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Provides A DC Output Voltage That Is Independent of Input Voltage, Output Load Current and Temperature

Voltage regulators provide a stable DC output voltage regardless of input voltage, load current, or temperature changes. There are two main types of voltage regulators: linear regulators and switching regulators. Linear regulators can be series or shunt designs while switching regulators can be step-down, step-up, or inverting circuits. Voltage regulators are characterized by their line and load regulation specifications. Line regulation refers to the output voltage change from a change in input voltage, while load regulation is the output voltage change from variations in load current. Common voltage regulator circuits use series pass transistors controlled by an op-amp or comparator to adjust current flow and maintain a constant output voltage.

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55 views

Provides A DC Output Voltage That Is Independent of Input Voltage, Output Load Current and Temperature

Voltage regulators provide a stable DC output voltage regardless of input voltage, load current, or temperature changes. There are two main types of voltage regulators: linear regulators and switching regulators. Linear regulators can be series or shunt designs while switching regulators can be step-down, step-up, or inverting circuits. Voltage regulators are characterized by their line and load regulation specifications. Line regulation refers to the output voltage change from a change in input voltage, while load regulation is the output voltage change from variations in load current. Common voltage regulator circuits use series pass transistors controlled by an op-amp or comparator to adjust current flow and maintain a constant output voltage.

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rica_esclada
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Voltage Regulators

Provides a DC output voltage that is independent of input voltage,


output load current and temperature
Block diagram of power Supply





Most Voltage regulators fall into two broad categories:
1. Linear Regulators
a) Series regulators
b) Shunt Regulators
2. Switching regulators
a) Step-down
b) Step-up
c) Inverting
Two basic categories of voltage regulation are:
a) Line regulation
b) Load regulation

Line regulation
Constant Voltage output

as voltage input

changes
Expressed in
Example 1: A line regulation of 0.05 means

changes 0.05 .
When

increases or decreases by one volt.







Example 2: When the input to a voltage regulator by 5, the output
decreases by 0.25. The nominal output is 15. Determine line
regulation in?
Given:


Solution:


Answer:
`Load Regulation
Constant

when the amount of current through

changes.


Load Regulation can be expressed as change in output voltage
for each change in load current.
0.01% means

change 0.01% when load current increases


or decreases by 1 .
Example 3: A certain Voltage Regulator has 12 out put when there
is no load

. When there is full load current of 10,


the

. Express Voltage regulator as change from no load


to full load and as percent change for each change in load
current.
Given:


Solution:
a)



Answer:
c)


Answer:
Basic series regulators

If

increases/decreases, the comparator circuit provides a control


signal to cause the series control element to decrease/increase the
amount of

, there by maintaining

.
Series Regulator Circuit

Improved Series Regulator

And

Sampling circuit

Reference voltage

Control base current to

to vary the current passed by


transistors

to maintain

constant.
If

increase, the voltage sampled is increase,

increase,

of

increase. If

conducts more current, less goes to


the base of

, which the passes less current to the load.


By VDP (Voltage Divider Principle)


Loop 2


Loop 3


Example: When

what is

?
Given:


Solution:


[ ]
Answer:
OP-AMP Series regulator

An op-amp is used as the comparator circuit
The op-amp compares the Zener diode voltage to the output voltage
(via

and

) and controls the conduction of


Example: When

what is

?
Given:


Solution:

]

Answer:
Short Circuit or Overload Protection


If excessive amount of load current is drawn, the series pass transistor
can be quickly damaged or destroyed. To prevent overload a constant
current limiting circuit consist of

and

.
The load current through

creates a

for

. When

reaches a
predetermined value. The voltage drop across

is sufficient to
forward. Bias

of

thus causing it to conduct enough

bases is
diverted to collector of

so that

is limited to


Example: if

, determine

if output of regulator is shorted


what is


Given:


Solution:


Answer:
Regulator with Fold-Back Current Limiting

In an overload of short-circuit condition, the load current increases to
value

that is sufficient to cause

to conduct. The decrease in

results to proportional decreases across

thus less current


through

is required to maintain forward biased condition of

so as

as shown in the graph.


The advantage of this is that the regulator is allowed to operate with
peak load current

but when output becomes shorted, the


current drops to a lower value to prevent over heating of the device.
The voltage drop across

by load-current must overcome

of


and voltage across

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