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Chapter 1: Undefined Terms
1.1 Relationships on Undefined
Terms, 2
1.2 Separations, 3
Chapter 2: Segments and Rays
2.1 Line Measurement, 5
2.2 Relationships of Segments and
Rays, 5
Chapter 3: Angles and
Perpendicularity
3.1 Angle Measurement, 8
3.2 Angle Pairs, 8
3.3 Perpendicular Lines, 13
Chapter 4: Parallelism
4.1 Properties of Parallel Lines, 18
4.2 Proving Lines Parallel, 20
Chapter 5: Polygons
5.1 Diagonals of a Polygon, 23
5.2 Angles of a Triangle, 24
5.3 Angles of a Polygon, 26

Postulates, 24
Theorems, 26







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1.1 Relationships on Undefined Terms
Postulate 1 - A line contains at least two distinct points.
Postulate 2 - A plane contains at least three noncollinear points
Postulate 3 - A space contains at least four noncoplanar, there is exactly one line that contains them.
Postulate 4 - Through any two distinct points, there is exactly one line that contains them.
Postulate 5 - Through any two distinct points, there are infinitely many planes. Through any three
points there is at least one plane. Through any three noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane.
Postulate 6 - If two points are in a plane, then the line that contains those points lies entirely in the
plane.
Postulate 7 - If two distinct planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
Theorem 1.1 - If two distinct lines intersect, then they intersect in exactly one point.
Given: Lines l and m are intersecting lines.
Prove: These lines intersect only at A.


Statements Reasons
1
Assume that lines l and m intersect at A and
B.
Negation of the conclusion
2 A and B are contained in lines l and m. Definition of intersection
3
A and B are contained in a line. Lets say line
n. Thus, we have three distinct lines.
Through any two points, there is exactly one
line that contains them.
4
Lines l and m are intersecting lines. (The
figure have only distinct lines.)
Given
5 Lines l ad m intersect only at A.
The assumption is false because of a
contradiction between 4 and 5.

Theorem 1.2 - If a line not contained in a plane intersects it, then they intersect at only one point.
Given: Line l not contained in plane A intersects it.
Prove: Line l and plane A intersect at M.

UNDEFINED TERMS
m l
A
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Statements Reasons
1
Line l and plane A intersect at more than one
point with points M and N mentioned.
Negation of the conclusion
2 Line l is contained in plane A.
If two points are in a plane, then the line that
contains those points lies entirely in the
plane.
3 Line l is not contained in plane A. Given
4 Line l and plane A intersect at M.
The assumption is false because of a
contradiction between 2 and 3.

Theorem 1.3 - A line and a point not on the line are contained in exactly one plane.
Given: Line l and point C not on the line.
Prove: Line l and point C are contained in exactly one plane.
Statements Reasons
1 Line l and point C not on the line. Given
2 Line l contains A and B. A line contains at least two distinct points.
3 Points A, B, and C are noncollinear. Definition of noncollinear
4
Points A, B, and C are contained in exactly
one plane.
Through any three noncollinear points, there
is exactly one plane.
5
Line l and point C are contained in exactly
one plane.
If two points are in a plane, then the line that
contains those points lies entirely in the
plane.

Theorem 1.4 - If two distinct lines intersect, then they lie in exactly one plane.
Given: Lines l and m are intersecting lines.
Prove: Lines l and m lie in exactly one plane.

Statements Reasons
1 Lines l and m are intersecting lines. Given
2 Line l contains A and B. A line contains at least two points.
3 Line m and point B.
A line and a point not on the line are
contained in exactly one plane.
4 Lines l and m lie in exactly one plane.
If two points are in a plane, then the line that
contains those points lies entirely in the
plane.

1.2 Separations
Postulate 8 - Plane Separation Postulate. Given a line and a plane containing it. The points
of the plane that do not lie on the line form two sets such that each of them is convex and the segment
connecting from a point on one set to another point on the other set intersects the line.
l
A
B
C
m
l
A
B
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Postulate 9 - Space Separation Postulate. The points of space that do not lie on the plane
form two sets such that each of them is convex and the segment connecting from a point on one set to
another point on the other set intersects the plane.


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2.1 Line Measurement
Postulate 10 - Distance Postulate. Given any two points there is a unique distance between
them.
Postulate 11 - Ruler Postulate. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the point of a line
and the set of real numbers such that the distance between two distinct points of the line is the absolute
value of the difference of their coordinates.
Postulate 12 - Ruler Placement Postulate. For any two points A and B, the coordinates can be
chosen in such a way that the coordinate of point A is 0 and the coordinate of B is positive.
2.2 Relationships of Segments and Rays
Postulate 13 - Segment Addition Postulate (Definition of Betweenness). B is between
points A and C if and only if those three points are collinear, and . AB BC AC
Theorem 2.1 - Point-Plotting Theorem. On a ray, there is exactly one point that is at a given
distance from the endpoint of the ray.
Given: AB
Prove: There is exactly one point C on ABsuch that AC = a
Statements Reasons
1
AB
Given
2
There is a correspondence on ABthat pairs A
with 0 and B with a positive number.
Ruler Placement Postulate
3
The positive real numbers are paired with
points on . AB
A correspondence that pairs A with 0 and B
with a positive number pairs the positive real
numbers with points.
4
There is exactly one point C on that
corresponds to the positive number a such
that 0 . AC a a
Ruler Postulate
5 AC a Definition of absolute value

Corollary 2.1.1 - Each segment has exactly one midpoint.
Given: M is the midpoint of . AB
Prove: There is exactly one point M on . AB
Statements Reasons
1 M is the midpoint of . AB
Given
SEGMENTS AND RAYS
A B C
A B M
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2 There is exactly one point M on . AB
Point-Plotting Theorem

Theorem 2.2 - Midpoint Theorem. If M is the midpoint of , AB then 2 2 AB AM BM and
1
.
2
AB AM BM
Given: M is the midpoint of . AB
Prove: 2 2 AB AM BM

1
2
AB AM BM
Statements Reasons
1 M is the midpoint of . AB
Given
2
AM BM
Definition of midpoint
3 AM BM Definition of congruent segments
4 AB AM BM Segment Addition Postulate
5 AB AM AM AB AB Substitution Property
6 2 2 AB AM BM Combine like terms
7
1
2
AB AM BM Multiplication Property of Equality

Theorem 2.3 - Properties of Segment Congruence. Congruence between segments is an
equivalence relation (reflexive, symmetric, and transitive).
Given: AB
Prove: AB AB
Statements Reasons
1
AB
Given
2 AB Definition of length of segment
3 AB AB Reflexive Property of Equality
4
AB AB
Definition of congruent segments

Given: AB CD
Prove: CD AB
Statements Reasons
1 AB CD
Given
2 AB CD Definition of congruent segments
3 CD AB Symmetric Property of Equality
4 CD AB
Definition of congruent segments

Given: AB CD
A B M
A B
A B
A B
C D
C D E F
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CD EF
Prove: AB EF
Statements Reasons
1 AB CD
Given
2 CD EF
Given
3
AB CD
CD EF

Definition of congruent segments
4 AB EF Transitive Property of Equality
5
AB EF
Definition of congruent segments



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3.1 Angle Measurement
Postulate 14 - Angle Measure Postulate. For every angle, there is a unique real number
between 0 and 180 known as its degree measure.
Postulate 15 - Protractor Postulate. In a half-plane with edge AB and any point S between A
and B, there exists one-to-one correspondence between the rays from S in that half-plane and the real
numbers between 0 and 180 such that. The measure of an angle formed by two of these rays is the
absolute value of the difference of the corresponding real numbers.
Postulate 16 - Angle Addition Postulate. If O is in the interior of , ABC then
. m ABC m ABO M CBO
Theorem 3.1 - Angle Construction Theorem. In a half-plane, through the endpoint of a ray
lying in the edge of the half-plane, there is exactly one other ray, such that the angle formed by the two
rays has a given measure between 0 and 180.
Given: Half-plane with edge AB
Prove: There is exactly one ray OC such that
100 m COD
Statements Reasons
1
Half-plane with edge AB
Given
2
There is exactly one that corresponds to 30
and 180, respectively.
Protractor Postulate
3
30 130 100 m COD Protractor Postulate
4 100 m COD Definition of absolute value

3.2 Angle Pairs
Theorem 3.2 - Angle Bisector Theorem. If BO is the angle bisector of , ABC then
2 2 m ABC m ABO m CBO and
1
.
2
m ABC m ABO m CBO
Given: BO is the angle bisector of ABC
Prove: 2 2 m ABC m ABO m CBO
1
.
2
m ABC m ABO m CBO
ANGLES AND PERPENDICULARITY
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Statements Reasons
1 BO is the angle bisector of ABC
Given
2 ABO CBO Definition of angle bisector
3 m ABO m CBO Definition of congruent angles
4 m ABC m ABO m CBO Angle Addition Postulate
5
m ABC m ABO m ABO
m ABC m CBO m CBO



Substitution Property
6 2 2 m ABC m ABO m CBO Combine like terms
7
1
.
2
m ABC m ABO m CBO Multiplication Property of Equality

Theorem 3.3 - Properties of Angle Congruence. Congruence between angles is an
equivalence relation (reflexive, symmetric, and transitive).
Given: A
Prove: A A
Statements Reasons
1 A
Given
2 m A Definition of degree measure
3 m A m A Reflexive Property of Equality
4 A A
Definition of congruent angles

Given: A B
Prove: B A
Statements Reasons
1 A B
Given
2 m A m B Definition of congruent angles
3 m B m A Symmetric Property of Equality
4 B A Definition of congruent angles

Given: A B
B C
Prove: A C
Statements Reasons
1 A B
Given
2 B C Given
3
m A m B
m B m C



Definition of congruent angles
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4 m A m C Transitive Property of Equality
5 A C Definition of congruent angles

Theorem 3.4 - All right angles are congruent.
Given: 1 and 2 are right angles.
Prove: 1 2
Statements Reasons
1 1 and 2 are right angles. Given
2
1 90
2 90
m
m



Definition of right angle
3 1 2 m m Transitive Property of Equality
4 1 2
Definition of congruent angles

Theorem 3.5 - If two angles are complementary, then they are both acute.
Given: 1 and 2 are complementary.
Prove: 1 and 2 are both acute.
We have three cases for the proof. If an angle is not acute it may be either a right angle, or an obtuse
angle.
CASE 1
Statements Reasons
1 1 and 2 are both right angles. Negation of the conclusion
2
1 90
2 90
m
m



Definition of right angle
3 1 2 180 m m Addition Property of Equality
4 1 and 2 are complementary angles. Given
5 1 2 90 m m Definition of complementary angles
6 1 and 2 are both acute.
The assumption is false because of a
contradiction between 3 and 5.

CASE 2
Statements Reasons
1
1 is a right angle.
2 are both right angles.
Negation of the conclusion
2 1 90 m Definition of right angle
3 2 90 m Definition of obtuse angle
4 1 2 180 m m Addition Property of Inequality
5 1 and 2 are complementary angles. Given
6 1 2 90 m m Definition of complementary angles
7 1 and 2 are both acute.
The assumption is false because of a
contradiction between 4 and 6.
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CASE 3
Statements Reasons
1 1 and 2 are both obtuse angles. Negation of the conclusion
2
1 90
2 90
m
m



Definition of obtuse angle
3 1 2 180 m m Addition Property of Inequality
4 1 and 2 are complementary angles. Given
5 1 2 90 m m Definition of complementary angles
6 1 and 2 are both acute.
The assumption is false because of a
contradiction between 3 and 5.

Theorem 3.6 - If two angles are both supplementary and congruent, then they are both right angles.
Given: 1 and 2 are supplementary.
1 2
Prove: 1 and 2 are right angles.
Statements Reasons
1 1 and 2 are supplementary. Given
2 1 2 180 m m Definition of supplementary angles
3 1 2
Given
4 1 2 m m Definition of congruent angles
5
1 1 180
2 2 180
m m
m m



Substitution Property
6
2 1 180
2 2 180
m
m



Combine like terms
7
1 90
2 90
m
m



Multiplication Property of Equality
8 1 and 2 are right angles. Definition of right angle

Theorem 3.7 - Supplements Theorem. Angles that are supplementary to congruent angles or
a same angle are congruent.
CASE 1
Given: 1 and 3 are supplements of 2 and 4, respectively.
2 4
Prove: 1 3
Statements Reasons
1
1 and 3 are supplements of 2 and 4,
respectively.
Given
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2
1 2 180
3 4 180
m m
m m



Definition of supplementary angles
3 2 4 Given
4 2 4 m m Definition of congruent angles
5 1 4 180 m m Substitution Property
6 1 4 3 4 m m m m Transitive Property of Equality
7 1 3 m m Addition Property of Equality
8 1 3 Definition of congruent angles

CASE 2
Given: 1 and 3 are both supplements of
2.
Prove: 1 3
Statements Reasons
1 1 and 3 are both supplements of 2. Given
2
1 2 180
3 2 180
m m
m m



Definition of supplementary angles
3 1 2 3 2 m m m m Transitive Property of Equality
4 1 3 m m Addition Property of Equality
5 1 3 Definition of congruent angles

Theorem 3.8 - Complements Theorem. Angles that are complementary to congruent angles
or a same angle are congruent.
CASE 1
Given: 1 and 3 are complements of 2 and 4, respectively.
2 4
Prove: 1 3
Statements Reasons
1
1 and 3 are complements of 2 and 4,
respectively.
Given
2
1 2 90
3 4 90
m m
m m



Definition of complementary angles
3 2 4 Given
4 2 4 m m Definition of congruent angles
5 1 4 90 m m Substitution Property
6 1 4 3 4 m m m m Transitive Property of Equality
7 1 3 m m Addition Property of Equality
8 1 3 Definition of congruent angles
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CASE 2
Given: 1 and 3 are both complements of 2.
Prove: 1 3
Statements Reasons
1 1 and 3 are both complements of 2. Given
2
1 2 90
3 2 90
m m
m m



Definition of complementary angles
3 1 2 3 2 m m m m Transitive Property of Equality
4 1 3 m m Addition Property of Equality
5 1 3 Definition of congruent angles

Theorem 3.9 - Vertical Angles Theorem. Vertical angles are congruent.
Given: 1 and 3 are vertical angles.
Prove: 1 3
Statements Reasons
1 1 and 3 are vertical angles. Given
2
1 and 2 are linear pairs.
3 and 2 are linear pairs.
Definition of linear pair
3 1 and 3 are both supplementary to 2. Linear Pair Postulate
4
1 2 180
3 2 180
m m
m m



Definition of supplementary angles
5 1 2 3 2 m m m m Transitive Property of Equality
6 1 3 m m Addition Property of Equality
7 1 3 Definition of congruent angles

3.3 Perpendicular Lines
Theorem 3.10 - If two lines are perpendicular, then they form four right angles.
Given: BD CE
Prove: , BAC , CAD , DAE and BAE are right angles.


(Unsimplified Proof)
Statements Reasons
1
BD CE
Given
2 BAC is a right triangle. Definition of perpendicular
3 90 m BAC Definition of right angle
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4 BAC and CAD are linear pairs. Definition of linear pair
5 BAC and CAD are supplementary angles. Linear Pair Postulate
6 180 m BAC m CAD Definition of supplementary angles
7 90 180 m CAD Substitution Property
8 90 m CAD Addition Property of Equality
9 CAD is a right angle. Definition of right angle
10
BAC and DAE are vertical angles.
CAD and BAE are vertical angles.
Definition of vertical angles
11
BAC DAE
CAD BAE



Vertical Angles Theorem
12
m BAC m DAE
m CAD m BAE



Definition of vertical angles
13
90
90
m DAE
m BAE



Transitive Property of Equality
14 DAE and BAE are right angles. Definition of right angle

Corollary 3.10.1 - If two lines are perpendicular, then all four right angles formed are congruent.
Given: BD CE
Prove: BAC CAD DAE BAE
Proof: By Theorem 3-8, , BAC , CAD , DAE and BAE are
right angles. And theyre all congruent since all right angles
are congruent.

Theorem 3.11 - If two lines are perpendicular, then the pairs of adjacent angles they form are
congruent.
Given: BD CE
Prove: BAC CAD


(Unsimplified Proof)
Statements Reasons
1
BD CE
Given
2 BAC and CAD are adjacent angles. Definition of adjacent angles
3 BAC is a right triangle. Definition of perpendicular
4 90 m BAC Definition of right angle
5 BAC and CAD are linear pairs. Definition of linear pair
6 BAC and CAD are supplementary angles. Linear Pair Postulate
7 180 m BAC m CAD Definition of supplementary angles
8 90 180 m CAD Substitution Property
9 90 m CAD Addition Property of Equality
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10 m BAC m CAD Transitive Property of Equality
11 BAC CAD Definition of congruent angles

Theorem 3.12 - If two lines intersect to form congruent adjacent angles, then the lines are
perpendicular.
Given: BAC CAD
Prove: BD CE


(Unsimplified Proof)
Statements Reasons
1 BAC CAD Given
2 m BAC m CAD Definition of congruent angles
3 BAC and CAD are linear pairs. Definition of linear pair
4 BAC and CAD are supplementary angles. Linear Pair Postulate
5 180 m BAC m CAD Definition of supplementary angles
6 180 m BAC m BAC Substitution Property
7 2 180 m BAC Combine like terms
8 90 m BAC Multiplication Property of Equality
9 BAC is a right angle. Definition of right angle
10
BD CE
Definition of perpendicular

Theorem 3.13 - In a plane, through a point on a given line there is exactly one line perpendicular to
the given line.
Given: P on AB
Prove: There is exactly one PQ such that . AB PQ
Statements Reasons
1 P on AB
Given
2
There is only one ray on a half plane Q such
that 90. BPQ
Protractor Postulate
3
BPQ is a right angle.
Definition of right angle
4 . AB PQ Definition of perpendicular

Corollary 3.13.1 - If a plane, a segment has exactly one perpendicular bisector.

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Given: AB
Prove: There is only one perpendicular bisector MN on . AB
Statements Reasons
1
AB
Given
2
There is exactly one midpoint M on . AB
Each segment has exactly one midpoint.
3
There is exactly one MN on M such that
. AB MN
In a plane, through a point on a given line
there is exactly one line perpendicular to the
given line.
4
There is only one perpendicular bisector MN
on . AB
Definition of perpendicular bisector

Theorem 3.14 - In a plane, if two angles are adjacent and complementary, then then non-common
sides are perpendicular.
Given: ABD and CBD are complementary.
Prove: BA BC
Statements Reasons
1
ABD and CBD are complementary and
adjacent.
Given
2 90 m ABD m CBD Definition of complementary angles
3 m ABC m ABD m CBD Angle Addition Postulate
4 90 m ABC Transitive Property of Equality
5 ABC is a right angle. Definition of right angle
6 BA BC
Definition of perpendicular

Theorem 3.15 - In a plane, if the non-common sides of adjacent angles are perpendicular then the
angle are complementary.
Given: BA BC
Prove: ABD and CBD are complementary.


Statements Reasons
1 BA BC
Given
2 ABC is a right angle. Definition of perpendicular
3 90 m ABC Definition of right angle
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4 m ABC m ABD m CBD Angle Addition Postulate
5 90 m ABD m CBD Transitive Property of Equality
6 ABD and CBD are complementary. Definition of complementary angles

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4.1 Properties of Parallel Lines
Postulate 17 - If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the corresponding angles are
congruent.
Theorem 4.1 - If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate interior angles are
congruent.
Given: l m
Prove: 1 2
Statements Reasons
1
l m
Given
2 3 2
If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
the corresponding angles are congruent.
3 1 and 3 are vertical angles. Definition of vertical angles
4 1 3 Vertical Angles Theorem
5 1 2 Transitive Property of Angle Congruence

Theorem 4.2 - If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate exterior angles are
congruent.
Given: l m
Prove: 1 2
Statements Reasons
1
l m
Given
2 3 2
If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
the corresponding angles are congruent.
3 1 and 3 are vertical angles. Definition of vertical angles
4 1 3 Vertical Angles Theorem
5 1 2 Transitive Property of Angle Congruence

Theorem 4.3 - If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the interior angles on the same side
of the transversal are supplementary.
PARALLELISM
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Given: l m
Prove: 2 and 3 are supplementary angles.
Statements Reasons
1
l m
Given
2 1 3
If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
the corresponding angles are congruent.
3 1 3 m m Definition of congruent angles
4 2 and 1 are linear pairs. Definition of linear pairs
5 2 and 1 are supplementary angles. Linear Pair Postulate
6 2 1 180 m m Definition of supplementary angles
7 2 3 180 m m Substitution Property
8 2 and 3 are supplementary angles. Definition of supplementary angles

Theorem 4.4 - If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the exterior angles on the same side
of the transversal are supplementary.
Given: l m
Prove: 2 and 3 are supplementary angles.
Statements Reasons
1
l m
Given
2 1 3
If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
the corresponding angles are congruent.
3 1 3 m m Definition of congruent angles
4 2 and 1 are linear pairs. Definition of linear pairs
5 2 and 1 are supplementary angles. Linear Pair Postulate
6 2 1 180 m m Definition of supplementary angles
7 2 3 180 m m Substitution Property
8 2 and 3 are supplementary angles. Definition of supplementary angles

Theorem 4.5 - If a transversal is perpendicular to one of the parallel lines, then it is also
perpendicular to the other.
Given: l m
t l
Prove: t m
Statements Reasons
1
l m
Given
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2 1 2
If parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
the corresponding angles are congruent.
3 1 2 m m Definition of congruent angles
4 t l Given
5 1 is a right angle Definition of perpendicular
6 1 90 m Definition of right angle
7 2 90 m Transitive Property of Euqality
8 2 is a right angle Definition of right angle
9 t m Definition of perpendicular

4.2 Proving Lines Parallel
Postulate 18 - If lines cut by a transversal form congruent corresponding angles, then the lines are
parallel.
Theorem 4.6 - If lines cut by a transversal form congruent alternate interior angles, then the lines
are parallel.
Given: 1 2
Prove: l m
Statements Reasons
1 1 2 Given
2 1 and 3 are vertical angles. Definition of vertical angles
3 1 3 Vertical Angles Theorem
4 2 3 Transitive Property of Angle Congruence
5
l m
If lines cut by a transversal form congruent
corresponding angles, then the lines are
parallel.

Theorem 4.7 - If lines cut by a transversal form congruent alternate exterior angles, then the lines
are parallel.
Given: 1 2
Prove: l m


Statements Reasons
1 1 2 Given
2 1 and 3 are vertical angles. Definition of vertical angles
3 1 3 Vertical Angles Theorem
4 2 3 Transitive Property of Angle Congruence
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5
l m
If lines cut by a transversal form congruent
corresponding angles, then the lines are
parallel.

Theorem 4.8 - If lines cut by a transversal form interior angles on the same side of the transversal
that are supplementary, then the lines are parallel.
Given: 2 and 3 are supplementary angles.
Prove: l m
Statements Reasons
1 2 and 3 are supplementary angles. Given
2 1 and 2 are linear pairs. Definition of linear pairs
3 1 and 2 are supplementary angles. Linear Pair Postulate
4 1 3 Supplements Theorem
5
l m
If lines cut by a transversal form congruent
corresponding angles, then the lines are
parallel.

Theorem 4.9 - If lines cut by a transversal form exterior angles on the same side of the transversal
that are supplementary, then the lines are parallel.
Given: 2 and 3 are supplementary angles.
Prove: l m
Statements Reasons
1 2 and 3 are supplementary angles. Given
2 1 and 2 are linear pairs. Definition of linear pairs
3 1 and 2 are supplementary angles. Linear Pair Postulate
4 1 3 Supplements Theorem
5
l m
If lines cut by a transversal form congruent
corresponding angles, then the lines are
parallel.

Theorem 4.10 - If two coplanar lines are perpendicular to the same line, then they are parallel.
Given: t l
t m
Prove: l m
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Statements Reasons
1 t l Given
2 t m Given
3 1 and 2 are right angles. Definition of perpendicular
4 1 2 All right angles are congruent.
5
l m
If lines cut by a transversal form congruent
corresponding angles, then the lines are
parallel.

Postulate 19 - Parallel Postulate. Through a point not on a line, there is exactly one line parallel
to the given line.
Theorem 4.11 - Transitive Property of Parallelism. If two lines are parallel to the same line,
then they are parallel to the same line.
Given: l m
m n
Prove: l n
Statements Reasons
1
l m
Given
2
m n
Given
3
1 2
2 3



If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
then the corresponding angles are congruent.
4 1 3 Transitive Property of Angle Congruence
5
l n
If lines cut by a transversal form congruent
corresponding angles, then the lines are
parallel.





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5.1 Diagonals of a Polygon
Theorem 5.1 - The number of diagonals of a convex polygon with n sides is given by the formula
( 3)
.
2
n n

We use inductive reasoning to prove this theorem. Lets start with a triangle. A blue line drawn on
each polygons are diagonals. As seen in these figures, a triangle has no diagonals, quadrilateral has 2
sides, pentagon has 5 sides and hexagon has 6 sides.
No. of diagonals in a polygon with n sides.
3 sides: 0 diagonals
4 sides: 0 + 2 = 2 diagonals
5 sides: 2 + 3 = 5 diagonals
6 sides: 5 + 4 = 9 diagonals
7 sides: 9 + 5 = 14 diagonals
and so on.

Let the number of diagonals N. For 3, n (3) 0. N And
for 4, n ( ) ( 1) ( 2). N n N n n
Now we will prove the theorem by mathematical induction.
Since the minimum number of sides of a polygon is 3, we let 3. n Thus, ( 3) / 2 3(3 3) / 2 0. n n
Assume that the formula is true for . n k Thus, ( ) ( 3) / 2 ( 1) ( 2). N k k k N k k Now, prove
that the formula is true for 1. n k
Proof:
( 1)[( 1) 3]
[( 1) 1] [( 1) 2]
2
k k
N k k

Substitution of n by k + 1
2
( 1)( 2) 2
( ) ( 1)
2 2
k k k k
N k k

Simplification on one side
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
( 3) 2
( 1)
2 2
( 3) 2( 1) 2
2 2 2
( 3) 2( 1) 2
2 2
3 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
k k k k
k
k k k k k
k k k k k
k k k k k
k k k k

Simplification on the other side

Thus, the theorem is true.
POLYGONS
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5.2 Angles of a Triangle
Theorem 5.2 - The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180.
Given: ABC
Prove: 1 2 3 180 m m m

Statements Reasons
1 ABC Given
2
DrawBDthat is parallel to . AC
Parallel Postulate
3
1 4
3 5



If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
then the alternate interior angles are
congruent.
4
1 4
3 5
m m
m m



Definition of congruent angles
5 ABD and 4 are linear pairs. Definition of linear pair
6 ABD and 4 are supplementary angles. Linear Pair Postulate
7 4 180 m ABD m Definition of supplementary angles
8 2 5 m ABD m m Angle Addition Postulate
9 4 2 5 180 m m m Substitution Property
10 1 2 3 180 m m m Substitution Property

Corollary 5.2.1 - If two angles of a triangle are congruent to two corresponding angles of another
triangle, then the third pair of corresponding angles are congruent.
Given: A D
B E
Prove: C F
Statements Reasons
1
A D
B E
Given
2
m A m D
m B m E



Definition of congruent angles
3
180
180
m A m B m C
m D m E m F



The sum of the measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180.
4
180
180
m C m A m B
m F m D m E



Addition Property of Equality
5 180 m F m A m B Substitution Property
6 m C m F Transitive Property of Equality
7 C F Definition of congruent angles

Corollary 5.2.2 - The measure of each angle in an equiangular angle is 60.
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Given: Equiangular ABC
Prove: 60 m A m B m C
Statements Reasons
1 Equiangular ABC Given
2 m A m B m C Definition of equiangular triangle
3 180 m A m B m C
The sum of the measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180.
4 180 m A m A m A Substitution Property
5 3 180 m A Combine like terms
6 60 m A Multiplication Property of Equality
7
60
60
m B
m C



Transitive Property of Equality

Corollary 5.2.3 - The acute angles of a right triangle are complementary.
Given: Right ABC with C opposite the hypotenuse
Prove: A and B are complementary angles.
Statements Reasons
1 Right ABC with C opposite the hypotenuse Given
2 C is a right angle Definition of right triangle
3 90 m C Definition of right angle
4 180 m A m B m C
The sum of the measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180.
5 90 m A m B Addition Property of Equality
6 A and B are complementary angles. Definition of complementary angles

Corollary 5.2.4 - A triangle has at most one right angle or at most obtuse angle.
CASE 1
Given: ABC
Prove: ABC has at most one right angle.
Statements Reasons
1 ABC has two right angles A and . m B Negation of the conclusion
2
90
90
m A
m B


Definition of right angle
3 180 m A m B Addition Property of Equality
4 0 m C Angle Measure Postulate
5 180 m A m B m C Addition Property of Inequality
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6 180 m A m B m C
The sum of the measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180.
7 ABC has at most one right angle.
The assumption is false because of a
contradiction between 5 and 6.

CASE 2
Given: ABC
Prove: ABC has at most one obtuse angle.
Statements Reasons
1 ABC has two obtuse angles A and . m B Negation of the conclusion
2
90
90
m A
m B



Definition of obtuse angle
3 180 m A m B Addition Property of Inequality
4 0 m C Angle Measure Postulate
5 180 m A m B m C Addition Property of Inequality
6 180 m A m B m C
The sum of the measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180.
7 ABC has at most one obtuse angle.
The assumption is false because of a
contradiction between 5 and 6.

Theorem 5.3 - The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of
the remote interior angles of the triangle.
Given: ABC with exterior 4.
Prove: 1 2 4 m m m
Statements Reasons
1 ABC with exterior 4. Given
2 3 and 4 are linear pairs. Definition of exterior angle
3 3 and 4 are supplementary angles. Linear Pair Postulate
4 3 4 180 m m Definition of linear pair
5 1 2 3 180 m m m
The sum of the measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180.
6 1 2 3 3 4 m m m m m Transitive Property of Equality
7 1 2 4 m m m Addition Property of Equality

5.3 Angles of a Polygon
Theorem 5.4 - The sum of the measures of the interior angles of any convex polygon with n sides
is given by the formula 180( 2). n
A polygon can be divided into triangles and we know that the sum of the measures of the interior
triangles is 180. Using the some of the diagonals of a polygon, they can divide polygons into
triangles. A quadrilateral can be divided into two triangles, a pentagon can be divided into three
triangles, and so on.
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Polygon No. of sides No. of triangles formed. Sum of angles
Triangle 3 1 180
Quadrilateral 4 2 2(180) 360
Pentagon 5 3 3(180) 540
Hexagon 6 4 4(180) 720
n-gon n n - 2 180( 2) n

As you observe that the number of triangles formed is always two less than the number of sides that a
polygon has, this proves that said theorem.
Corollary 5.4.1 - The measure of each interior angle of any regular polygon with n sides is given
by the formula
180( 2)
.
n
n

Given: Regular polygon with n sides and interior angles 1, 2, 3,..., and n
Prove:
180( 2)
1 2 3 ...
n
m m m m n
n

Statements Reasons
1
Regular polygon with n sides and interior
angles 1, 2, 3,..., and n
Given
2 That regular polygon is equiangular. Definition of regular polygon
3 1 2 3 ... n Definition of equiangular polygon
4 1 2 3 ... m m m m n Definition of congruent angles
5
1 2 3 ... 180( 2) m m m m n n
The sum of the measures of the interior
angles of a polygon with n sides is given by
the formula 180( 2). n
6
1 1 1 ... 1 180( 2) m m m m n
Substitution Property
7
( 1) 180( 2) n m n
Combine like terms
8
180( 2)
1
n
m
n

Multiplication Property of Equality

9
180( 2)
1 2 3 ...
n
m m m m n
n

Transitive Property of Equality

Theorem 5.4 - Exterior angles of any regular polygon are congruent.
Given: Regular polygon with n sides and interior angles 1, 2, 3,..., and n and exterior angles
1 , e 2 , e 3 ,..., e and ne
Prove: 1 2 3 ... e e e ne

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Statements Reasons
1
Regular polygon with n sides and interior
angles 1, 2, 3,..., and n and exterior
angles 1 , e 2 , e 3 ,..., e and ne
Given
2 That regular polygon is equiangular. Definition of regular polygon
3 1 2 3 ... n Definition of equiangular polygon
4
1 , e 2 , e 3 ,..., e and ne and 1, 2,
3,..., and n are respective linear pairs
Definition of exterior angles
5
1 , e 2 , e 3 ,..., e and ne are
supplementary to 1, 2, 3,..., and , n
respectively.
Linear Pair Postulate
6 1 2 3 ... e e e ne Supplements Theorem

Theorem 5.5 - The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of any convex polygon, one at each
vertex, is 360.
Given: Convex polygon with n sides and interior angles 1, 2, 3,..., and n and exterior angles
1 , e 2 , e 3 ,..., e and ne
Prove: 1 2 3 ... 360 m e m e m e m ne
Statements Reasons
1
Convex polygon with n sides and interior
angles 1, 2, 3,..., and n and exterior
angles 1 , e 2 , e 3 ,..., e and ne
Given
2
1 , e 2 , e 3 ,..., e and ne and 1, 2,
3,..., and n are respective linear pairs
Definition of exterior angles
3
1 , e 2 , e 3 ,..., e and ne are
supplementary to 1, 2, 3,..., and , n
respectively.
Linear Pair Postulate
4
1 1 180
2 2 180
3 3 180
m m e
m m e
m m e





180 m n m ne
Definition of supplementary angles
5
1 1 2 2 ...
180
m m e m m e m n
m ne n



Addition Property of Equality
6
1 2 3 ... 180( 2) m m m m n n
The sum of the measures of the interior
angles of a polygon with n sides is given by
the formula 180( 2). n
7
1 2 ... 180( 2)
180
m e m e m ne n
n

Substitution Property
8
1 2 ...
180 180( 2)
m e m e m ne
n n



Addition Property of Equality
9 180 180 360 n n Distributive Property
10 1 2 3 ... 360 m e m e m e m ne Combine like terms

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Corollary 5.5.1 - The measure of each exterior angle of any regular polygon with n sides, one angle
at each vertex, is given by the formula
360
.
n

Given: Regular polygon with n sides and interior angles 1, 2, 3,..., and n and exterior angles
1 , e 2 , e 3 ,..., e and ne
Prove:
360
1 2 3 ... m e m e m e m ne
n

Statements Reasons
1
Regular polygon with n sides and interior
angles 1, 2, 3,..., and n and exterior
angles 1 , e 2 , e 3 ,..., e and ne
Given
2 1 2 3 ... e e e ne
Exterior angles of any regular polygon are
congruent.
3 1 2 3 ... m e m e m e m ne Definition of congruent angles
4 1 2 3 ... 360 m e m e m e m ne
The sum of the measures of the exterior
angles of any convex polygon, one at each
vertex, is 360.
5 1 1 1 ... 1 360 m e m e m e m e Substitution Property
6
( 1 ) 360 n m e
Combine like terms
7
360
1 m e
n
Multiplication Property of Equality
8
360
1 2 3 ... m e m e m e m ne
n
Transitive Property of Equality

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POSTULATES
Postulate 1 - A line contains at least two distinct points.
Postulate 2 - A plane contains at least three noncollinear points.
Postulate 3 - A space contains at least four noncoplanar points.
Postulate 4 - Through any two distinct points, there is exactly one line that contains them.
Postulate 5 - Through any two distinct points, there are infinitely many planes. Through any three
points there is at least one plane. Through any three noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane.
Postulate 6 - If two points are in a plane, then the line that contains those points lies entirely in the
plane.
Postulate 7 - If two distinct planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
Postulate 8 - Plane Separation Postulate. Given a line and a plane containing it. The points of the plane
that do not lie on the line form two sets such that each of them is convex and the segment connecting
from a point on one set to another point on the other set intersects the line.
Postulate 9 - Space Separation Postulate. The points of space that do not lie on the plane form two sets
such that each of them is convex and the segment connecting from a point on one set to another point
on the other set intersects the plane.
Postulate 10 - Distance Postulate. Given any two points there is a unique distance between them.
Postulate 11 - Ruler Postulate. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the point of a line and
the set of real numbers such that the distance between two distinct points of the line is the absolute
value of the difference of their coordinates.
Postulate 12 - Ruler Placement Postulate. For any two points A and B, the coordinates can be chosen
in such a way that the coordinate of point A is 0 and the coordinate of B is positive.
Postulate 13 - Segment Addition Postulate (Definition of Betweenness). B is between points A and C
if and only if those three points are collinear, and . AB BC AC
Postulate 14 - Angle Measure Postulate. For every angle, there is a unique real number between 0 and
180 known as its degree measure.
Postulate 15 - Protractor Postulate. In a half-plane with edge AB and any point S between A and B,
there exists one-to-one correspondence between the rays from S in that half-plane and the real numbers
between 0 and 180 such that. The measure of an angle formed by two of these rays is the absolute value
of the difference of the corresponding real numbers.
Postulate 16 - Angle Addition Postulate. If O is in the interior of , ABC then
. m ABC m ABO M CBO
Postulate 17 - If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the corresponding angles are congruent.
Postulate 18 - If lines cut by a transversal form congruent corresponding angles, then the lines are
parallel.
Postulate 19 - Parallel Postulate. Through a point not on a line, there is exactly one line parallel to the
given line.
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THEOREMS
Theorem 1.1 - If two distinct lines intersect, then they intersect in exactly one point.
Theorem 1.2 - If a line not contained in a plane intersects it, then they intersect at only one point.
Theorem 1.3 - A line and a point not on the line are contained in exactly one plane.
Theorem 1.4 - If two distinct lines intersect, then they lie in exactly one plane.
Theorem 2.1 - Point-Plotting Theorem. On a ray, there is exactly one point that is at a given distance
from the endpoint of the ray.
Corollary 2.1.1 - Each segment has exactly one midpoint.
Theorem 2.2 - Midpoint Theorem. If M is the midpoint of , AB then 2 2 AB AM BM and
1
.
2
AB AM BM
Theorem 2.3 - Properties of Segment Congruence. Congruence between segments is an equivalence
relation (reflexive, symmetric, and transitive).
Theorem 3.1 - Angle Construction Theorem. In a half-plane, through the endpoint of a ray lying in the
edge of the half-plane, there is exactly one other ray, such that the angle formed by the two rays has a
given measure between 0 and 180.
Theorem 3.2 - Angle Bisector Theorem. If BO is the angle bisector of , ABC then
2 2 m ABC m ABO m CBO and
1
.
2
m ABC m ABO m CBO
Theorem 3.3 - Properties of Angle Congruence. A congruence of angles is an equivalence relation
(reflexive, symmetric, and transitive).
Theorem 3.4 - All right angles are congruent.
Theorem 3.5 - If two angles are complementary, then they are both acute.
Theorem 3.6 - If two angles are both supplementary and congruent, then they are both right angles.
Theorem 3.7 - Supplements Theorem. Angles that are supplementary to congruent angles or a same
angle are congruent.
Theorem 3.8 - Complements Theorem. Angles that are complementary to congruent angles or a same
angle are congruent.
Theorem 3.9 - Vertical Angles Theorem. Vertical angles are congruent.
Theorem 3.10 - If two lines are perpendicular, then they form four right angles.
Corollary 3.10.1 - If two lines are perpendicular, then all four right angles formed are congruent.
Theorem 3.11 - If two lines are perpendicular, then the pairs of adjacent angles they form are congruent.
Theorem 3.12 - If two lines intersect to form congruent adjacent angles, then the lines are perpendicular.
Theorem 3.13 - In a plane, through a point on a given line there is exactly one line perpendicular to the
given line.
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Corollary 3.13.1 - If a plane, a segment has exactly one perpendicular bisector.
Theorem 3.14 - In a plane, if two angles are adjacent and complementary, then then non-common sides
are perpendicular.
Theorem 3.15 - In a plane, if the non-common sides of adjacent angles are perpendicular then the angle
are complementary.
Theorem 4.1 - If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate interior angles are
congruent.
Theorem 4.2 - If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate exterior angles are
congruent.
Theorem 4.3 - If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the interior angles on the same side of
the transversal are supplementary.
Theorem 4.4 - If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the exterior angles on the same side of
the transversal are supplementary.
Theorem 4.5 - If a transversal is perpendicular to one of the parallel lines, then it is also perpendicular
to the other.
Theorem 4.6 - If lines cut by a transversal form congruent alternate interior angles, then the lines are
parallel.
Theorem 4.7 - If lines cut by a transversal form congruent alternate exterior angles, then the lines are
parallel.
Theorem 4.8 - If lines cut by a transversal form interior angles on the same side of the transversal that
are supplementary, then the lines are parallel.
Theorem 4.9 - If lines cut by a transversal form exterior angles on the same side of the transversal that
are supplementary, then the lines are parallel.
Theorem 4.10 - If two coplanar lines are perpendicular to the same line, then they are parallel.
Theorem 4.11 - Transitive Property of Parallelism. If two lines are parallel to the same line, then they
are parallel to the same line.
Theorem 5.1 - The number of diagonals of a convex polygon with n sides is given by the formula
( 3)
.
2
n n

Theorem 5.2 - The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180.
Corollary 5.2.1 - If two angles of a triangle are congruent to two corresponding angles of
another triangle, then the third pair of corresponding angles are congruent.
Corollary 5.2.2 - The measure of each angle in an equiangular angle is 60.
Corollary 5.2.3 - The acute angles of a right triangle are complementary.
Corollary 5.2.4 - A triangle has at most one right angle or at most obtuse angle.
Theorem 5.3 - The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of
the remote interior angles of the triangle.
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Theorem 5.4 - The sum of the measures of the interior angles of any convex polygon with n sides is
given by the formula 180( 2). n
Corollary 5.4.1 - The measure of each interior angle of any regular polygon with n sides is given by
the formula
180( 2)
.
n
n

Theorem 5.4 - Exterior angles of any regular polygon are congruent.
Theorem 5.5 - The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of any convex polygon, one at each
vertex, is 360.
Corollary 5.5.1 - The measure of each exterior angle of any regular polygon with n sides, one angle at
each vertex, is given by the formula
360
.
n



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Version History
Version Date Uploaded Changes
1.0.0 June 7, 2014 -
1.1.1 July 10, 2014 - Added a Theorem in Chap. 3
- Added 1.2 Separations with 2 postulates
1.2.0 July 21, 2014 - Added Table of Contents
- Added Chapter 5
1.2.1 July 21, 2014 - Fixed the missing Postulate 4 in Page 2