MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

WATER LINE LAYOUT

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING

Bedua,Reginald
CEE31

ENGR. COBARRUBIA
Residential Piping Layout Industrial Piping Layout

As you can see in the picture the Piping layout in a residential is not that
complicated compared to the layout of an industrial piping. Because in residential
houses they use small fittings and pipes compared to the the industrial building
that use large sizes of pipes and fittings.

FITTINGS

Pipe fitting is the occupation of installing or repairing piping or tubing

systems that convey liquid, gas, and occasionally solid materials. This work
involves selecting and preparing pipe or tubing, joining it together by various
means, and the location and repair of leaks.

There are two basic designations for pipe fittings: male and female.
These refer to the threading. Male threading is on the outside and threads into
the female threading which is on the inside of the fitting.

Couplings - connect all standard sizes of pipe. Tight seal with a pipe
wrench and pipe-joint compound will waterproof connection.

Bushings - inserted inside a coupling to reduce the size of the pipe. With
a coupling, a run of pipe can be reduced a size or two; with a series of bushings,
any number of reductions can be made.
 Nipples - extend a line or provide proper threading at the right location.
Nipples come in diameters ranging from 1/8" to 4" to match standard pipe
diameters and in lengths from close (nipples that are threaded on both ends to a
point where threads almost join in the center) through 24". Normal size
increments are even inches. Long nipples or "cut lengths of pipe," which are
threaded on both ends, are available in about 24" lengths, usually increasing in
length by 6" increments (30", 36", 42", etc.).

Floor Flanges - connect pipe to a wall, floor or any flat surface. Flanges
are threaded onto pipe and tightened. This provides a flange rim with four screw
holes, making it easy to fasten pipe to a flat surface.

Elbow - change direction of pipe. Most common are 90 degree and 45

degree elbows, which have inside threads on both ends. A street elbow has
inside thread on one end and outside thread on the other.

Reducers - reduce pipe size. Bushings screw into a coupling while

reducers screw directly onto pipe threads. Some reduce pipe only one size;
others can reduce several sizes.

Side-Outlet Elbows - have three-way outlets. Can be used as corner

pieces for railings, fences, etc. Also used for pipe connections on corner
construction.

Crosses and Tees - available in all sizes and shapes. Most common is
straight tee which has three inside threads of the same size which can be used to
run three pipes in a "T" shape.

Four-Way Tee (Side Outlet) - similar to the side-outlet elbow except side
outlet runs through the elbow with an opening of the same size on each end.
Straight cross has four outlets for pipe of the same size.

Return Bends and Y Bends - return bends are made in close, medium
and open patterns. The close is a sharper bend than the medium and the
medium is a sharper bend than the open. The Y bend is a straight or reduced
outlet which permits connecting pipe of the same or reduced size to a 45 degree
angle.

Ground Joint Union - three-part fitting that connects any standard size
pipe where it may be necessary to disconnect later. Because of the bronze-to-
bronze or bronze-to-iron ground-joint seat, it can be taken apart and
reassembled at the nut with a pipe wrench and no pipe-joint compound.
COPPER-PIPE FITTINGS

Fittings for copper pipe must be soldered on at least one end, leaving one
or both ends unthreaded. After flux has been applied, solder is introduced at the
edge of the fitting. It is then drawn, by capillary action, the full depth of the fitting
to completely surround the tube.

The result is a strong, leak-proof, bonded joint. The solder is usually

applied with a propane torch, a process known as "sweating" fittings.

Appliances that use a small amount of water, such as evaporative coolers

and humidifiers, use a small size slip joint tee and saddle tee. A slip-joint tee is
installed by cutting the line and spreading it slightly. The saddle tee clamps onto
the line and a hole is drilled in the pipe through the side opening.

PLASTIC-PIPE FITTINGS

Plastic fittings for plastic pipe, metal fittings for plastic pipe and fittings for
connecting (transmitting) plastic to metal pipe are available in threaded, insert,
compression and solvent weldable types.

Threaded plastic fittings thread exactly like metal fittings; however, special
transition fittings should be used to connect plastic to metal pipe in hot and cold
water systems to prevent leaks caused by the different expansion rates of plastic
and metals.

Insert fittings are sometimes used with flexible plastic pipe such as
polyethylene. Insert fittings are inserted into the pipe and sealed with an
adjustable clamp.

Solvent-weld fittings have specially formed sockets into which plastic pipe
is inserted. Fitting and pipe are bonded by a chemical weld using the solvent or
cement compatible with the type of plastic being connected.

Manufacturer's recommendations should be followed in making such

joints. When done properly, these joints form a permanent weld stronger than the
pipe itself.

Some Industrial Machinery

1. Industrial Sand Filters

Industrial sand filter involves the flow of water through a bed of granular
media with settling basins in conventional water treatment trains. This enables to
remove the particulate matter left over after flocculation and settling. This works
on the principles of mechanical straining and physical adsorption. Hence this is a
physical-chemical process for separating suspended and colloidal impurities from
water. The impurities are absorbed on the surface of grains and the water fills the
pores of the filter medium.
2. Industrial Turbine
Industrial turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid or air
flow.Whereas for activated carbon filter, activated carbon is filled in the
tank. After which the fluid is passed through the filter and with the
adsorption process, the color of fluid is removed.

3. Industrial Aerators
Industrial aerators is used extensively for aeration and destratification of
an entire pond or lake and floating mountains by the use of floats, pumps,
displays, nozzles and submersible lights.

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

Strength Weaknesses

High quality of equipments There will be a demand on lowering the

cost of material
Have list of material supplier
Competitors have a better water
installation plan

Opportunity Threats

More Clients Profit margins will be bad

It can surprise competitors There will be less clients