LESSON 28: Other Indeterminate Forms

0
,

,
0
,

1
and
0
0
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to accomplish the
following:
transform given rational functions to equivalent ones;
use, apply the theorem Lopitals !ule to evaluate the limit of the
rational function which is of the form
0
0
and

; and
have mastered the differentiation formulas"
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES:
#ince the students already $now limits and derivatives of functions, at the
end of the previous lesson students will %e given an advance organi&er a%out
indeterminate forms for them to have an overview of the topics to %e discussed"
'olla%orative learning approach together with classroom discussion will also %e
used for further enhancement of learning on the various indeterminate forms and
its theorems"
PERFORANCE ASSESSENT:
(ach group will %e given exercises for them to wor$ on within a given time
limit" A representative from each group will %e required to discuss on the %oard
one pro%lem from the exercises given to measure the students understanding of
the concept" 'orrect solutions will %e given additional points as incentive"
255
!ISCUSSION OF T"E TOPICS:
a" )ndeterminate *orm 0 and :
+efinition:
i" )f f,x- and g,x- are two differentia%le functions such that
0 ,x- f lim
a x

and

,x- g lim
a x
,which could %e signed or
unsigned-, the product of f,x- and g,x- is undefined having the
form 0 or 0 as x approaches its limit" .o evaluate such
limit, their product is transformed to an equivalent one" ence,
- x , g
1
f,x-
lim ,x- g f,x- lim
a x a x

then the limit is evaluated which may result to
0
0
or

" )n
either of the case, Lopitals !ule applies"
ii" )f

,x- f lim
a x
, and the

g,x- lim
a x
,which are %oth
positive-, then the
[ ] g,x- / f,x- lim
a x
is said to %e indeterminate
of the form " .hat is,
[ ]

/ g,x- lim f,x- lim g,x- / f,x- lim
a x a x a x
.he limit could %e evaluated %y transforming the difference into
an equivalent quotient whose limit when evaluated may result to
0
0
or

" 0y then, Lopitals !ule applies"

%" )ndeterminate *orms:
0
0 ,
0

and

1
+efinitions: 1iven two functions f,x- and g,x-, and if:

0 f,x- lim
a x

, and
0 g,x- lim
a x

, or

f,x- lim
a x
, and
0 g,x- lim
a x

, or

1 f,x- lim
a x

, and

g,x- lim
a x
,or as x approaches + or -, then the expression
[ ]
( ) x g
a x
f,x- lim

assumed the indeterminate forms
0
0
,
0

and

1 , respectively" .hese
indeterminate forms can %e evaluated %y letting a varia%le y for the
function, then apply the properties of logarithm"
256
)llustration:
Let: [ ]
- x , g
- x , f y
[ ]
- x , g
- x , f ln y ln
[ ]
g,x-
1
f,x- ln
- x , f ln - x , g y ln
)f the limit of
$ y ln
a x

, it follows that,
$
a x
e y lim

,which is also a constant-

#ince [ ]
- x , g
- x , f y , therefore;
[ ]
$ - x , g
a x
e f,x- lim

(xample 23"1" (valuate :

[ ] 2x csc x lim
0 x

#olution:
[ ] [ ]

0 csc 2x csc x lim

x
0 0
0
.ransforming the given function to an equivalent rational function;
[ ]
0
0
0
0
0 0

sin sin2x
x
lim 2x csc x lim
x x
Apply L!:
[ ]
[ ]
( )( ) 2
1
- 0 ,cos 2
1
2cos2x
1
lim
2 cos2x
1
lim
sin2x
dx
d
x
dx
d
lim
sin2x
x
lim
0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x


[ ]
2
1
2x csc x lim
0 x

257
(xample 23"2" (valuate :
[ ] x ln x lim
0 x

#olution:
[ ] ( ) ( )

0 0 ln 0 x ln x lim
0 x
.ransforming the given function to an equivalent function;
[ ]

0
1
0 ln
x
1
x ln
lim x ln x lim
x x 0 0
Apply L!:
[ ]
( ) 0 x lim
x
1
- 1 ,
x
1
lim
x
1
dx
d
x ln
dx
d
lim
x
1
x ln
lim
0 x
2
0 x 0 x 0 x

1
]
1

[ ] 0 x ln x lim
0 x

(xample 23"4" (valuate :

1
]
1

1 x
1
x ln
1
lim
1 x

#olution:

1
]
1

0
1
0
1
1 1
1
1 ln
1
1 x
1
x ln
1
lim
1 x
.ransforming to simple fraction;
0
0 1 1 1
1
1
1 1

1
]
1

1 ln 1- / ,1
1 ln - ,
x ln 1- / ,x
x ln - x ,
lim
x x ln
1
lim
x x
Apply L!:
[ ]
[ ] ( ) ( ) - 1 , x ln - 1 ,
x
1
1 x
- 1 ,
x
1
1
lim
x ln 1- / ,x
dx
d
x ln - 1 x ,
dx
d
lim
1 x
1
x ln
1
lim
1 x 1 x 1 x
+
,
_

1
]
1

1
]
1

258
0
0
1 1 1
1 1
1

+

,1- ln - ,
x
x ln x 1 / x
x
1 / x
lim
x
Again, apply L!:
[ ]
[ ] - 1 -, x ,ln - 1 ,
x
1
x 1
1
lim
x ln x 1 / x
dx
d
1 / x
dx
d
lim
x ln x 1 / x
1- / ,x
lim
1 x 1 x 1 x
+ +

2
1
- 1 ln, 2
1
x ln 2
1
lim
1 x

+

2
1
1 x
1
x ln
1
lim
1 x

1
]
1

(xample 23"5" (valuate :

1
]
1

x 2 sec x
1
x
1
lim
2 2
0 x

#olution:

1
]
1

/
- ,sec
x sec x x
1
lim
2
x 0
1
0
1
0 0
1
0
1
2
1
2
0
.ransforming to the equivalent function:
0
0

- , cos
x
cos2x / 1
lim
x
x cos
x
1
lim
x sec x x
1
lim
2
x
2
x
2
x

1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

0
0 2 1 2
2
1
0
2
0
2
0
A
pply L!:
[ ]
[ ]
( ) ( )
0
0 - , sin
x
x sin
lim
x
dx
d
cos2x / 1
dx
d
lim
x
cos2x / 1
lim
x
2
x
2
x



1
]
1

0
0 2
2
2 2
0 0 0
259
Again, apply L!:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 0 cos 2 x 2 cos 2 lim
1
- 1 -, 2 , x 2 cos
lim
x
dx
d
x 2 sin
dx
d
lim
x
x 2 sin
lim
0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x


2
x 2 sec x
1
x
1
lim
2 2
0 x

1
]
1

(xample 23"6" (valuate :

[ ]
x
0 x
x 2 lim

#olution:
[ ] [ ]
0 x
x
0 - , x lim

0
0
0 2 2
Let: [ ]
x
x 2 y
[ ]
x
x 2 ln y ln
[ ]
x
1
x 2 ln
x 2 ln x y ln
Apply limit on %oth sides as 0 x ;

0
0
1
0 2
1
2
0 0
ln - , ln
x
x ln
lim y ln lim
x x
Apply L!:
[ ]
( ) 0 x lim
x
1
- 2 ,
x 2
1
x
1
dx
d
x 2 ln
dx
d
lim
x
1
x 2 ln
lim
0 x
2
0 x 0 x

1
]
1

( )
x 0 x 0
x 0
ln 2x
limlny lim 0
1
x
limlny 0

.a$e the inverse function of %oth sides

0
x 0
limy e

since ( )
x
y 2x
x 0
limy 1

[ ]
x
x 0
lim 2x 1

260
(xample 23"7" (valuate :
1 x
1
1 x
- x , lim

+

#olution:
1 x
1
1 x
- x , lim

+
8
( )

1 1 1
0
1
1 1
1
Let 1 x
1
- x , y

( )
1 x
x ln
x ln
1 x
1
- x ln, y ln
1 x
1

Apply the limit on %oth sides as
+
1 x ,
1 x
x ln
lim y ln lim
1 x 1 x

+ +

( )
0
0
1 1
1 ln

Apply L! on the right mem%er:

( )
( ) 1 x
dx
d
x ln
dx
d
lim
1 x
x ln
lim
1 x 1 x

+ +


( )
1
1
1
x
1
lim
1
1
x
1
lim
1 x 1 x

+ +

.hus,
1 y ln lim
1 x
x ln
lim
1 x 1 x

+ +

, ta$e the inverse function of %oth sides

1
1 x
e y lim
+

0ut 1 x
1
- x , y

e - x , lim
1 x
1
1 x

+
or 2"913
(xample 23"9" (valuate :
x
0 x
- x ,cot lim
+

#olution:
261
0 0 x
0 x
- 0 ,cot - x ,cot lim
+

Let
x
- x ,cot y
x
1
x cot ln
x cot ln x - x ln,cot y ln
x

Apply the limit on %oth sides,
x
1
x cot ln
lim y ln lim
0 x 0 x
+ +

- ln,
0
1
- 0 cot, ln
Apply L! on the right mem%er:
2
2
0 x 0 x 0 x
x
1
- 1 -, x csc ,
x cot
1
lim
x
1
dx
d
- x cot ,ln
dx
d
lim
x
1
x cot ln
lim

,
_

+ + +

x cos x sin 2
x 2
lim
x
1
x cos x sin
1
lim
x
1
x sin
1
x cos
x sin
lim
2
0 x
2
0 x
2
2
0 x

,
_

+ + +

0
0
- 0 sin,
- 0 , 2
x 2 sin
x 2
lim
2
0 x

+

Again, apply L!:

x 2 cos
x 2
lim
- 2 -, x 2 ,cos
x 5
lim
- x 2 ,sin
dx
d
- x 2 ,
dx
d
lim
x 2 sin
x 2
lim
0 x 0 x
2
0 x
2
0 x
+ + + +


0
1
0
- 0 cos,
- 0 , 2

ence,
0 y ln lim
x
1
x cot ln
lim
0 x 0 x

+ +
, ta$e inverse function of %oth sides
1 e y lim
0
o x

+

Again, since
x
- x ,cot y
1 - x ,cot lim
x
0 x

+

262
E#ERCISES:
(valuate the following limits and simplify:
1-
x 5 sin
x tan x 2
lim
0 x
+

:-

,
_

2 2
0 y
y
1
y sin
1
lim
2-
x sin
x 2
lim
1
0 x

10-
( )

,
_

x 2 tan
1
x 1 ln
1
lim
1
0 x
4-

,
_

y cos ln
y
lim
2
0 y
11-
( )
x
5
2
0 x
x 1 lim +

5-

,
_

+
x 2
2
x
e
x 4
lim
12-
( )
2
2
2
0
sin 1 lim
x
x
x +

6-
( )
x 4
x 2 ln
lim
4
x +
14-
( )
x
2
x
0 x
x 4 e lim +

7-
x 2 tan ln
x 2 cos ln
lim
5
x

15- ( ) x
1
0 x
x 2 sin x 2 cos lim

9-
( )( ) x csc x sin lim
1
0 x

16-
x
x
2
0 x
e 1 lim

,
_

+
+

3-
( ) x ln x cos lim
1
0 x

+
263