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Lecture April 29 Announcements: Hour Exam III Monday, May 6th

This document contains notes from a CHEM271 lecture on April 29th. It discusses vapor pressure, Raoult's law, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and other colligative properties. Key announcements include an upcoming exam on May 6th and a review session on May 5th. Examples are provided for calculating vapor pressure lowering using Raoult's law and determining molality. The notes also contain diagrams of phase diagrams and explanations of how colligative properties change with increasing solute concentration.

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46 views

Lecture April 29 Announcements: Hour Exam III Monday, May 6th

This document contains notes from a CHEM271 lecture on April 29th. It discusses vapor pressure, Raoult's law, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and other colligative properties. Key announcements include an upcoming exam on May 6th and a review session on May 5th. Examples are provided for calculating vapor pressure lowering using Raoult's law and determining molality. The notes also contain diagrams of phase diagrams and explanations of how colligative properties change with increasing solute concentration.

Uploaded by

johnbharot91
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29

Lecture April 29
1
Chapter 11: Sec. 11.2,11.4,11.5
Vapor pressure - partial pressure of a solvent
- Raoults Law
Boiling Point Elevation
Freezing Point Depression
Osmotic Pressure
Colligative Properties
Determination of Molar Mass using
Colligative Properties
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Announcements
2
Hour Exam III Monday, May 6th
SmartWork Chap 11 Due Saturday May 4 8 AM!!!
Review Session Sunday, May 5
4PM CHM1402
Study Guide and Practice Exam posted
FINAL EXAM Monday, May 13 10:30 AM
TYDINGS 0130
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Calculating the Energy Released in
Alpha Decay
3
Alpha Decay (from last lecture)
238
Pu !
234
U +
4
He + energy
energy = 238.0495534 - (234.0409456
+ 4.00260325) = .00600455 amu
E = mc
2
931.5 MeV/amu
Energy for a single decay =5.593 MeV
conversion factor 1 MeV = 1.602 x 10
-13
J
OR 8.690 x 10
-13
J/decay
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Vapor Pressure of Water
4
The pressure of water vapor that is
in equilibrium with the liquid water
at a given temperature
H2O(l) H2O(g)
Vapor pressure as a function
temperature - Fig. 11.7
Boiling point of any liquid is when the
vapor pressure = external pressure
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Phase Diagram for
Water
5
Vapor pressure
1 atm
Intersection is the boiling point
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Temperature Dependence of
Vapor Pressure
6
Vapor Pressure of Water
increases with temperature -
molecules are moving faster so
escape more easily
Relative humidity - amount of
water vapor in the air relative to the
saturation value
Warm saturated air from 0
o
C ! 25
o
C
6.11/31.68 = only 19.3%
relative humidity!
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Colligative Properties
7
Vapor Pressure - Raoults Law
Psolution = Ppure solvent x Xsolvent
vapor pressure of solvent
over the solution
OR "Psolution = Ppure solvent x Xsolute
Vapor pressure lowering:
for a non-volatile solute
Xsolvent =
moles solvent / (moles solvent + moles solute)
Mole Fraction
Only depends on the number of moles of
solute molecules or ions not the identity
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Examples of Raoults Law
8
What is the vapor pressure at 25.0
o
C of a
solution of glucose and water made from
2.00 mol of glucose and 10.00 mol of water?
(Assume that glucose is non-volatile.)
Psolution = Ppure solvent x Xsolvent
Vapor pressure of
pure water at 25
o
C
= 23.76 mm Hg
Xsolvent = 10.00/12.00 = 0.833
Xsolute = 2.00/12.00 = 0.167
Psolution = (23.76) (0.833) = 19.8 mm Hg
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
More Complex Example
9
Practice Problem p. 510
Glycerol (HOCH2CHOH)CH2O2 has a density of 1.25 g/mL.
What is the vapor pressure of a solution made by mixing
275 mL of glycerol with 375 mL of water at the boiling
point of pure water?
Psolution = Ppure solvent x Xsolvent
XH2O = 20.81/24.02 = 0.866
#moles H2O = (1.00g/mL)(375mL)/18.02 = 20.81
#moles glycerol =
(1.25g/mL)(275mL)/107.1 = 3.21
Psolution = (1atm)(0.866) = 0.866 atm
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Colligative Properties - 2
10
Ionic substances dissociate - ideally into the
constituent ions - can use to determine the
degree of dissociation of a compound
vant Ho# factor i = moles of particles in
solution/moles of dissolved solute
NaCl is only i = 1.9 rather than 2 for a
0.05 m solution
Comment: Colligative properties can be used to
determine the degree of dissociation or
concentration
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Phase Diagram of Water
11
new freezing point lower
!
new
boiling
point
$ higher
Also see Fig.
11.17
vapor
pressure
decreased
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Boiling Point Elevation/Freezing
Point Depression
12
"Tb = i Kb x m
"Tf = i Kf x m
elevation or
raising
depression
or lowering
Note: also sensitive to the degree of
dissociation and the vant Ho# factor i
Also see Table 11.4 Text
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Molality
13
molality m = nsolute/kg solvent
What is the molality of a 0.500 M solution of
acetic acid and water if the density of the
solution is 1.0042 g/mL?
Answer:
1) Assume 1 L of solution then you have 0.500 moles of acetic acid
2) Using the density multiply by 1000 to get 1.0042 kg in 1 L of solution
3) Total mass of acetic acid = 0.500 moles (60.05 g/mol) = 30.0 g acetic acid
4) mass of solvent = mass of solution - mass solute
= 1.0042 kg - 0.030 kg = 0.974 kg solvent
5) m = moles acetic acid/kg water = 0.500/.974 = 0.513 m
Must make sure that you subtract the
mass of the solute from the total mass
CHEM271 - Spring 13 - April 29
Quiz of the Day
14
If the vapor pressure of pure water at 20
o
C
is 17.54 mm Hg, what is the vapor pressure
of a solution of 1.20 kg of ethylene glycol
(62.1 g/mol) and 2.00 kg of water (18.0 g/
mol)?
#moles ethylene glycol = (1.20 x 10
3
)/62.1
= 19.3 mol
#moles H2O = (2.00 x 10
3
)/18.0 = 111.1
xH2O = 111.1/130.4 = 0.852
Vapor pressure = (0.852) x (17.54) = 14.9
mm Hg (OR 14.94 with the "P method)

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