Testing and Operation of A Transformer
Testing and Operation of A Transformer
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4 )%.6 *."2) *.1&% )17.1& 241.72 *.1)" 2%62.)* 11)6.2)
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114 61.7 *.)16 *.2*" &)&.16 17).24 *."*4 22)*.)7 6%&.1%
120 62.& *.6"% *.2"2 &16.44 1)".%2 *.")6 2*61.4% )&".))
Turns Ratio = N1/N2 = 0.5
2.2 Short-Circuit Test
2$2$1 -.perimenta& /ata
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1$8# ).2 *.)2 7 2.4
2$72 4.2 *.&) 1% &.*&
#$72 12.2 *.&2 2" ).7
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2$2$2 Tabu&ated /ata
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2.3 Transformer Performance Characteristics
2$#$1 -.perimenta& /ata
*o3er "na&y9er :31 &oad; *o3er "na&y9er :31o &oad;
* 1 + +
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801 11*.& 4.12 *.7 7 12*.) * * 4** 2"* &
2$#$2 Tabu&ated /ata
0o&tage Regu&ation 1 <
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801 + %.*6
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3. Results Analsis
3.1 Open-Circuit Test
Anal3sing t$e ta/ulate ata, 2$ic$ 2as calculate an
erive !rom t$e ra2 experimental ata, it 2as o/serve t$at -
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increase 2it$ an increase in +
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, 2$ile
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c
an @
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ecrease in value. An anomalous outlier 2as o/serve at +
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9 12* +, as ?
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an @
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s$arpl3
ecrease an -
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increase rasticall3.
As oppose to 2$at t$eor3 suggests, 2$ic$ is t$e !act t$at core parameters s$oul not !luctuate as t$e3
are inepenent o! applie voltage, experimental results inicate ot$er2ise. On t$e ot$er $an, t$e
values still lie 2it$in an accepta/le range, suggesting t$at t$e eviation ma3 /e ue to experimental
$uman error. T$ere is also a slig$t eviation o! t$e experimental turns ratio !rom t$e t$eoretical value o!
*.&. T$is is t$e result o! !lux lea1age, 2ining resistance an core losses suc$ as $3steresis an e3
current losses. T$is eviation, $o2ever, is small an can /e regare as negligi/le.
0$en +
1
9 12*+, t$ere is an anomalous point ue to t$e !act t$at t$e applie voltage exceee t$e rate
voltage o! t$e trans!ormer. As a result, t$e trans!ormer 2as operating /e3on t$e linear region o! t$e
magnetiAation ('-() curve an t$e permea/ilit3 o! t$e core ramaticall3 ecrease,
leaing to a rastic c$ange in values.
3.2 Short-Circuit Test
Anal3sing t$e ta/ulate ata, 2$ic$ 2as calculate an erive !rom t$e ra2 experimental ata, it 2as
o/serve t$at @
e(
an "
sc
increase 2it$ an increase in -
sc
As oppose to 2$at t$eor3 suggests, t$at parameters s$oul not !luctuate as t$e3 are inepenent o!
t$e input current, experimental results again inicate ot$er2ise. On t$e ot$er $an, t$e values still lie
2it$in an accepta/le range, suggesting t$at t$e eviation ma3 /e ue to experimental $uman error.
T$e t2o trans!ormer tests (open-circuit an s$ort-circuit) $ave provie me 2it$ !irst-$an insig$t into
t$e 2or1ings o! a practical trans!ormer, an valua/le $ans-on experience on its operation as 2ell as t$e
experimental proceures involving trans!ormers. T$roug$ t$is la/orator3 experience, - am also a/le to
/etter appreciate t$e !act t$at t$e ieal trans!ormer, 2it$ its assumptions, overloo1s man3 real-li!e
operating limitations. - no2 /etter unerstan t$e importance o! !actoring in t$e losses an eviations in
practical trans!ormers in orer to ma1e /etter >ugement 2$en solving pro/lems or esigning circuits.
3.3 !o-loa" Current #aveform
As Figure ) illustrates, as t$e input voltage (/lue) increases, t$e resultant current (3ello2) also increases.
-t 2as also o/serve t$at t$e s$ape o! t$e current 2ave!orm eviates !rom t$at o! t$e voltage 2ave!orm.
T$is anomal3 is t$e result o! t$e non-ieal nature o! t$e core material, 2$ic$ leas to $3steresis an
e3 current losses, as 2ell as !lux lea1ages. T$e resultant o/servation is t$e lagging o! t$e current
2ave!orm /e$in t$e voltage 2ave!orm, an t$e imper!ect sinusoial s$ape o! t$e current 2ave!orm,
2$ic$ eviates !rom t$e ieal, 2$ere /ot$ t$e voltage an current 2ave!orms are o! a sinusoial s$ape.
T$e $3steresis an e3 current losses are moelle /3 t$e !ollo2ing equations:
(3steresis Boss : .
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E3 Current Boss: .
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