Steel Pipe Utilities

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| Pipe Related Formulas | Steel Pipe Glossary | Hardness Conversion


Pipe Related Formulas
1. CROSS SECTIONAL AREA (A): The cross sectional area expressed in square inches is
used in various tubular goods equations. The formulas described below are based on full
sections, exclusive of corner radii.
{1a} Round Tube: A = p/4 (D5 - d5)
Where:
D = Outside Diameter, inches d = Inside Diameter, inches
Example: Calculate the cross sectional area of a 7" O.D. x .500" wall tube.
D = 7.000 d = 7.000 - 2(.500) = 6.000 inches
A = p/4 (D5 - d5)
A = 3.1415/4 (7.0005 - 6.0005)
A = 10.210 inches
{1b} Square Tube: A = D5 - d5
Where:
D = Outside Length, inches d = Inside Length, inches
Example: Calculate the cross sectional area of a 7" O.D. x .500" wall tube.
D = 7.000 d = 7.000 - 2(.500) = 6.000 inches
A = D5 - d5
A = 49 - 36 = 13
A = 13.00 inches5
{1c} Rectangular Tube: A = D
1
D - d
1
d
Where:
D = Outside Length, long side, inches
D
1
= Outside Length, short side, inches
d = Inside Length, long side, inches
d
1
= Inside Length, short side, inches
Example: Calculate the cross sectional area of a
4" x 6" rectangular tube with .500" wall thickness.
D = 6.00" D
1
= 4.00" d = 5.00" d
1
= 3.00"
A = D
1
D - d
1
d
A = 4.00 (6.00) - 3.00 (5.00) = 9.00
A = 9.00 inches5
2. PLAIN END WEIGHT (W
pe
):The plain end weight expressed in pounds per foot is used in
connection with pipe to describe the nominal or specified weight per foot. This weight does not
account for adjustments in weight due to end finishing such as upsetting or threading.
{2} W
pe
= 10.68 (D - t)t
Where:
W
pe
= plain end weight, calculated to 4 decimal places and rounded to 2 decimals, pounds/foot
D = Specified Outside Diameter of the Pipe, inches
t = Specified Wall Thickness, inches
Example: Calculate the plain end weight of pipe having a specified O.D. of 7 inches and a wall
thickness of .540 inches.
W
pe
= 10.68 (7.000 - .540) .540
W
pe
= 37.2561
W
pe
= 37.26 pounds/foot
3. INTERNAL YIELD PRESSURE BURST-RESISTANCE (P):
The internal yield pressure or burst resistance of pressure bearing pipe is expressed in
pounds/square inch (psi). The .875 factor is to allow for minimum permissible wall based on API
criteria for OCTG and line pipe. This factor can be changed based on other applicable
specifications regarding minimum permissible wall thickness.
{3} P = 0.875 [ 2 Y
p
t/D]
Where:
P = Minimum Internal Yield Pressure (Burst Resistance) in pounds per square inch, rounded to
the nearest 10 psi.
Y
p
= Specified Minimum Yield Strength, pounds per square inch.
t = Nominal (specified) Wall Thickness, inches
D = Nominal (specified) Outside Diameter, inches
Example: Calculate the burst resistance of 7" O.D. x .540" wall API L80 casing.
P = 0.875 [ 2 Y
p
t/D]
P = 0.875 [ (2)(80,000)(.540)/7]
P = 10,800 psi
4. PIPE SPECIFICATIONS BASICS
Pressure Determinations:Barlow's Formula is commonly used to determine:
1. Internal Pressure at Minimum Yield
2. Ultimate Bursting Pressure
3. Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
4. Mill Hydrostatic Test Pressure
This formula is expressed as P = 2St where:
P = Pressure, psig
I = Nominal wall thickness, inches
D = Outside Diameter, inches
S = Allowable Stress, psi, which depends on the pressure being determined
To illustrate, assume a piping systems 8 5/8" O.D. x .375" wall has a specified minimum yield
strength (SMYS) of 35,000 psi and a specified minimum tensile strength of 80,000 psi.
For 1. Internal Pressure of Minimum Yield
S = SMYS (35,000) psi and
P = 2St = (2)(35,000)(0.375)
D 8.625 = 3043 or 3040 psig (rounded to nearest 10 psig)
For 2. Ultimate Bursting Pressure
S = Specified Minimum Tensite Strength (60,000 psi) and
P = 2St = (2)(60,000)(0.375)
D 8.625 = 5217 or 5220 psig (rounded to nearest 10 psig)
For 3. Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAOP)
S = SMYS (35,000 psi) reduced by a design factor, usually 0.72 and
P = 2St = (2)(35,000 x 2)(0.375)
D 8.625 = 2191 or 2190 psig (rounded to nearest 10 psig)
For 4. Mill Hydrostatic Test Pressure
S = SMYS (35,000 psi) reduced by a factor depending on O.D. grade (0.60 for 8 5/8" O.D. grade
B) and
P = 2St = (2)(35,000 x 0.60)(0.375)
D 8.625 = 1826 or 1830 psig (rounded to nearest 10 psig)
Wall Thickness
Barlow's Formula is also useful in determining the wall thickness required for a piping system.
To illustrate, assume a piping system has been designed with the following criteria:
1. A working pressure of 2,000 psi (P)
2. The pipe to be used is 8 5/8" O.D. (D) specified to ASTM A53 grade B (SMYS - 35,000 psi)
Rearranging Barlow's Formula to solve for wall thickness gives:
t = PD = (2,000) (8.625) = 0.246" wall
2S (2) (35,000)
Wall thickness has no relation to outside diameter - only the inside diameter is affected. For
example, the outside diameter of a one-inch extra- strong piece of pipe compared with a one-inch
standard weight piece of pipe is identical; however, the inside diameter of the extra-strong is
smaller than the inside diameter of the standard weight because the wall thickness is greater in
the extra-strong pipe.
5. WATER DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS: To calculate the volume being displaced through
a pipe or the amount of volume of an irrigation well, the following formula is applicable:
Q = 3.61 A H %Y
Where:
Q = Discharge in Gallons per minutes
A = Area of the pipe, inches squared
H = Horizontal measurement, inches
Y = vertical measurement, inches
Example:Calculate the discharge of a 10" pipe which has an area of 78.50 in
2
, a horizontal
measurement of 12" and a vertical measurement of 12".
Q = 3.61 A H
%Y
Q = 3.61 (78.50) (12)
%12
Q = 3400.62
3.464
Q = 981.70 gallons per minute
This formula is a close approximation of the actual measurement of the volume being displaced.
The simplest method is to measure a 12 inch vertical measurement as a standard procedure, then
measure the distance horizontally to the point of the 12" vertical measurement.
GENERAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION
WATER
One miner's inch: 1 1/2 cubic feet per minute = 11.25 U.S. gallons per minute = flow per minute
through 1 inch square opening in 2 inch thick plank under a head of 6 1/2 inches to center of
orifice in Arizona, California, Montana, Nevada and Oregon. 9 U.S. gallons per minute in Idaho,
Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota and Utah.
One horse-power: 33,000 ft. pounds per minute
Cubic feet per second:Gallons per minute 449
Theoretical water US GPM x head in feet x Sp. Gr.
horse-power: 3960
Theoretical waterUS GPM x head in pounds
horse-power: 1714
Brake horse-power:Theoretical water horse-power
Pump efficiency
Velocity in feet.408 x US Gal Per Min = .32 x GPM
per second: Pipe diameter in inches
2
pipe area
One acre-foot: 325,850 US gallons
1,000,000 US gallons per day: 695 US gallons per minute
500 pounds per hour: 1 US gallon per minute
Doubling the diameter of a pipe or cylinder increases its capacity four times
Friction of liquids in pipes increases as the square of the velocity.
Velocity in feet per minute necessary to discharge a given volume of water, in a given time =
Cubic Feet of water x 144
area of pipe in sq. inches
Area of required pipe, the volume and velocity of water being given = No. cubic feet water x 144
Velocity in feet per min.
From this area the size pipe required may be selected from the table of standard pipe dimensions.
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 pounds per square inch. This pressure with a perfect
vacuum will maintain a column of mercury 29.9 inches or a column of water 33.9 feet high. This
is the theoretical distance that water manu be drawn by suction. In practice, however, pumps
should not have a total dynamic suction lift greater that 25 feet.
CRUDE OIL
One gallon: 58,310 grains
One barrel oil: 42 US gallons
One barrel per hour: .7 US gallons per minute
Gallons per minute: bbls. per day x .02917
Bbls. per hour: gallons per minute x .7
One barrel per day: .02917 gallons per minute
Gallons per minute: bbls. per day x .02917
Bbls. per day: gallons per minute x .02917
Velocity in feet per second: .0119 x bbls. per day x pipe dia. in inches
2
x .2856 x bbls. per hour x
pipe dia. in inches
2

Net horse-power: The theoretical horse-power necessary to do the work
Net horse-power: Barrels per day x pressure x .000017
Net horse-power: Barrels per hour x pressure x .000408
Net horse-power: Gallons per min. x pressure x .000583
The customary method of indicating specific gravity of petroleum oils in this country is by
means of the Baume scale. Since the Baume scale, for specific gravities of liquids lighter than
water, increases inversely as the true gravity, the heaviest oil, i.e., that which has the highest true
specific gravity, is expressed by the lowest figure of the Baume scale; the lightest by the highest
figure.
MISCELLANEOUS
Areas of circles are to each other as the squares of their diameters.
Circumference diameter of circle x 3.1416
Area circle diameter squared x .7854
Diameter circle circumference x .31831
Volume of sphere cube of diameter x .5236
Square feet square inches x .00695
Cubic feet cubic inches x .00058
Cubic yard cubic feet x .03704
Statute miles lineal feet x .00019
Statute miles lineal yards x .000568
1 gallon 8.33 pounds
1 liter .2642 gallons
1 cubic feet 7.48 gallons and/or 62.35 pounds
1 meter 3.28 feet
STATIC HEAD
Static head is the vertical distance between the free level of the source of supply and the point of
free discharge, or to the level of the free surface of the discharged liquid.
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
Total dynamic head is the vertical distance between source of supply and point of discharge
when pumping at required capacity, plus velocity head friction, entrance and exit losses.
Total dynamic head as determined on test where suction lift exists, is the reading of the mercury
column connected to the suction nozzle of the pump, plus reading of a pressure gage connected
to discharge nozzle of pump, plus vertical distance between point of attachment of mercury
column and center of gage, plus excess, if any, of velocity head of discharge over velocity head
of suction, as measured at points where the instruments are attached, plus head of water resting
on mercury column, if any.
Total dynamic head, as determined on tests where suction head exists, is the reading of the gage
attached to the discharge nozzle of pump, minus the reading of a gage connected to the suction
nozzle of pump, plus or minus vertical distance between centers of gages (depending upon
whether suction gage is below or above discharge gage), plus excess, if any, of the velocity head
of discharge over velocity head of suction as measured at points where instruments are attached.
Total dynamic discharge head is the total dynamic head minus dynamic suction lift, of plus
dynamic suction head.
SUCTION LIFT
Suction lift exists when the suction measured at the pump nozzle and corrected to the centerline
of the pump is below atmospheric pressure.
Static suction lift is the vertical distance from the free level of the source of supply to centerline
of pump.
Dynamic suction lift is the vertical distance from the source of supply when pumping at required
capacity, to centerline of pump, plus velocity head, entrance and friction loss, but not including
internal pump losses, where static suction head exists but where the losses exceed the static
suction head the dynamic suction lift is the sum of the velocity head, entrance, friction, minus the
static suction head, but not including internal pump losses.
Dynamic suction lift as determined on test, is the reading of the mercury column connected to
suction nozzle of pump, plus vertical distance between point of attachment of mercury column to
centerline of pump, plus bead of water resting on mercury column, if any.
SUCTION HEAD
Suction head (sometimes called head of suction) exists when the pressure measured at the
suction nozzle and corrected to the centerline of the pump is above atmospheric pressure.
Static suction head is the vertical distance from the free level of the source of supply to
centerline of pump.
Dynamic suction head is the vertical distance from the source of supply, when pumping at
required capacity, to centerline of pump, minus velocity head, entrance, friction, but not minus
internal pump losses.
Dynamic suction head, as determined on test, is the reading of a gage connected to suction
nozzle of pump, minus vertical distance from center of gage to center line of pump. Suction
head, after deducting the various losses, many be a negative quantity, in which case a condition
equivalent to suction lift will prevail.
VELOCITY HEAD
The velocity head (sometimes called "head due to velocity") of water moving with a given
velocity, is the equivalent head through which it would have to fall to acquire the same velocity:
or the head necessary merely to accelerate the water. Knowing the velocity, we can readily figure
the velocity head from the simple formula:
h = V
2

2g
in which "g" is acceleration due to gravity, or 32.16 feet per second; or knowing the head, we can
transpose the formula to:
V = %2 gh
and thus obtain the velocity.
The velocity head is a factor in figuring the total dynamic head, but the value is usually small,
and in most cases negligible; however, it should be considered when the total head is low and
also when the suction lift is high.
Where the suction and discharge pipes are the same size, it is only necessary to include in the
total head the velocity head generated in the suction piping. If the discharge piping is of different
size than the suction piping, which is often the case, then it will be necessary to use the velocity
in the discharge pipe for computing the velocity head rather than the velocity in the suction pipe.
Velocity head should be considered in accurate testing also, as it is part of the total dynamic head
and consequently affects the duty accomplished.
In testing a pump, a vacuum gage or a mercury column is generally used for obtained dynamic
suction lift. The mercury column or vacuum gage will show the velocity head combined with
entrance head, friction head, and static suction lift. On the discharge side, a pressure gage is
usually used, but a pressure gage will not indicate velocity head and this must, therefore, be
obtained either by calculating the velocity or taking reading with a Pitometer. Inasmuch as the
velocity varies considerably at different points in the cross section of a stream it is important, in
using the Pitometer, to take a number of readings at different points in the cross section.
A table, giving the relation between velocity and velocity head is printed below:
Velocity in feet per
second
Velocity head in feet Velocity in feet per
second
Velocity head in feet
1 .02 9.5 1.40
2 .06 10 1.55
3 .14 10.5 1.70
4 .25 11 1.87
5 .39 11.5 2.05
6 .56 12 2.24
7 .76 13 2.62
8 1.00 14 3.05
8.5 1.12 15 3.50
9 1.25
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
NPSH stands for "Net Positive Suction Head". It is defined as the suction gage reading in feet
absolute taken on the suction nozzle corrected to pump centerline, minus the vapor pressure in
feet absolute corresponding to the temperature of the liquid, plus velocity head at this point.
When boiling liquids are being pumped from a closed vessel NPSH is the static liquid head in
the vessel above the pump centerline minus entrance and friction losses.
VISCOSITY
Viscosity is the internal friction of a liquid tending to reduce flow.
Viscosity is ascertained by an instrument termed a Viscosimeter, of which there are several
makes, viz. Saybolt Universal; Tangliabue; Engler (used chiefly in Continental countries);
Redwood (used in British Isles and Colonies). In the United States the Saybolt and Tangliabue
instruments are in general use. With few exceptions. Viscosity is expressed as the number of
seconds required for a definite volume of fluid under a arbitrary head to flow through a
standardized aperture at constant temperature.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of any volume to the weight of an equal volume of
some other substance taken as a standard at stated temperatures. For solids or liquids, the
standard is usually water, and for gasses the standard is air or hydrogen.
Foot pounds: Unit of work
Horse Power (H.P.): (33,000 ft. pounds per minute - 746 watts - .746 kilowatts) Unit for
measurement of power or rate of work
Volt-amperes: Product of volts and amperes
Kilovolt-Amperes (KVA): 1000 volt-amperes
Watt-hour: Small unit of electrical work - watts times hours
Kilowatt-hour (KWHr): Large unit of electrical work - 1000 watt-hours
Horse Power-hour (HPHr): Unit of mechanical work
To determine the cost of power, for any specific period of time - working hours per day, week,
month or year:
No. of working hrs, x .746 x H.P. motor = KWHr consumed
Efficiency of motor at Motor Terminal
KWHr consumed at Motor Terminal x Rate per KWHr = Total cost current for time specified
Torque is that force which produces or tends to produce torsion (around an axis). Turning effort.
It may be thought of as a twist applied to turn a shaft. It can be defined as the push or pull in
pounds, along an imaginary circle of one foot radius which surrounds the shaft, or, in an electric
motor, as the pull or drag at the surface of the armature multiplied by the radius of the armature,
the term being usually expressed in foot-pounds (or pounds at 1 foot radius).
Starting torque is the torque which a motor exerts when starting. It can be measured directly by
fastening a piece of belt to 24" diameter pulley, wrapping it part way round and measuring the
pounds pull the motor can exert, with a spring balance. In practice, any pulley can be used for
torque = lbs. pull x pulley radius in feet. A motor that has a heavy starting torque is one that
starts up easily with a heavy load.
Running torque is the pull in pounds a motor exerts on a belt running over a pulley 24" in
diameter.
Full load torque is the turning moment required to develop normal horse-power output at normal
speed.
The torque of any motor at any output with a known speed may be determined by the formula:
T = Brake H.P. x 5250
R.P.M.
With a known foot-pounds torque, the horse-power at any given speed can be determined by the
formula:
H.P. = T x R.P.M.
5250
H.P. = T x speed of belt on 24"pulley in feet per minute 33000
COST OF PUMPING WATER
Cost per 1000 gallons pumped: .189 x power cost per KWHr x head in feet
Pump eff. x Motor eff. x 60
Example: Power costs .01 per k.w.-hour; pump efficiency is 75%; motor efficiency is 85%; total
head is 50 feet.
.189 x .01 x 50 = $ .0025 or 1/4 of a cent
.75 x .85 x 60
Cost per hour of pumping:
.000189 x g.p.m. x head in ft x power cost per KWHr
Pump efficiency x Motor efficiency
Cost per acre foot of water:
1.032 x head in ft x power per KWHr
Pump efficiency x Motor efficiency
Pump efficiency: g.p.m. x head in feet
3960 x b.h.p. (to pump)
Head: 3960 x Pump eff. x b.h.p x g.p.m.
b.h.p. (Brake horse-power) to pump: Motor efficiency x h.p. at motor
b.h.p.: g.p.m. x head in feet x 3960 x Pump eff.
g.p.m.: 3960 x Pump eff. x b.h.p. x head in feet
COMPUTING H.P. INPUT FROM REVOLVING WATT HOUR METERS
(Disk Constant Method)
Kilowatts Input = KW in = K x R x 3.60 x t
HP Input = HP in = K x R x 3600 = 4.83 x K x R x t x 746 t
K - constant representing number os watt-hours through meter for on revolution of the disk.
(Usually found on meter nameplate or face of disk)
R - number of revolutions of the disk
t - seconds for R revolutions
Cost per 1000 gallons of water:
C = 746 x r x HP in x GPH
C - cost in dollars per 1000 gallons
r - power rate per kilowatt hour (dollars)
HP in - HP input measured at the meter (see above)
H - total pumping head
GPH - gallons per hour discharged by pump
Cost per 1000 gallons of water
For each foot of head:
C = 746 x r x HP in x H x GPH
Cost per hour:
C = .746 x r x HP in






Alloy seamless steel pipes
1010

Seamless steel tube is a strip steel material with hollow section and no seam around.
Steel tube with hollow section, is widely used as the pipes for fluid conveying, e.g.: the running
pipes for oil, nature gas, coal gas, water and some solid material etc. We can porduce alloy steel
tubes, stainless steel pipes, carbon steel pipes.

Size and weight deviation
Allowable deviation of pipe diameter (inch(mm)
ACC.TOASTM A450

Diameter (mm)
Allowable deviationinmm
hot finished steel seamless pipes
4 101.6
4-7.5101.6-190.5
7.5-9190.5-228.6
1/64(0.4)
1/64(0.4)
1/64(0.4)
1/320.8
3/641.2
1/611.
cold finished steel seamless pipelines
125.4
1-1.525.4-38.1
1.5-2.550.8-63.5
2-2.550.8-63.5
2.5-363.5-76.2
3-476.2-101.6
4-7.5101.6-190.5
7.5228.6
0.0040.1
0.0060.15
0.0080.2
0.1010.25
0.0120.3
0.01500.38
0.01500.38
0.01500.38

0.0040.1
0.0060.15
0.0080.2
0.1010.25
0.0120.3
0.01500.38
0.0250.64
0.0451.14

Allowable deviation of pipe wall thicknessACC.TOASTM A450
diameter
In.(mm)
Allowable thickness deviation%
0.0952.4 0.095-0.1502.4-3.8
0.150-0.180
3.8-4.6
0.1804.6
+ + + +
hot finished steel seamless pipes
4101.6
4101.6
40 0 35
35
0
0
33
33
0
0
28
28
0
0
cold finished steel seamless pipelines
1.538.1
1.538.1


20
22
0
0


Allowable deviation of pipe weight per inchACC.TOASTM A450
Processing art Allowable deviation per inch
+ _
Finished steel 16 0
Outside Diameter1.5
38.1mm
Outside Diameter1.5
38.1mm
12
13
0
0
Select All
Alloy Steel Pipes ASTM A213-83 T


Product Name:
Alloy Steel Pipes
Model:
ASTM A213-83 T12
Description:
Alloy Steel Pipes ASTM A335 P22


Product Name:
Alloy Steel Pipes
Model:
ASTM A335 P22
Description:
Carbon Steel Pipe DIN 17175-79 15


Product Name:
Carbon Steel Pipes
Model:
DIN 17175-79 15Mo3
Description:
Alloy tubes Alloy tubes


Product Name:
Alloy tubes
Model:
Alloy tubes
Description:
carbon steel pipe


Product Name:
carbon steel pipe
Model:

Description:
Stainless steel pip


Product Name:
Stainless steel pipe

Stainless Steel Pipes And Tubes




Stainless & Duplex Steel

Stainless Steel Pipes
And Tubes
ASTM / ASME SA 312 GR. TP 304, 304L, 304H, 309S, 309H,
310S, 310H, 316, 316TI, 316H, 316LN, 317, 317L, 321, 321H,
347, 347H, 904L.
ASTM / ASME SA 358 CL 1 & CL 3 GR . 304, 304L, 304H,
309S, 309H, 310S, 310H, 316, 316H, 321, 321H, 47.

Duplex Steel Pipes And
Tubes
ASTM / ASME SA 790 UNS NO S 31803, S 32205, S 32550, S
32750, S 32760.


Hardness Conversion

Brinell
Hardness
Rockwell Hardness
Tensile
Strength
Tungsten
Carbide
Ball 3000
KG
A
Scale
60KG
B Scale
100KG
C Scale
150KG
(Approx.)
- 85.6 - 68.0 -
- 85.3 - 67.5 -
- 85.0 - 67.0 -
767 84.7 - 66.4 -
757 84.4 - 65.9 -
745 84.1 - 65.3 -
733 83.8 - 64.7 -
722 83.4 - 64.0 -
712 - - - -
710 83.0 - 63.3 -
Brinell
Hardness
Rockwell Hardness
Tensile
Strength
Tungsten
Carbide
Ball 3000
KG
A
Scale
60KG
B
Scale
100KG
C
Scale
150KG
(Approx.)
331 68.1 - 35.5 166,000
321 67.5 - 34.3 160,000
311 66.9 - 33.1 155,000
302 66.3 - 32.1 150,000
293 65.7 - 30.9 145,000
285 65.3 - 29.9 141,000
277 64.6 - 28.8 137,000
269 64.1 - 27.6 133,000
262 63.6 - 26.6 129,000
255 63.0 - 25.4 126,000
698 82.6 - 62.5 -
684 82.2 - 61.8 -
682 82.2 - 61.7 -
670 81.8 - 61.0 -
656 81.3 - 60.1 -
653 81.2 - 60.0 -
647 81.1 - 59.7 -
638 80.8 - 59.2 329,000
630 80.6 - 58.8 324,000
627 80.5 - 58.7 323,000
601 79.8 - 57.3 309,000
578 79.1 - 56.0 297,000
555 78.4 - 54.7 285,000
534 77.8 - 53.5 274,000
514 76.9 - 52.1 263,000
495 76.3 - 51.0 253,000
477 75.6 - 49.6 243,000
461 74.9 - 48.5 235,000
444 74.2 - 47.1 225,000
429 73.4 - 45.7 217,000
415 72.8 - 44.5 210,000
401 72.0 - 43.1 202,000
388 71.4 - 41.8 195,000
375 70.6 - 40.4 188,000
363 70.0 - 39.1 182,000
352 69.3 - 37.9 176,000
341 68.7 - 36.6 170,000
248 62.5 - 24.2 122,000
241 61.8 100.0 22.8 118,000
235 61.4 99.0 21.7 115,000
229 60.8 98.2 20.5 111,000
223 - 97.3 20.0 -
217 - 96.4 18.0 105,000
212 - 95.5 17.0 102,000
207 - 94.6 16.0 100,000
201 - 93.8 15.0 98,000
197 - 92.8 - 95,000
192 - 91.9 - 93,000
187 - 90.7 - 90,000
183 - 90.0 - 89,000
179 - 89.0 - 87,000
174 - 87.8 - 85,000
170 - 86.8 - 83,000
167 - 86.0 - 81,000
163 - 85.0 - 79,000
156 - 82.9 - 76,000
149 - 80.8 - 73,000
143 - 78.7 - 71,000
137 - 76.4 - 67,000
131 - 74.0 - 65,000
126 - 72.0 - 63,000
121 - 69.8 - 60,000
116 - 67.6 - 58,000
111 - 65.7 - 56,000


Steel Pipe Glossary

AGA American Gas Association.
AISI American Iron and Steel Institute.
ANSI American National Standards Institute. Formerly the ASA
American Standards Assoc.
API American Petroleum Institute.
ASME American Society for Mechanical Engineers.
ASTM American Society of Testing Materials.
AWWA American Water Works Association.
Bales Term associated with banded lifts of pipe.
Barlow's Formula
An equation which shows the relationship of internal pressure to
allowable stress, nominal thickness and diameter.
Bevel
The angle formed between the prepared edge of the end of the pipe
and a plane perpendicular to the surface of the member. The
standard bevel for line pipe is 30o to facilitate welding.
Billet
A solid semi finished round or square product that has been hot
worked by forging, rolling or extrusion. For seamless tubular
products, the billet is heated and pierced to form a tube hollow.
Black Bare
Term associated with pipe surface whereby the pipe will not be
coated with mill spray oil and grease spots and cutting oil will not
be removed.
Black Dry
Term associated with pipe surface whereby the pipe will not only
be coated with mill spray oil and all grease spots and cutting oil
will be removed by washing.
Black Oiled
Term associated with pipe surface whereby material ordered in this
manner is protected with a varnish type oil on the O.D. for
temporary corrosion protection during transit and in short term
storage.
Black Pipe Denotes lacquered OD finish (as opposed to bare or galvanized)
Box Internal (female) threaded end
Brinell
Hardness testing system which measures indentation of the subject
using a standard weight, shaped point
BTC Buttress threaded and coupled
Bundles
Term associated with practice of packaging NPS 1 1/2" and smaller
pipe. Pieces per bundle vary depending upon size.
Burst Test
A destructive hydraulic test employed to determine actual yield
strength and ultimate strength of both seamless and welded pipe.
Butt-weld Pipe See Continuous Weld.
Casing Pipe used as a structural retainer for the walls of a drilled hole
CFT
Hundred foot (sometimes used in pricing, i.e. $425.97/cft vs.
$4.2597/ft.)
Chamfer A beveled surface to eliminate an otherwise sharp corner.
Chemical Properties
Normally associated with a limited number of chemical elements;
however, depending upon the specification, practically a full
analysis may be required. Minimum or maximum limits are
established in Standards.
Cold Drawn
Pipe or tubing which is pulled through a die to reduce diameter and
wall. This process usually produces closer tolerances and higher
strength.
Cold Work
Deforming metal plastically at a temperature lower than the
recrystallization temperature. Mechanical or hydraulic expansion
employed to achieve higher mechanical properties.
Conduit Pipe serving as a duct for electrical wiring.
Continuous Weld
In common usage, a phrase for continuous butt weld. Furnace
welded pipe produced in continuous lengths from coiled skelp and
subsequently cut into individual lengths, having its longitudinal butt
joint forge welded by the mechanical pressure developed in rolling
the hot formed skelp through a series of round pass welding rolls.
Coupling Threaded sleeve used to connect two lengths of pipe.
Cut Lengths Pipe cut to a specific length as ordered.
CW
Continuous Weld a method of producing small diameter pipe (1/2 -
4")
CWT
Hundred Weight. Often used in handling or trucking pricing, i.e.
.30/cwt load out charge or $1.65/cwt (freight) with a minimum such
as 30,000#.
Die Stamping
Permanent marking placed on pipe as required by some
specifications.
Double Extra
Standard pipe weight designation (XXS). Sometimes described as
XXH (double extra heavy).
Drift
Minimum ID clearance verified by pulling a mandrel of known size
through a length of pipe
DRL
Double Random Length (35' minimum average or as defined in
specifications).
DSAW Double Submerged Arc Weld.
Ductility
The ability of a material to deform plastically without fracturing,
being measured by elongation or reduction of area in a tensile test
or by other means.
Eddy Current Testing
Non destructive testing method in which eddy current flow is
induced in the test object. Changes in the flow caused by variations
in the object are reflected into a nearby coil or coils for subsequent
analysis by suitable instrumentation and techniques.
Elongation
In tensile testing, the increase in the gage length, measured after
fracture of the specimen within the gage length, usually expressed
as a percentage of the original gage length.
EMI
Electromagnetic inspection a method of determining wall thickness
and detecting imperfections in steel tubes
ERW Electric Resistance Weld. See High Frequency Welding.
EUE
External upset ends forging of ends on (API) tubing and drill pipe
to provide additional thickness for strengthening connections
EW Electric Weld. See High Frequency Weld.
Expanded Pipe
Pipe which has been enlarged circumferentially by mechanical or
hydraulic pressure.
Extra Strong
Standard pipe weight designation (XS). Sometimes described as
XH (extra heavy).
Flattening Test
A quality test for pipe in which a specimen is flattened between
parallel plates that are closed to a specified height.
FLD
Full Length Drift (as opposed to "end drift") usually performed as
part of used tubing or casing (OCTG) inspection
Flush Joint
Connection with male and female threads cut directly into the pipe
(as opposed to T&C). This provides the same ID and OD clearance
as in the middle of the tube, once lengths are joined.
FOB
Free On Board used to denote where pipe is to be provided to the
buyer
Galvanizing
Covering of iron or steel surfaces with a protective layer of zinc
(weight defined in specifications).
Hardfacing
Abrasion resistant metal applied by welding (usually in strips) on
the surface of softer material to increase wear properties
High Frequency Welding
A technique employed in the manufacture of electric resistance
weld pipe. Typical radio frequency power for welding is supplied at
450,000 cycles/sec.
Hot Stamp
Permanent marking placed on pipe as employed by manufacturer or
as established by specification.
Hydrostatic Test
Normal mill test as required by specifications. The pipe ends are
sealed and high pressure water is introduced to predetermined
pressures as required by specifications.
I.D. Inside Diameter.
Impact Test
A test performed at a specified temperature (usually lower than
ambient) to determine the behavior of materials when subjected to
high rates of loading, usually in bending, tension or torsion. The
quantity measured is the energy absorbed in breaking the specimen
by a single blow, as in a Charpy Test.
Ink Mark
Continuous printing identification associated with NPS 1 1/2 and
smaller pipe. Detail is normally limited to the trademark and "Made
in USA".
Joint One length of pipe
Kip
A unit of weight equal to 1,000 pounds used to express dead
weight.
Lifts
Term associated with separated segments of pipe (banded or
unbanded for ease of handling).
LS
Limited Service pipe not meeting specification, usually rejected at
the mill
LT
Loaded Trucks used in price quotation to indicate seller pays for
handling
LTC Long Thread and Coupling (OCTG casing connection)
Magnetic Particle
One of several methods of non destructive testing. A non
destructive method of inspection for determining the existence and
extent of possible defects in ferromagnetic materials. Finely divided
magnetic particles, applied to the magnetized part, are attracted to
and outline the pattern of and magnetic leakage fields created by
discontinuities.
Magnetic Properties
The properties of a material that reveal its elastic and inelastic
behavior where force is applied, thereby indicating its suitability for
mechanical application; for example, tensile strength, elongation,
hardness and fatigue limit.
Mid Weld Two or more joints welded to form a longer one
Nipple Short length of pipe (<12") threaded on both ends
Nominal
Pipe size or wall thickness as specified (not actual). Sizes refer to
approximate ID, even though OD is the fixed dimension.
Normalizing
Heating a ferrous material to a suitable temperature above the
transformation range and then cooling in air to a temperature
substantially below the transformation range.
NPS
A dimensionless designator for such traditional terms as "nominal
diameter", "size", and "nominal size". Corresponds to actual outside
diameter only in sizes 14 inches and over.
NUE Non upset end OCTG tubing description (not as common as EUE)
O.D. Outside Diameter.
OCTG Oil Country Tubular Goods pipe made to API specifications
Oiled See Black Oiled.
PE Plain End
PEB Plain End Beveled
Pickling Pipe immersed into acid bath for removal of scale, oil, dirt, etc.
Pin External (male) threaded end
Protector
Plastic, steel or composite cap to protect threads from handling
damage
PSI Pounds per square inch.
PSIG Pounds per square inch gage.
R & D
Reamed and Drifted. Pipe commonly used in water wells which has
a special, heavy duty coupling and a guaranteed I.D. clearance.
Range
(R1, R2, R3) lengths of OCTG (Range 1 casing 16-25') (Range 2
casing 25-34') (Range 3 casing 34-48') (Range 1 tubing 20-24')
(Range 2 tubing 28-32')
Rockwell Hardness
Relative resistance of a metal to indentation by a diamond cone, as
expressed in hardness scale units (A, B, C or G)
SAW Submerged arc weld a method of producing very large OD pipe
SC Square cut plain end pipe.
Schedule Numbers assigned to different wall thicknesses of pipe (i.e. sch. 40)
SEA
Special End Area inspection to check for defects at either end of a
steel tube which is also being inspected electronically. (EMI misses
the ends.)
Shoe Sub sometimes run on bottom of casing string with special
metallurgy or design to help pipe to bottom through tight or bridged
spots in drill hole
Skelp
A piece or strip of metal produced to a suitable thickness, width and
edge configuration, from which welded pipe is made.
SMLS Seamless.
Spec Specification
SRL
Single Random Length (16-22 ft. for standard weight ASTM pipe
or as defined in specifications).
STC Short Thread and Coupling (OCTG casing connection)
STD
Standard reference to wall thickness of line pipe (=sch. 40 for 1/8 -
10")
Stencil
Paint spray identification placed on pipe. Specification size, wall,
grade, test pressure, method of manufacture and normal mill
characters and mill identification are usually included; however,
detail varies by specification. "Country of Origin" is included.
Stretch Reduction
A technique employed in the manufacture of continuous weld pipe
and in certain instances in the manufacture of seamless and electric
resistance weld pipe. It involves one or several "master" sizes
which are stretch reduced or rolled under tension through a number
of stands to achieve a variety of standard pipe diameters and walls.
Strip A sheet of metal in which the length is many times the width.
Sub A short coupling with different types and/or sizes of ends
T&C Threaded and Coupled.
T&D
Tested and Drifted one method of verifying integrity of used tubing
and casing (OCTG). "Test" refers to hydrostatic: ends are sealed
and water pumped inside to a predetermined pressure. See drift def.
above.
TBE Threaded Both Ends.
Tensile Strength
In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to original cross
sectional area. Also, called ultimate strength. Usually expressed in
pounds per square inch.
TO Threads Only.
Tolerance
Specified allowance (plus or minus) of the given dimension of a
finished product due to inaccuracies in manufacturing; usually quite
small (thousandths of an inch or very small percentage) and often
part of a standard such as ASTM or API.
Tool Joint
Threaded tube, usually thicker and harder, welded onto pipe to
provide joint strength and durability exceeding that of flush joint or
T&C connections
Tube Round See Billet.
Ultrasonic
An electronic method of non destructive testing utilizing sound
waves.
Victaulic Joint grooves in the ends of pipe to accommodate a coupling
XHY Extra Heavy pipe about 50% thicker than standard (=sch. 80 for 1/8
- 8")
XXHY Double Extra Heavy twice as thick as xhy for - 6"
Yield Strength
The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from
proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for
many metals including steels.