UNIVERSITY PUTRA MALAYSIA

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Master of Structure and Construction Engineering

Design of Tall Building (ECV 4203)
Assignment 1
Structural form system

Prepared for:
DR. RAI ZAL SAI FULNAZ BI N MUHAMMAD RASHI D

Done by:
Maged Mohammed Ahmed Qasem GS38690

Date of submission: 21
st
of March 21, 2014


1. Shear Wall Structure
1.1 Introduction
In the shear wall structure system, the shear walls provide the entire lateral stiffness and strength.
That is due to their very high in-plane stiffness and strength. Shear wall structure are stiffer rigid
frame structures.
Shear walls are not only designed to resist gravity / vertical loads (due to its self-weight and
other living / moving loads), but they are also designed for lateral loads of earthquakes / wind.
The walls are structurally integrated with roofs / floors (diaphragms) and other lateral walls
running across at right angles, thereby giving the three dimensional stability for the building
structures.
Shear wall structural systems are more stable because of their supporting area (total cross-
sectional area of all shear walls) with reference to total plans area of building, is comparatively
more, unlike in the case of RCC framed structures. They can resist the uplift forces caused by the
pull of the wind .In addition; they resist shear forces that try to push the walls over. They can
also resist the lateral force of the wind that tries to push the walls in and pull them away from the
building.
1.2 Classification of Shear Walls
1. Simple rectangular types and flanged walls (bar bell type).
2. Coupled shear walls
3. Rigid frame shear walls
4. Framed walls with in filled frames
5. Column supported shear walls.
6. Core type shears walls.
1.3 Types Of Shear Walls
1. RC Shear Wall.
2. Plywood Shear Wall.
3. Midply Shear Wall.
4. RC Hollow Concrete Block Masonry Wall.
5. Steel Plate Shear Wall



1.4 Example of The Shear Wall Structure In High Rise Building


Name of building :
Shangri-La New York (610 Lexington Avenue), New
York
General information:
- Construction started 2008
- Completion 2010
- Number of story 67-story
- Height 709 ft


Structural Form System:

The building rises 709 ft giving the structure a very
slender aspect ratio of 16.5:1. To overcome this
challenge, the design implements the first use of
vertically posttensioned shear walls in New York City.
Figure 1.1

The lateral frame, as mentioned previously, utilizes
vertically posttensioned concrete shear walls
supplemented by concrete belt and hat walls, as shown
in Figure 1.1 and 1.2.
Figure 1.2






2. Outrigger Braced Frame
2.1 Introduction
Outrigger are structural remembers with a large bending stiffness connecting primary lateral
loading resisting system with generally perimeter columns. The connection between the lateral
systems usually either shear wall or core assembly and the outrigger has to be moment resistant.
In this way the principle of lateral systems rotation is used to activate perimeter columns.
2.2 Load Distributing System
Outriggers serve to reduce overturning moments in the core, total lateral displacement and story
drifts of supper-tall buildings and also transfer the reduced overturning moments to the perimeter
columns in the form of tension-compression forces. These forces are often distributed by belt
trusses located at the level of outriggers to the perimeter columns. The system can benefit from
using off-set outriggers to reduce core wall thickness in addition to making a wind resistance
structure. Outriggers can also be supported by some mega columns at the perimeter of building
which make this system appropriate for super-tall buildings.
2.3 Example of outrigger braced frame In High Rise Building
Name of building :
Millennium Tower, 301 Mission Street, San
Francisco, California
General information:
- Construction started 2005
- Completion 2008
- Floor account 58
- Height 180.4m

Structural Form System

Laterally the building is a dual system with a cast-in
place shear wall core connected with outriggers to the
perimeter columns comprising the primary system,
and a total of 10 single-bay moment frames at the
perimeter comprising the backup system.
There are three outrigger trusses that connect the
interior core with perimeter super-columns at three
intermediate levels as shown in photo.




3. Core and Suspended Structure
3.1 Introduction
Suspended structure consists of central core or dual cores with cantilevered outrigger trusses at
the roof level. One of the advantages of this type of structure is that the casting of the slab floor
can be done in the ground floor and then raised to the required position.
3.2 Load distributing system
Dual cores work to carry the load gravity transferred from self-weight of the core structure itself
and from outrigger trusses at the roof level. They are also to resist the lateral loading resulted in
very stable structure
3.3 Example of Suspended Structure In High Rise Building

Name of building :
Torre Caja Madrid Tower Madrid, Spain
General information:
- Construction started 2004
- Completion 2008
- Floor account 45
- Height 250 m
- Building type Office

Figure 3.1 shows building from in front side

Figure 3.1: Front View Of Building

Structural Form System

The structure of this building consists of two concrete
cores that are linked together at three locations over
the height of the building. The links between the
cores are a pair of two-story trusses, which not only
link the cores but also support the 11 to 12 floors
above each truss (See Figures 3.2) Essentially the
building floors are divided into three segments, where
each segment is an 11 to 12 story structure that is
supported on trusses that span between the two cores.

Figure 3.2: Trusses Connected To Dual
Cores


4. Core Or Tube-In-Tube Structures
4.1 Introduction
In this system, the exterior tube and the interior tube (consisting of the internal cores) are
designed to act together. The exterior tube has relatively large width and hence it designed to
resist the entire bending moment caused by lateral forces. On the other hand, the interior tube is
generally very slender and these hence are designed to resist the shear produced by lateral forces.
4.2 Load distributing system
Such a system is used where there are large openings in the exterior frames due to its ability to
resist shear is diminished. The stiff floor systems transfers the lateral shearing forces to the
interior tube and with that it can resist the shear forces and significantly contribute to carry the
gravity loads of the structure.
4.3 Example of Tube-In-Tube Structures In High Rise Building
Name of building :
Torre Sacyr Vallehermoso, Madrid, Spain.
General information
Construction started 2004
Completed 2008
Floor numbers. 52- floor
Height 236 meter
Type Office, Hotel
Figure 4.1 shows the picture of the building

Figure 4.1: Picture Of Building
Structural Form System

The structure of building is principally
composed of a complex central reinforced
concrete core and two rings of the reinforced
concrete or composite columns. The complex
reinforced concrete structures consist of three
interconnected square-shaped cores housing
the elevators and installation shafts. Figure 4.2
shows the Typical Floor Plane Of The Building


Figure 4.2 : Typical Floor Plane Of
The Building