were machined to size prior tu heat treatment such that
no scaled surface remained, and if the heat-treatment
atmosphere was such that no surface scale formed, then
no subsequent descaling shall be required. If the surface
is scaled after heat treatment, thc surface shall be com-
pletely descaled by dry shot blasting. dry grit blasting,
dry belt sanding, or dry power wire brushing. [Cuiitioii:
Contamination front t hi s poitir oi niay lead ta fuhc
kigh valiia for the t a t . The ~. ~l t aust from cornpressrd
air tools niay contain luhricurtu which ccxdd cai1.w
corirai~tiiicctioii.)
After heat treatment and descaling, the test specimen
identification shall be marked by stamping or engraving
any surface which will not be welded. I an upset is
formed by this operation which interferes with contact
with the copper clamping fixture, the upset shall bc
reiiioved by dry sanding. Use of paints or other such
markers shall not be permitted.
After marking of the test specimen and upset removal,
the test specimen shall be weighed to the nearest 0. 1 g
or less. This weight shall be recordcd and hecumcs part
of the analysis in 6.5.
Immediately prior to welding, the marked spccimcn
and the weld tabs shall he degreascd in a non-oil bearing.
residue-free fluid such as alcohol or acetone. From this
point until completion of we!.ling, the test specimen and
weld taba shall be handled only with clean tongs. cleaii
liiit-free gloves, or other contaminant-free means. ,Lullow
safe handling practices with alcohol rind acetone and keep
them away from the welding arc. They are Ilammablc.
If gloves are used during the final degreasing of the
test pieces, the chemical resistance of the gloves to the
cleaning solvent must be ensured to preclude contamina-
tion of the specimens.
4. Welding Fixture
A copper clamping fixture shall be used during weld-
ing to hold the weld test assembly in alignment, with the
terit specimen and weld tabs in firm contact, and to serve
as a heat sink.
The copper clamping fixture shall accept clamping
pressure from the sides of the weld test assembly. It shall
alsu permit rapid release and removal of the weld test
assembly for quenching with a minimum rif delay. Sug-
gested copper clamping fixtures are shown in Figures 1A
and 1B, with a weld test assembly in place. Also shown
in Figure 1A is use of soft, clean copper foil (2 mm
[.O80 in.] maximum thickness) between the weld test
assemhly and the fixture. The use of copper foil is
optional. It can serve to protect the copper clamping
Iixture from errant arc strikes and can be used to contain
f l ux during submerged arc welding. Clamping pressure
shall be applied during welding to hold the pieces of the
weld test assemhly firmly in contact with one another
and with the copper clamping fixture (possibly through
the copper foil). Quick-release devices such as pneumat-
ic or spring-loadcd clamps and standard vises have been
successfully used with clamping fixtures, such as shown
in Figure 1s.
The copper clamping fixture sketched in Figure 1A is
adequate for shielded metal arc welding, as well as for
gus metal arc or flux cored arc welding with small
diameter electrodes. For submerged arc welding and or
f l ux cored or gas metal arc welding with larger diameter
electrodes (e.g., 2.4 mm 12/32 in.] and larger), a longer
fixture may he necessary to accommodate a longer run-
off weld tab so that the weld criter can comply with the
requirements of 5.2. It is recommended that the weld
tabs extend a short distance beyond the ends of the
cc~ppcr clamping fixture to facilitate rapid removal of the
completed weld test assembly.
The copper clamping fixture shall be cool enough to
be held with a hare hand before each weld test assembly
is begun. Water cwling of the fixture by immersion after
each test weld is acceptable. or water may be piped
through the fixture tu cou1 it continuously. In either case,
care shall be takcn that the fixture is free of condensation
or mciisture when welding. Immersion of the fixture in
conjuncticin with the specimen water quench shall not be
permitted, Le., the specimen shall first be removed and
quenched in its iced water bath, then the fixture may be
cciriled separately.
Copyright American Welding Society
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--`,,,,,``,`,,,,`,``,,,,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-~ ----
AWS A 4 9 3 93 9
0784265 0500990 038 9
5
5. Welding and Preparation
for Analysis
5.1 Preliminary Preparation. Prior to welding a set of
four weld test assemblies, all welding parameter settings
shall be adjusted to the desired levels for the test. The
four weld test assemblies shall be welded with no alter-
ation of parameter settings from the first through the
fourth weld test assembly. These parameter settings shall
be recorded and shall become a part of the record of the
test, along with measurements made during and after the
test. A data sheet suitable for recording the data is shown
in Figure 3.
For classification of electrodes, fluxes, and gases ac-
cording to diffusible hydrogen content of the deposited
metal, the welding conditions (current, voltage, etc.)
shall duplicate those used for preparing the weld test
assembly used for the classification tensile test specimen
required by the applicable AWS filler metal specifica-
tion. However, a stringer bead technique shall be used
(no weave) with weld travel speed appropriate to the
stringer bead technique, even if a weave was used in
preparing the weld test assembly for the tensile test
specimen. For purposes other than classification, selec-
tion of welding parameters shall be as agreed among the
parties concerned with the test results.
5.2 Welding the Test Assemblies. The arc shall be
initiated on the starting weld tab at a point such that the
starting edge of the deposit shall be 25 mm I 6 mm (1 in.
+: 1/4 in.) from the edge of the test specimen (see Fig-
ure 2). Welding shall proceed in a uniform, uninterrupt-
ed manner along the weld test assembly to the run-off
weld tab, and shall be terminated on the run-off weld tab
at a position such that the back edge of the crater is on the
run-off weld tab, but within 25 mm (i in.) of the edge of
the test specimen. See Figure 2 for clarity. Decrease of
travel speed for crater filling or other purposes shall not
be permitted.
For submerged arc weld tests, flux which was used to
cover one weld test assembly shall not be used in prepa-
ration of another, without regard as to whether that flux
was fused during welding or not.
The weld test assembly shall be released from the
copper clamping fixture and plunged into iced water
within 5 seconds of extinguishing the arc. The weld test
assembly shall be agitated vigorously in the iced water
for 20 to 30 seconds and then quickly transferred to a
low-temperature liquid bath (-60C [-76"FI or colder)
for storage. Ice shall remain in the iced water bath when
the weld test assembly is withdrawn. Water may be
removed from the weld test assembly prior to placing
into the low-temperature liquid bath, provided that the
water removal method does not reheat the weld test
assembly, and provided that the weld test assembly
enters the low-temperature liquid bath within 60 seconds
of extinguishing the arc.
All four weld test assemblies shall be welded within
60 minutes of beginning the first weld test assembly in
the set. Each shall be stored in the low-temperature
liquid bath before proceeding further.
5.3 Cleaning and Preparation for Analysis. After a
test assembly has been in the low-temperature liquid
bath for at least two minutes, that weld test assembly
may be removed from the low-temperature bath for
further processing. The maximum time out of the bath
for any given weld test assembly shall be one minute,
followed by at least two minutes back in the bath, which
cycle may be repeated as necessary until processing is
completed. During processing, the test specimen shall
not be allowed to exceed 0C (32F).
Processing of the weld test assemblies to ready them
for analysis shall include removal of any adherent slag
(including slag islands on gas metal arc weld beads),
power wire brushing all surfaces of the test specimen
with a clean carbon steel brush to remove oxide, mea-
surement and recording of the starting bead length and
run-off bead length (see Figure 2), and breaking off the
weld tabs. After the weld tabs have been broken off and
the weld bead lengths on them recorded, the pieces may
be discarded. If the starting or run-off bead length fails to
comply with the requirements of Figure 2, the test spec-
imen shall be discarded and a replacement weld test
assembly shall be prepared. If this cannot be completed
within 60 minutes after beginning welding the first test
assembly in the set, all weld test assemblies for that set
shall be discarded and the test shall be repeated.
Once processing is complete, the test specimen can be
loaded into the analytical apparatus or can be returned to
the low- temperature liquid bath for storage or shipment
to the analytical apparatus. The storage time for a
test specimen shall be no longer than 72 hours (3 days) at
-60C (-76"F), nor 500 hours (21 days) at -196C
(-320"F), before loading into the analytical apparatus.
6. Diffusible Hydrogen Analysis
6.1 Analytical Apparatus Requirements. The proce-
dures outlined in Sections 3, 4, and 5 will result in a
standard test specimen size prepared under standard con-
ditions, and therefore delivering to the analytical appa-
ratus a certain quantity of diffusible hydrogen, albeit
with a certain degree of statistical scatter. It shall be the
requirement of the analytical apparatus and analytical
procedure that it collect and measure at least 90 percent
of the total diffusible hydrogen within a test specimen
delivered to the apparatus. In particular, this requirement
precludes the use of analytical apparatus employing
Copyright American Welding Society
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6
AWS A4.3 93 - 07B42bC 050099L T74 9
WELDING DATA SHEW
Test identification number Date of welding
Investigators
Welding process Electrode classification
Electrode brand Lot, control or heat No.
Electrode treatment after opening package
Electrode diameter Coating moisture
Flux or gas shielding
Flux or gas lot, control, or heat No.
Treatment of flux or gas
Flux particle size Flux depth
Gas dew point Gas flow rate
Dry bulb temperature at time of welding
Wet bulb temperature at time of welding
Welding current Welding voltage
Electrode polarity Electrode extension
Welding travel speed
Welding heat input
Fixture water cooled
Wire feed speed
Copper fol1 used
Test specimen number
Weight after welding, g
Weight before welding, g
Deposit weight, g
Arc time, sec.
Electrode stub length, mm
Starting bead length, mm
Run-off bead length(a), mm
Total bead length(a). mm
(a)Excludes crater, see Figure 2.
Remarks:
Figure 3 - WeIding Data Record Sheet
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7
AUS A 4 . 3 93 = 0784265 0500992 900 H
displacement of glycerin, paraffin, or silicone oil be-
cause of the degree of hydrogen solubility in these fluids.
The degassing must take place in an inert atmosphere or
environment in order to prevent loss or gain of hydrogen
through reaction.
Two types of analytical apparatus are known which
meet the above requirement. One is a mercury-filled
eudiometer, and the other is a gas chromatograph. Both
types of apparatus require loading of the test specimen
into an isolation chamber and allowing the hydrogen to
diffuse out of the specimen, usually at a temperature
somewhat above room temperature, into the isolation
chamber where it recombines into molecular hydrogen.
After evolution of diffusible hydrogen is virtually com-
plete, the volume of hydrogen collected i$ measured.
Whichever analytical apparatus is employed, it shall be
accurately readable to 0.02 ml of hydrogen gas or less,
In general, the isolation chamber used for collection
must be gas-tight and fabricated of materials which pre-
clude l os of hydrolgen collected via diffusion during the
time at test temperature.
6,2 Loading the Test Specimen Into the Analytical
Appirritus, If the hydrogen analysis results are not af-
fected by moisture or liquid from the low-temperature
bath adhering to the test specimen, the test specimen
may be loaded directly from the bath into the analytical
apparatus, Some gas chromatographs can be used in this
way. It is the responsibility of the user to determine from
the instrument manufacturer if contaminants on the test
swi men at this point affect the results. Specimens shall
not be laaded if cuvered with heavy frost.
For mercury displacement and other apparatus from
which results could be affected by moisture or contami-
nation from the lowatemperature liquid bath, the speci-
men shall be cleaned of moisture and other contaminants
by agitating in cool water until the tesulting ice skin
melts. This raises the test specimen temperature to slightly
above OC (32'0, A quick rinse in a residue-free solvent
shall be employed if the low-temperature bath liquid is
not water soluble, and may be employed if it is water
soluble. In either case, the specimen shall then be wiped
dry or blown dry with cool air and immediately loaded
into the isolation chamber.
if the analytical apparatus is a gas chromatograph, the
required purge gas shall then be vented into the isolation
chamber. if the analytical apparatus is a mercury eudi-
ometer, the mercury shall then be drawti up into the
eudionieter over the! test specimen so that mercury en-
tirely fills the eudiometer to the valve at the top, which is
then closed, fi s described in 7.2. The time from the test
specimen reaching 0C (32F) to sealing of the purged
isolation chamber or eudiometer shall not exceed 150 sec-
onds, See Fipure 4 for a sketch of a suitable eudiometer
for mercury displacement measurements.
6.3 Hydrogen Evolution and Analysis, The test speci-
men confined within its isolation chamber shall then be
held at the hydrogen evolution temperature for a period
of time necessary to assure diffusion of at least 90 per-
cent of the diffusible hydrogen out of the test specimen.
Table 1 lists minimum times at corresponding tempera-
tures which have been determined to meet this diffusion
requirement.
After the required hydrogen evolution period deter-
mined from Table 1, the hydrogen volume evolved from
each test specimen individually shall be measured. In the
case of analysis by mercury displacement, the procedure
for analysis will, of necessity, depend upon the specifics
of the glassware and mercury handling. One suitable
glassware apparatus and procedure for test specimen
handling and analysis are detailed in Section 7, Stan-
dard Mercury Displacement Method. For analysis by gas
chromatography, see Section 8, Standard Gas Chroma-
tography Method.
6.4 Variants of Hydrogen Evolutlon, If a hydrogen
evolution timehemperature combination other than those
given in Table 1 is used, it shall be the responsibility of
the user to verify that no hydrogen is being lost, at least
90 percent of the diffusible hydrogen initially present in
the test specimen is being measured, and nondiffusible
hydrogen is not being released. This can only be done by
comparing results with those obtained using the mercury
displacement method detaile in Section 7 or the gas
chromatography method of Section 8, using one of the
standard hydrogen evolution time/temperature combina-
tions given in Table 1. The comparison shall be made at
two diffusible hydrogen levels: less than 5 mV1 g, and
more than 7 but less than 15 mV1 g, Each comparison
shall consist of eight test specimens prepared at one time
under identical conditions.
Four test specimens, randomly selected, shall be anan
lyzed by gas chromatography or by the Standard Mercu-
ry Displacement Method detailed in Section 7, using a
timehemperahre combination from Table 1, and the
remainder shall be analyzed by gas chromatography or
mercury displacement using the variant timdtempera-
ture combination. For each comparison, the averaged
results of the two sets of test specimens shall agree
within 1 m1/100 g.
Table 1
Minimum Hydrogen Diffusion Times
at Acceptable Temperatures
Diffusion temperature, "C (OF)
f 3C (i 5F) MinimumDiffusion Time, hrs.
Copyright American Welding Society
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8
AUS A413 93 07842b5 0500993 847 W
TEFLON
STOPCOCK
7 mm OD.
/- CALIBRATED TUBE
(1.3 in.)
(1.5 in.)
Sample Calculation (see 7.3): Suppose the barometric pressure Pi s 745 mm Hg at time of measurement of V =1.20 mi of gas in the
eudiometer with a head of mercury H =242 mm Hg and the temperature of gas column T i s 24OC. Then the volume of hydrogen,
corrected to Standard Temperature and Pressure is:
(745 - 242) X 1.20 =0.73 ml
273
- x 760
Figure 4 - Eudiometer Tube and Assembly for
Standard Mercury Displacement Method
Copyright American Welding Society
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AWS A4- 3 93 = 0784265 0500994 783
9
6.5 Reporting of Results. Whichever analytical proce-
dure is used, the hydrogen volume collected shall be
converted to Standard Temperature and Pressure (OOC
[32F] and 760 mm Hg [14.7 psia]). After hydrogen
analysis, the test specimen shall be cleaned of any mer-
cury or other displacement material. Evidence of signif-
icant levels of rust on the test specimen shall be cause for
considering it a no test and that result discarded. It
shall then be weighed to the nearest 0.1 g or less. The
individual results shall be recorded on an analysis data
sheet, such as is shown in Figure 5, along with the details
of the analytical method and conditions.
The test specimen weight increase, compared to that
before welding, shall be taken as the weight of the
deposited metal. Then the hydrogen volume, converted
to Standard Temperature and Pressure, shall be multi-
plied by 100 and divided by the deposit weight to obtain
the diffusible hydrogen value in m1/100 g of deposited
metal. Care must be taken to obtain an accurate measure
of ambient atmospheric pressure to be used in these
calculations. The average of four nominally identical
test specimens shall then be calculated, and this value,
rounded to the nearest 0.1 m1/100 g, shall be reported as
the diffusible hydrogen value for the welding electrode,
flux, or shielding gas under test. In the event of a clearly
evident leaking eudiometer or isolation chamber at this
point or evidence of significant rust on a specimen one
(and only one) result in either analytical system may be
discarded and three values averaged to arrive at the
diffusible hydrogen value.
6.6 Reference Atmospheric Condition. The use of a
reference atmospheric condition during welding is neces-
sitated because the arc is imperfectly shielded. Moisture
from the air, distinct from that in the consumable, can
enter the arc and dissociate, contributing to the hydrogen
content of the arc atmosphere and the resulting observed
diffusible hydrogen.
The reference atmospheric condition during welding
which is recommended for specifying limits (unless other-
wise noted) is 1.43 grams of water per kilogram of dry air
(10 grains of water per pound of dry air). This corre-
sponds to 21C (70F) and 10% relative humidity (RH)
on a standard psychrometric chart at 760 mm (29.92 in.)
Hg barometric pressure.
HYDROGEN ANALYSIS DATA
Test identification number
Analytical equipment operator
Specimen storage time before loading analytical apparatus
Specimen storage temperature
Temperature of mercury during loading
Hydrogen evolution time Temperature
Method of analysis
Barometric pressure at time of analysis (mm Hg)
Sample number
Hydrogen volume collected, ml
Head of mercury in tube, mm
Temperature of gas, OC
Hydrogen corrected to STP, ml
Deposit weight, g
Diffusible hydrogen, mI/l g
Average diffusible hydrogen, m1/100 g
Date of analysis
Specimen loaded from bath or warmed to 0C
Ambient temperature at time of analysis (OC)
Standard deviation of average, m1/100 g
Figure 5 - Hydrogen Analysis Data Sheet
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10
The recommended reference condition of 1.43 @g
(10 grains/lb) for classification and lot conformance
represents a minimal atmospheric contribution to the test
results, Consequently, diffusible hydrogen requirements
specified with this reference condition are Indicative of
the consumable contribution under a given ~t of weld-
ing conditions.
Actual atmospheric condition8 shall be measured with
any suitable instrument (calibrated in accordance with
the manufacturer's procedure and the appropriate quality
assurance requirements) at the time and location that test
specimens are welded. The referee method shall beuse
of a psychrometer. Since the atmospheric moisture can
only add to the contribution from the coonilurnable, any
tests conducted under conditions which equal or exceed
the reference condition are considered valid tests, if the
diffusible hydrogen results meet the apecificd require-
ments under such conditions, then the results are consid=
ered acceptable as demonstrating compliance with the
requirement.
7, Standard Mercury Displacement
- -
Method
7.1 Safety Precautions. Metallic mercury and mercury
vapors are hazardous and can be absorbed into the body
by inhalation, ingestion, or contact with the skin. All
precautions involving the handling of mercury ihould bc
observed, which include but are not limited to the
following:
7.1.1 The diffusible hydrogen terit apparatus should
be located under a fume hood, and any steps involving
the handling of mercury should be performed under a
fume hood,
7.1.2 The apparatus should be located on a tray or
counter with a raised lip to contain any posible spills.
7.1.3 Plastic or rubber ~I O V ~S ahould be used st all
times while handling mercury or mercury-contaminated
samples and equipment,
7.1.4 Any mercury spill should be cleaned up Imme=
diately.
7.1.5 When not in use, the heating bath should be
turned off, and the mercury in the plastic reservoir bottles
should be capped,
7J.6 Air sampling for mercury vapor should bedone
when the apparatus is firrit installed and periodically
thereafter to determine if the legally mandated air atan-
dards are being met, See OSHA Sufefy und Health Stan-
&rds, 29 CFR 1910, available from the U.S. Department
of Labor, Washington, D.C, 20210.
7.2 CollectIan of Dimiillblc Hydrogen. Prior to the
test, plastic bottles containing mercury shall be placed in
a bath, and the bath an mercury shall be brought to a
tcmpcrature of45"C t 3C (113'F t 5'9, The bath shall
be maintained at thiri temperature throughout the entire
test.
The weld test specimen shall be inserted into the
eudiometer tube and, by a magnet or other means, held
vertical while sliding the eudiometer tube and the spei-
men into the mercury. A vacuum shall be elowly and
carefully drawn through the p t o p c d and the mercury
allowed to be pulled up and around the test ripecimen in
the eudiomcer tube. (Nute: Thesiopcwk shall have
been uscertaned to be leak-tight,) The stopcock shall be
closed when the mercury is about halfway up the ali-
brated portion of t he eudiometer tube and the Ilample and
tube slightly bounced againit the bottom of the plauic jar
to remove any entrapped air bubbles, (Caurlon; Fduw
to remow a& bubble8 at th& plnt muy iracl ta u fuhr
hih rrrrdlng laerJ The rt opmk shall beslowly opened
again, and the mercury allowed to completely fill the
tube and just pass through the ampcock opening, The
stopcock shall be closed and the vacuum line removed,
Sec Figure 6 for clarity.
The hydrogen will evolve from the weld test upecimen
and displ= the mercury. The tcirt period ihall be 72 houm
minimum. Before any rcrdings arc takcn, the tube shall
bc bounced lightly against the bottom of the plastic
boltle again to release any entrapped bubble#of hydro.
gen. The hydrogen volume shall be rend to the ncarettt
0.02 ml or less, " he head of mercury present, dimenaion
H in Figure 4, shall be meaaurcd from the surface of the
mercury in the bottle to the top of thc mercury column in
the eudiometer tube to the nearest 2 mm (0.079 in.). See
Figure 4. The vacuum shall be rrleassd by slowly open.
ing tho stopcock 10 that the mercury runs back into the
plastic bottle, and the specimen then removed from the
mercury. " he specimen rhall be rinsed free of any resid-
ual mercury with running water or alcohol, while hold.
ing over a largo beaker to collect any mercury in the
rinsings. This mi dual mercury rhould be disporicd of or
recycled in an environmentally acceptable manner. Tho
speclmcn rhall be dried and weighed to tho neareit 0.1 g
or less.
73 CnlcuhUonr. The hydrogen content shall k ex.
presscd in mV100 g d deporsitcd metal nt Standard Temu
penture and Pressure. The volume of hydrogen gas ia
caicuiacd as:
( P 'H) v
X
273
vH (273 +T) (760)
Copyright American Welding Society
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- _ _ _ -- --
AUS A 4 - 3 93 m 0784265 0500796 556 m
11
Figure 6 - Use of a Vacuum Line to Evacuate
Ediometer Tubes Over a Heated Oil Bath
where
T = gas column temperature (C) at time of mea-
surement (note that the gas column tempera-
ture will be essentially the air temperature
above the bath, not the heated bath tempera-
ture)
P = barometric pressure (mm Hg) at time of mea-
surement
V = measured volume of gas in the eudiometer
H = head of mercury (mm) at time of measurement
(see Figure 4 for definition of head and a
sample calculation)
VH =volume of hydrogen gas converted to Standard
Temperature and Pressure (mi)
(mi)
This volume is then converted to m1/100 g as described
in 6.5.
8. Standard Gas Chromatography
Method
Specific requirements for satisfactory operation vary
from instrument to instrument. Once the specimen is
degassed in its isolation chamber, the quantity of hydro-
gen collected is determined by gas chromatography.
Determinations shall be in accordance with ASTM E260,
Standard Practice for General Gas Chromatography
Procedures, and E355 Standard Practice for Gas Chro-
matography Terms and Relationships. Calibration of a
gas chromatograph may be affected by the volume of
1. ASTM standards can be obtained from theAmerican Soci-
ety for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia,
PA 19103.
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--`,,,,,``,`,,,,`,``,,,,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
total gas in the specimen isolation chamber being sam-
pled. See the instrument manufacturers instructions and
calibration procedure.
Determine the volume of hydrogen contained in each
isolation chamber by gas chromatography. If the hydro-
gen volume measured is not at standard temperature and
pressure, conversion is made as follows:
(273) (Pl v
VH =
(273 +T) (760)
where
T = temperature (OC) of measured hydrogen
volume
P =pressure (mm Hg) of measured hydrogen
V = measured hydrogen volume (mi)
volume
VH =volume of hydrogen gas at Standard Tempera-
For purposes of converting to Standard Temperature
and Pressure (STP), the temperature and pressure to be
used are those conditions prevailing at the time that the
standard used for calibration is prepared or analyzed, or
both.
Remove specimens from the isolation chambers and
weigh to the nearest 0.1 g or less. The hydrogen content
shall be expressed in m1/100 g of deposited weld metal at
STP as described in 6.5.
ture and Pressure (mi)
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AWS A Y - 3 93 0784265 0500998 329
13
Appendix
Guide to Standard Methods for Determination
of the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of
Martensitic, Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal
Produced by Arc Welding
(This Appendix is not a part of ANSI/AWS A4.3-93, StandardMethods for Determination of the Difisible Hydrogen
Content of Martensitic, Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal Produced by Arc Welding, but is supplied for
information only.)
The following information is considered to be helpful
to understanding the significance of test results obtained
using this standard. The information is based upon
published literature and the experience of the A5 Task
Group to Develop a Ferritic Weld Metal Diffusible
Hydrogen Standard. The data and relationships pre-
sented do not constitute a mandatory part of this
standard.
Al . Introduction
During arc welding, monatomic hydrogen is produced
in the arc by the decomposition of hydrogenous com-
pounds which enter the arc. There are at least three
sources of these hydrogenous compounds. The welding
consumables (electrode, flux, or shielding gas) may con-
tribute water, lubricants, or elemental hydrogen. The
base metal may contribute water, lubricants, elemental
hydrogen, paints, or other coatings. Aspriated air, with
its own moisture, may enter the welding arc to a certain
extent.
Monatomic hydrogen is extensively soluble in the
weld pool and is retained in solution when the pool
freezes. In solid martensitic, bainitic, and ferritic mate-
rials, hydrogen diffuses rapidly even at temperatures as
low as room temperature. This rate of diffusion is re-
duced as the temperature is reduced.
There is a well established interaction in martensitic,
bainitic, and ferritic materials among stress (such as
weld residual stresses), high yield strength material, and
diffusible hydrogen that can result in weld metal or heat-
affected-zone cracking if the three factors are present in
sufficient amounts. This cracking is often, but not al-
ways, delayed for some hours after welding, because of
the time needed for hydrogen to diffuse to the crack site.
Measurements of weld hydrogen levels therefore pro-
vide the means of deciding the degree to which a given
electrode, flux, or gas is introducing hydrogen into the
weld pool. They may thus help to determine the sources
of hydrogen and classify welding electrodes, fluxes, and
gases. In addition, such measurements provide a starting
point for calculating preheating temperatures and tem-
peratures of heat treatment to remove hydrogen after
welding.
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AWS A4. 3 93 M 0784265 0500999 265
14
Hydrogen, unlike other elements in weld metal, dif-
fuses rapidly at normal room temperatures, and some of
it may escape before an analysis can be made. This,
coupled with the fact that the concentrations to be mea-
sured are usually at the parts per million level, means
that special sampling and analysis procedures are need-
ed. In order that results may be compared and used
between different laboratories, standardization of these
sampling and analysis methods is necessary.
After completion of diffusible hydrogen removal, some
residual hydrogen will remain indefinitely trapped with-
in the weld test specimen. Experience has shown that
temperatures as high as 650C (1200OF9, or more, are
necessary to remove it. This residual hydrogen appears
to have no role in the incidence of weldment cracking
except insofar as it may be converted back into diffusible
hydrogen by re-entering the arc during a subsequent
weld pass. Consideration of residual hydrogen is outside
of the scope of this standard,
A2, Correlations of Diffusible
Hydrogen with Covered
Electrode Coating Moisture
It has been the practice for many years to assess the
low hydrogen character of covered electrodes classified
according to ANSIIAWS ASS, Specification for Low
Alloy Steel Covered Arc Welding Electrodes, by their
coating moisture content. More recently, this test was
added to ANSIIAWS ASS, Specification for Carbon
Steel Electrodes for Shielded Meral Arc Welding, as
well. This approach has been a generally successful
means of classifying electrodes.
Nevertheless, coating moisture is at best only an indi-
rect assessment of the likelihood of hydrogen cracking
from an electrode. This is especially true when the elec-
trode departs from the as-manufactured condition by
rehydration of the covering caused by exposure to the
atmosphere prior to welding. It is also important to
consider that during welding, the atmosphere itself, apart
from any rehydration of the electrode, supplies moisture
directly into the arc area which is always imperfectly
shielded. The atmosphere infiltrating the arc is greatly
affected by the welding technique used, in particular by
the arc length held.
The literature contains a detailed study of these effects
(IIW Document 11-929-80). Although the hydrogen de-
termination method employed in that study differed in
certain respects from the methods herein, the trends are
meaningful. In that study, effects of as-manufactured
coating moisture, rehydrated coating moisture and atmo-
spheric moisture during welding were considered. The
general trends for an AWS E7018 electrode are depicted
in Figures A l and A2. They agree with trends observed
by AWS Task Groups.
Figures A l and A2 illustrate the following two points:
(1) The diffusible hydrogen from a very dry electrode
is affected by the atmospheric moisture in the welding
environment. In particular, electrodes giving low hydro-
gen values when tested in a dry environment in J anuary
can be expected to give somewhat higher hydrogen values
when tested in a humid environment in August.
(2) Rehydrated moisture is far less effective in intro-
ducing diffusible hydrogen into the weld than as-manu-
factured coating moisture.
While the numerical values obtained are likely to vary
from one electrode formulation to another, the trends
illustrated by the above data can be expected to be
followed.
A3. Correlations of Diffusible
Hydrogen Obtained by the
Methods of this Standard with
Values Obtained from Other
Methods
This standard uses a larger test specimen than the IIW
draft standard method or that of I S0 3690. Recent tests
conducted both by laboratories in the United States and
Europe have indicated that within the accepted inter-
laboratory variation, the methods yield a 1:l correlation
with this AWS method.
As noted in the Foreword of this standard, laboratory-
to-laboratory reproducibility of hydrogen determination
using measurement by glycerin displacement in the AWS
Task Group round robin studies was very poor. This is at
least in part attributable to absorption of oxygen, nitro-
gen, other gases, and water by the glycerin (see Quin-
tana, M. A. A critical evaluation of the glycerin test.
Welding Journal 63(5):141~-149s, May 1984). There-
fore, any correlation of glycerin test results with results
obtained using the methods of this standard, or of the
IiW/ISO standards, must be viewed with skepticism.
Nevertheless, testing for diffusible hydrogen using
glycerin displacement had been a part of earlier versions
of MIL=E-24403* and the Guide Spec9cations for Frac-
ture Critical Non-Redundant Steel Bridge Members of
2. United States of America Military Specification available
from Commander, Naval Publications and Forms Center, 5801
Tabor Avcnuc, Philadelphia, PA 191206094.
Copyright American Welding Society
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AWS A 403 73 W 0784265 0501000 685
1s
1 1 I I I I 1
E7018,9.04% COATING MOISTURE
Figure A1 - Approximate Effect of Atmospheric Moisture at Time of Welding
on DiPPlisibie Hydrogen with a Very Dry Covered Electrode
AASHTOI for some time. The users of these two docu-
ments may wish to have at least an indication of how the
results they have obtained in the past correlate with
results obtaingd using this standard or the IIW/ISO
met hods.
Correlatim comparisons have been made by the J apa-
nese of the glycerin method of the J apanese Standard JIS
23113' with the IIW mercury method of IS0 3690 for
covered electrodes. The J apanese standard is virtually
3. American Association of State Highway and Transporta-
lion Officials, 444 N, Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 225, Wash-
ington, JX! 21.
4, Japanese Industrial Standard, published by thc Japanese
Standards Association, 1-24, Akasaka 4 Chome, Minaio-ku,
Tokyo, 107 Japan.
identical to the glycerin method of earlier versions of
MIL-Eo24403 and AASHTO procedures, while it has
been shown that IS0 3690 for covered electrodes gives
identical results to the IIW draft standard. And, as noted
above, this standard appears to give results equal to those
of the IIW draft standard.
It has been the practice in the glycerin based standards
to report hydrogen in units of ml/g of deposited metal,
while this standard and IS0 3690 report hydrogen in
mu100 g of deposited metal. So the results obtained
using the glycerin based standards need first to be multi-
plied by 100 to convert them to m1/1 g, which is also
used in the JIS standard, if direct comparisons are to be
made.
The earliest correlation reported in units of mV100 g is
given in IIW Document II-A-305-72 as:
HJls =0.64 H,, - 0.93
(h. 1)
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E7018, 70F, 60% R.H.
AS-MAN U FACTURED
COATING MOISTURE
REHYDRATED FROM 0.04%
AS-MANUFACTURED COATING MOISTURE
"
I I I I I 1 I I I
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
COATING MOISTURE, WEIGHT PERCENT
Note: For a given total moisture level, as-manufactured moisture contributes moreto the diffusible hydrogen than does rehydrated
moisture.
Figure A2 -Approximate Effect of As-Manufactured Coating Moisture and
Rehydration of a Very Dry Covered Electrode on Diffusible Hydrogen
This work was based on quenching the J IS specimen
30 sec after the arc was extinguished. Later, the J apanese
moved to quenching within 5 sec after the arc was
extinguished, Then additional testing was done, and a
new correlation relation was recommcndcd in IIW Docu-
ment 11-698-74 as:
If this latter relationship is used to compare glycerin
tests to both the IIW draft standard results and results
obtained using this standard, then the approximate corre-
lations of Table A l are obtained.
Bearing in mind that the A5 Task Group found se-
vere lab-to-lab variation in glycerin testing, and that
there is appreciable statistical scatter in using the meth-
ods of this standard and of the IIW draft standard, one
can use Table A l for only a rough correlation among
the test methods.
A4. Welding Process Comparisons
Welding process comparisons have, thus far, been
outside of the scope of AWS Task Group activities. The
user of this standard may wish guidance in making such
comparisons, and for this reason the following informa-
tion has been extracted from IIW documents. At the
present time, the AiVS Task Group can make no judg-
ments based upon actual experience regarding the ade-
quacy of the following approach.
Welding process comparisons, due to variations in
dilution, may require values of hydrogen concentration
in terms of fused metal rather than of deposited metal for
Copyright American Welding Society
Provided by IHS under license with AWS Licensee=Aramco HQ/9980755100
Not for Resale, 08/31/2005 01:14:21 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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Table A I
Diffusible Hydrogen
Measurement Correlations
~ ~
Diffusible hydrogen Approximate
diffusible hydrogen
determined by
glycerin based standards*
determined by this standard,
the IIW draft standard,
or IS0 3690
(mlOOg) (mV1OOg)
1.0 0.0
2.0 0.5
3.0 1.2
4.0 1.9
5.0 2.6
6.0 3.2
7.0 3.9
8.0 4.6
9.0 5.2
10.0 5.9
11.0 6.6
12.0 7.2
13.0 7.9
14.0 8.6
15.0 9.3
16.0 9.9
*See Appendix, Section A3 for a discussion of the inaccuracy of hydro-
gen determinations by glycerin based standards.
valid comparison. It may also be desirable to evaluate
autogenous welding processes, such as gas tungsten-arc
welding, where calculation of diffusible hydrogen based
upon deposited metal would not be possible, so that
evaluation of diffusible hydrogen must be based upon
fused metal.
If the hydrogen content is required in terms of its
concentration in the fused metal, it is necessary to derive
a figure for the mass of fused metal (WF, g). The cross-
sectional area of fused metal can be measured on the
fractured ends of the test specimen using an image ana-
lyzing microscope, an enlarged tracing, or an enlarged
photograph. If filler metal was used and the weight of
deposited metal obtained, then the area of deposited
metal can be obtained also from the fractured ends of the
test specimen as the area of the weld reinforcement. In
this case, the weight of fused metal is obtained by multi-
plying the mass of deposited metal by the fused metal
area divided by the deposited metal area.
If no filler metal was used, then the weight of fused
metal can be calculated from the fused metal area multi-
plied by the test specimen length and multiplied by the
density of the weld metal. For most steel weld metal, the
17
density can be estimated closely as the density of mild
steel, 7.86 gfcc.
In either case, the averaged areas from the two frac-
tured ends of the test specimen should be used in the
computations.
To distinguish hydrogen expressed on the basis of
fused metal (HF, ppm) from that on the basis of deposit-
ed metal, it is appropriate to express hydrogen based on
fused metal in terms of parts per million @pm). This is
obtained from the weight of fused metal (WF, g) and the
volume of hydrogen gas collected (V, mi) at standard
temperature and pressure as:
HF =90 V / WF
(Eq. 3)
A5. Significance of Differences in
Results Among Laboratories
In the process of developing this standard, the A5 Task
Group conducted extensive round-robin testing to evalu-
ate reproducibility of results among laboratories. Under
the most carefully controlled conditions, with more than
ten laboratories participating in the work, the Task Group
observed variation in results of approximately 4 1 mi/
100 g about the inter-laboratory mean when the inter-
laboratory mean was less than 10 mi / l OO g.
In order to put this variation into perspective, it is
useful to consider that 2 1 m1/100 g is very nearly equal
to t 1 part per million concentration in the deposited
weld metal. Such a level of variability in results would
also be expected in analyzing other trace elements such
as boron, nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen in weld metal. A
similar level of inter-laboratory variation has also been
observed when following the IIW draft standard (IIW
documents II-A-576-82 and 11-1019-84).
The source of this variability is not fully understood,
but it is considered by the A5 Task Group that the
greatest part of this variation arises at the time of prepar-
ing the test specimens, not at the time of analysis. Cer-
tainly the wet bulb temperature of the arc atmosphere at
the time of welding will influence the results obtained.
Variation in coating moisture of individual covered elec-
trodes within a given lot has been observed by the Task
Group. The quantity of drawing lubricant remaining on a
wire at the time of welding may vary from point to point
within a heat. The efficiency of a bake cycle for moisture
removal may vary from point to point within a lot of
submerged arc flux or electrodes.
Since the inter-laboratory variation appears to be about
2 1 m1/100 g when the inter-laboratory mean is 10 ml/
100 g or less, it is the opinion of the A5 Task Group that
no significance should be attached to a difference in
individual test results between two laboratories that is
smaller than 2 m1/100 g.
Copyright American Welding Society
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Not for Resale, 08/31/2005 01:14:21 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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_ _ -
AUS A 4- 3 93 m 0784265 0501003 394 m
AWS Filler Metal Specifications and Related Documents
AWS
Designation Title
FMC Filler Metal Comparison Charts
A4.2 Standard Procedures for Calibrating Magnetic Instruments to Measure the Delta Ferrite
Content of Austenitic and Dudex Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steel Weld Metal
A4.3
A5.01 Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines
A5.1
A5.2
A5.3
A5.4
A5.5
A5.6
A5.7
A5.8
A5.9
A5.10
A5.11
A5.12
A5.13
A5.14
A5.15
A5.16
A5.17
A5.18
A5.19
A5.20
A5.21
A5.22
A5.23
A5.24
A5.25
A5.26
A5.27
A5.28
A5.29
A5.30 Specification for Consumable Inserts
A5.31
Standard Methods for Determination of the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of Martensitic,
Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal Produced by Arc Welding
Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Specification for Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Rods for Oxyfuel Gas Welding
Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Specification for Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Specification for Low Alloy Steel Covered Arc Welding Electrodes
Specification for Covered Copper and Copper Alloy Arc Welding Electrodes
Specification for Copper and Copper Alloy Bare Welding Rods and Electrodes
Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding
Specification for Bare Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes and Rods
Specification for Bare Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods
Specification for Nickel and Nickel Alloy Welding Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Specification for Tungsten and Tungsten Alloy Electrodes for Arc Welding and Cutting
Specification for Solid Surfacing Welding Rods and Electrodes
Specification for Nickel and Nickel Alloy Bare Welding Electrodes and Rods
Specification for Welding Electrodes and Rods for Cast Iron
Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods
Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding
Specification for Carbon Steel Filler Metals for Gas Shielded Arc Welding
Specification for Magnesium Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods
Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding
Specification for Composite Surfacing Welding Rods and Electrodes
Specification for Flux Cored Corrosion-Resisting Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Steel
Electrodes
Specification for Low Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding
Specification for Zirconium and Zirconium Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods
Specification for Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Electroslag Welding
Specification for Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Electrodes for Electrogas Welding
Specification for Copper and Copper Alloy Rods for Oxyfuel Gas Welding
Specification for Low Alloy Steel Filler Metals for Gas Shielded Arc Welding
Specification for Low Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding
Specification for Fluxes for Brazing and Braze Welding
For ordering information, contact the Order Department, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJ eune Road,
P.O. Box 351040, Miami, Florida 33135. Phone: 1-800-334-9353.
Copyright American Welding Society
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Not for Resale, 08/31/2005 01:14:21 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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