Figure 1.

Approximate Equivalent Circuit (Open-Circuit Test)

Figure 2: Connection iagram !or open-circuit test
Figure ". Approximate Equivalent Circuit (#$ort-Circuit Test)
Figure %: Connection iagram !or s$ort-circuit test
Figure &: '-( curve
Figure ) (!rom le!t to rig$t): 2**+, 21*+, 22*+, 2"*+, 2%*+ -nput +oltage
Testing and Operation of a Transformer
Laboratory Report
Lee Yuan Ming | U1220870B
1!"pr!201#
A transformer is very common equipment in an electric power system. This experiment deals
with two fundamental aspects of a transformer; (i) tests conducted to determine the parameters
of a transformer, and (ii) investigations into performance characteristics of a transformer.
Contents
1. Literature Review
1.1 Open-Circuit Test
1.1.1 .urpose
T$e open circuit test on a trans!ormer is use to etermine core losses in t$e trans!ormer an t$e
parameters o! t$e s$unt /ranc$ o! t$e equivalent circuit o! t$e trans!ormer.
1.1.2 0or1ing .rinciple
Leaving the high-voltage side of
the transformer open-circuited, a wattmeter is connected to the primary or low-voltage side. An
ammeter is connected in series with the primary winding, and a voltmeter is connected to each side of the
transformer. Rated voltage is applied at the primary.
The applied voltage will set up a flux in the transformer. The iron loss is a function of applied voltage,
measured using the wattmeter. Since the impedance of the series winding of the transformer is very small
compared to that of the excitation branch, all of the input voltage is dropped across the excitation branch.
Thus the wattmeter measures only the iron loss. This test only measures the combined iron
losses consisting of the hysteresis loss and the eddy current loss.
Since the secondary side of the transformer is open, the primary side only draws no-load current, which
will contain some copper loss. This no-load current is very small and because the copper loss in the
primary is proportional to the suare of this current, it is negligible. There is no copper loss in the
secondary because there is no secondary current.
!urrent, voltage and power are measured at the primary winding to ascertain the admittance and power
factor angle.
1$1$# Met%odo&ogy
Figure 2: Open-circuit test set-up
A voltmeter,
2attmeter an ammeter are connecte to t$e primar3 sie o! t$e trans!ormer, as s$o2n in Figure 2.
0it$ t$e $elp o! a varia/le trans!ormer (variac), a voltage (ranging !rom 4*+ to 12*+) at rate !requenc3
is applie to t$e lo2 voltage sie o! t$e trans!ormer. T$e $ig$ voltage sie o! t$e trans!ormer is le!t
open-circuite, 2it$ a voltmeter connecte across t$e seconar3 2ining, an values o! t$e primar3 an
seconar3 voltage, primar3 current an po2er are recore an ta/ulate !or eac$ value o! t$e primar3
voltage.
1$1$' (ignifi)an)e
T$e ammeter reaing gives t$e no loa current -
e
. As no loa current -
e
is quite small compare to rate
current o! t$e trans!ormer, t$e voltage rops ue to t$is electric current t$en can /e ta1en as negligi/le.
#ince, voltmeter reaing +
1
can /e consiere equal to seconar3 inuce voltage o! t$e trans!ormer.
T$e input po2er uring test is inicate /3 2att-meter reaing. As t$e trans!ormer is open circuite,
t$ere is no output $ence t$e input po2er $ere consists o! core losses in trans!ormer an copper loss in
trans!ormer uring no loa conition. 'ut as sai earlier, t$e no loa current in t$e trans!ormer is quite
small compare to !ull loa current so copper loss ue to t$e small no loa current can /e neglecte.
(ence t$e 2attmeter reaing can /e ta1en as equal to core losses in trans!ormer.
1.2 Short-Circuit Test
1$2$1 *urpose
The purpose of a short circuit test is to determine the series branch parameters of the euivalent circuit of
a practical transformer.
1$2$2 +or,ing *rin)ip&e
#$ort-circuiting t$e $ig$-voltage
sie o! t$e trans!ormer, t$e test is conucte on t$e primar3 or lo2-voltage sie. T$e suppl3 voltage
require to circulate t$e rate current t$roug$ t$e trans!ormer is usuall3 ver3 small, in t$e orer o! a !e2
percentage points o! t$e nominal voltage. T$is voltage is applie across t$e primar3 2ining o! t$e
trans!ormer. T$e core losses are ver3 small /ecause t$e applie voltage is onl3 a !e2 percentage points
o! t$e nominal voltage an $ence can /e neglecte. T$us t$e 2attmeter reaing measures onl3 t$e !ull
loa copper loss.
1$2$# Met%odo&ogy
T$e primar3 sie o! t$e trans!ormer is !irst s$ort-circuite. 0it$ $elp o! t$e variac, a voltage is applie
an slo2l3 increase until t$e ammeter gives a reaing equal to t$e rate current o! t$e seconar3 sie.
A!ter reac$ing t$e rate current o! t$e $ig$-voltage sie, all t$ree instruments5 reaings (voltmeter,
ammeter an 2attmeter) are recore. T$e ammeter reaing gives t$e primar3 equivalent o! !ull loa
current. As t$e voltage applie !or !ull loa current in t$e s$ort-circuit test on trans!ormer is quite small
compare to rate primar3 voltage o! t$e trans!ormer, t$e core losses in trans!ormer can /e ta1en as
negligi/le $ere.
2. Results
2.1 Open-Circuit Test
2$1$1 -.perimenta& /ata
0
1
1 0 2
o)
1 " +att!meter
reading 1 +
Mu&tip&ying
)onstant
")tua&
*o3er 1 +
0
2
1 0
0 *."1 )& *.2 1" 1))
4 *.") 6" *.2 1%.) 16)
100 *.%2 7" *.2 1).) 17%
104 *.%7 4" *.2 17.) 14%
110 *.&) 1*) *.2 21.2 2*2
114 *.)& 116 *.2 2".% 212
120 *.66 )4.& *.% 26.7 214
2$1$2 Tabu&ated /ata
0
1
1 0

oc
/
2
m
1 " 2
)
1 "
R
)
1 5
m
1
2
m
6 1 "
R
)
6 1 5
m
6 1
0 )2.2 *.26% *.1%% )2".*7 "27.12 *.1"6 2%42."* 1"12.%6
4 )%.6 *."2) *.1&% )17.1& 241.72 *.1)" 2%62.)* 11)6.2)
100 )).6 *."7) *.1)) )*2.%1 2&4.2* *.14" 2%*4.)% 1*").7*
104 )7." *.%%) *.166 &42.6% 2"&.") *.22" 2"6*.46 4%1.%)
110 )4.4 *.&2) *.14" &6*.6& 2*4.21 *.2)" 227".*" 7").7"
114 61.7 *.)16 *.2*" &)&.16 17).24 *."*4 22)*.)7 6%&.1%
120 62.& *.6"% *.2"2 &16.44 1)".%2 *.")6 2*61.4% )&".))
Turns Ratio = N1/N2 = 0.5
2.2 Short-Circuit Test
2$2$1 -.perimenta& /ata
2
s)
1 " 0
s)
1 0 pf *
s)
1 + 2
2
1 "
0$8 2.4 *.67 2 11.17
1$8# ).2 *.)2 7 2.4
2$72 4.2 *.&) 1% &.*&
#$72 12.2 *.&2 2" ).7
'$' 1&.2 *.& "% 7.%
2$2$2 Tabu&ated /ata
R
e8
1 5
e8
1
sc
/
2$42 2.*) "4.2
2$# 2.%* %&.2
1$8 2.7* &).*
1$77 2.77 &7.)
1$7 2.4% )*.1
2.3 Transformer Performance Characteristics
2$#$1 -.perimenta& /ata
*o3er "na&y9er :31 &oad; *o3er "na&y9er :31o &oad;
* 1 + +
2
8 + -
2
8 A p! * 1 + +
2
8 + -
2
8 A p! .
1
8 0 +
1
8 + -
1
8 A
#8 11* %.&& *.7 7 11&." * * %%* 22& 2.)
801 11*.& 4.12 *.7 7 12*.) * * 4** 2"* &
2$#$2 Tabu&ated /ata
0o&tage Regu&ation 1 <
#8 + 2.26
801 + %.*6
V1' 9V2*: ; I2< = e2!
=110*: ; %.&&-").76: = (2.*& ; >2.)1))
912%.)6.!"#:
+
1
9 a+
1
5 9 2%4."%.!"#: +
3. Results Analsis
3.1 Open-Circuit Test
Anal3sing t$e ta/ulate ata, 2$ic$ 2as calculate an
erive !rom t$e ra2 experimental ata, it 2as o/serve t$at -
m
increase 2it$ an increase in +
oc
, 2$ile
?
c
an @
m
ecrease in value. An anomalous outlier 2as o/serve at +
oc
9 12* +, as ?
c
an @
m
s$arpl3
ecrease an -
m
increase rasticall3.
As oppose to 2$at t$eor3 suggests, 2$ic$ is t$e !act t$at core parameters s$oul not !luctuate as t$e3
are inepenent o! applie voltage, experimental results inicate ot$er2ise. On t$e ot$er $an, t$e
values still lie 2it$in an accepta/le range, suggesting t$at t$e eviation ma3 /e ue to experimental
$uman error. T$ere is also a slig$t eviation o! t$e experimental turns ratio !rom t$e t$eoretical value o!
*.&. T$is is t$e result o! !lux lea1age, 2ining resistance an core losses suc$ as $3steresis an e3
current losses. T$is eviation, $o2ever, is small an can /e regare as negligi/le.
0$en +
1
9 12*+, t$ere is an anomalous point ue to t$e !act t$at t$e applie voltage exceee t$e rate
voltage o! t$e trans!ormer. As a result, t$e trans!ormer 2as operating /e3on t$e linear region o! t$e
magnetiAation ('-() curve an t$e permea/ilit3 o! t$e core ramaticall3 ecrease,
leaing to a rastic c$ange in values.
3.2 Short-Circuit Test
Anal3sing t$e ta/ulate ata, 2$ic$ 2as calculate an erive !rom t$e ra2 experimental ata, it 2as
o/serve t$at @
e(
an "
sc
increase 2it$ an increase in -
sc

As oppose to 2$at t$eor3 suggests, t$at parameters s$oul not !luctuate as t$e3 are inepenent o!
t$e input current, experimental results again inicate ot$er2ise. On t$e ot$er $an, t$e values still lie
2it$in an accepta/le range, suggesting t$at t$e eviation ma3 /e ue to experimental $uman error.
T$e t2o trans!ormer tests (open-circuit an s$ort-circuit) $ave provie me 2it$ !irst-$an insig$t into
t$e 2or1ings o! a practical trans!ormer, an valua/le $ans-on experience on its operation as 2ell as t$e
experimental proceures involving trans!ormers. T$roug$ t$is la/orator3 experience, - am also a/le to
/etter appreciate t$e !act t$at t$e ieal trans!ormer, 2it$ its assumptions, overloo1s man3 real-li!e
operating limitations. - no2 /etter unerstan t$e importance o! !actoring in t$e losses an eviations in
practical trans!ormers in orer to ma1e /etter >ugement 2$en solving pro/lems or esigning circuits.
3.3 !o-loa" Current #aveform
As Figure ) illustrates, as t$e input voltage (/lue) increases, t$e resultant current (3ello2) also increases.
-t 2as also o/serve t$at t$e s$ape o! t$e current 2ave!orm eviates !rom t$at o! t$e voltage 2ave!orm.
T$is anomal3 is t$e result o! t$e non-ieal nature o! t$e core material, 2$ic$ leas to $3steresis an
e3 current losses, as 2ell as !lux lea1ages. T$e resultant o/servation is t$e lagging o! t$e current
2ave!orm /e$in t$e voltage 2ave!orm, an t$e imper!ect sinusoial s$ape o! t$e current 2ave!orm,
2$ic$ eviates !rom t$e ieal, 2$ere /ot$ t$e voltage an current 2ave!orms are o! a sinusoial s$ape.
T$e $3steresis an e3 current losses are moelle /3 t$e !ollo2ing equations:
(3steresis Boss : .
$
9C
$
'
m
n
!
E3 Current Boss: .
e
9C
e
'
m
2
!
2