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3.10 Oscillatory Boundary Layers: 3.10.1 Stokes Problem

1. The document discusses oscillatory boundary layers and Stokes problems. It describes how a boundary layer forms near an oscillating boundary due to weak viscosity or high frequency. 2. It provides the governing equations for the leading order velocity approximation in the boundary layer. The solution shows an exponential decay within a boundary layer thickness defined by the frequency and kinematic viscosity. 3. At second order, wave-induced Reynolds stresses within the boundary layer cause an induced streaming velocity even after averaging over time. For progressive waves, this induced streaming scales with wave amplitude and wavenumber.

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Shridhar Mathad
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14 views5 pages

3.10 Oscillatory Boundary Layers: 3.10.1 Stokes Problem

1. The document discusses oscillatory boundary layers and Stokes problems. It describes how a boundary layer forms near an oscillating boundary due to weak viscosity or high frequency. 2. It provides the governing equations for the leading order velocity approximation in the boundary layer. The solution shows an exponential decay within a boundary layer thickness defined by the frequency and kinematic viscosity. 3. At second order, wave-induced Reynolds stresses within the boundary layer cause an induced streaming velocity even after averaging over time. For progressive waves, this induced streaming scales with wave amplitude and wavenumber.

Uploaded by

Shridhar Mathad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Notes on
1.63 Advanced Environmental Fluid Mechanics
Instructor: C. C. Mei, 2001
[email protected], 1 617 253 2994
December 1, 2002
3-10-oc-BL.tex
3.10 Oscillatory Boundary Layers
3.10.1 Stokes problem
If the viscosity is weak or the frequency is high (time scale is small) , there is a boundary
layer near the boundary of an oscillating body or the solid bottom under a wave.
Let the external ow have the tangential velocity u = <U(x)e
it
. If the inertia parame-
ter is small, then
uu
x
, vu
y
u
t
= O

U
o
L

1.
If furthermore
1
U
L


L
2
we keep keep just the most important viscous stress term and seek perturbation solution in
successive powers of the inertia parameter. Let us save the trouble of nondimensionalization
and assume
u = u
1
+u
2
+. . . (3.10.1)
with the understanding that the relative orders of magnitude is represented by the subscripts,
i.e., u
1
is the leading order and u
2
is smaller than u
1
by a factor O(
U
L


L
2
), etc. We get
from the Navier-Stokes equations the leading order approximation
u
1
t
=

t
Re

Ue
it

2
u
1
y
2
y > 0 (3.10.2)
subject to the boundary conditions that
u
1
Re Ue
it
y (3.10.3)
and
u
1
= 0 y = 0 (3.10.4)
Let
u
1
= Re
h
u
1
(x, y)e
it
+Ue
it
i
(3.10.5)
then
iU i u
1
= iU +
d
2
u
1
dy
2
2
Therefore,
d
2
u
1
dy
2
+
i

u
1
= 0 (3.10.6)
u
1
0, y (3.10.7)
u
1
= U
1
(x), y = 0 (3.10.8)
The solution is
u
1
= U(x) exp

(1 i)y
r

2

(3.10.9)
or,
u
1
= <

U(x)

1 exp

(1 i)y
r

2

e
it

(3.10.10)
The sign of

i is chosen so that (3.10.7) is satised. The boundary layer thickness is
=
s
2

(3.10.11)
It is easy to show that the vorticity at the wall is

u
1
y

y=0
= (1 i)U
r

2
= e
i/4
U (3.10.12)
which has the phase lag of /4 behind U, and diuses away from y = 0 like a propagating
wave exponentially attentuated after the Sokes boundary layer thickness O().
3.10.2 Induced Streaming
By considering the small eect of convective inertia, the second order improvement is phys-
ically even more interesting.
If the inviscid outer ow has tangential variation
dU
dx
6= 0, then by continuity there is
transverse ow v
1
in the boundary layer :
v
1
=
Z
y
0
u
1
x
dy = ie
it
dU
dx
Z
y
0
h
1 e
(1i)y/
i
dy (3.10.13)
= e
it
dU
dx
(
y

1 i
h
1 e
(1i)y/
i
)
which is valid in y O() only.
Let us examine the second order:
u
2
t

2
u
2
y
2
= U
dU
dx

u
1
u
1
x
+v
1
u
1
y
!
= U
dU
dx

"
(u
1
u
1
)
x
+
(u
1
v
1
)
y
#
3
Taking average over a period

2
u
2
y
2
= U
dU
dx

u
1
u
1
x
+
u
1
v
1
y
!
On the right-hand-side the last two terms u
1
u
1
, u
1
v
1
are wave-induced Reynolds stresses
u
1
u
1
= rate of transporting x-momentum in x-direction
u
1
v
1
= rate of transporting x-momentum in y-direction
Alternatively:

2
u
2
y
2
=
1
2

x
U
2

1
2

x
u
2
1
v
1
u
1
y
Let
= (1 i)/ (3.10.14)
Since
v
1
= ie
it
1

dU
dx

y 1 +e
y

u
1
y
= U(x)e
it
e
y
v
1
u
1
y
=
1
2
Re
"
U

dU
dx

y 1 +e
y

#
Thus

2
u
2
y
2
= G(y)
1
2
d|U|
2
dx
h
1

1 e
y

1 e

y
i
+Re U

dU
dx

y 1 +e
y

u
2
y
=
Z

y
G(y
0
)dy
0
u
2
=
Z
y
0
dy
00
Z

y
00
G(y
0
)dy
0
= y
Z

y
G(y
0
)dy
0
+
Z
y
0
y
00
G(y
00
)dy
00
One more integration gives
u
2
= Re F
4
U
dU

dx
. where
F
4
=
1
2
(1 3i)e
(1i)

i
2
e
(1+i)

1
4
(1 +i)e
2
+
1
2
(1 +i)e
(1i)
+
3
4
(1 i)
4
Note that as y , just outside the boundary layer,
u
2
=
1
4
Re
"
(3 i) U
dU

dx
#
Let U = Ae
i
U
dU

dx
= Ae
i
dAe
i
dx
=
dA
2
/2
dx
iA
2
d
dx
Hence
u
2
() =
1
4

3
2
dA
2
dx
3A
2
d
dx
!
(3.10.15)
Example: Progressive waves, U = U
o
e
ikx
, where U
o
, k are constants
u
2
() =
3k
4
U
2
o
(3.10.16)
3.10.3 Physics of the Induced Streaming
Take a progressive water waves as an example:
Outside the B.L. :
u

= A cos(t kx) (3.10.17)


Inside the B.L.
u = A
h
cos(t kx) e
y/
cos(t kx y/)
i
(3.10.18)
where the velocity amplitude A is related to the surface amplitude a by
A = a/ sin hkh (3.10.19)
Lets nd the induced transverse velocity v
u
x
= A sin(t kx) Ae
y/
sin(t kx y/)
v

=
Z
y
0
u
x
dy = y A sin(t kx)
1
2
Ak cos(t kx) +
1
2
Ak sin(t kx)
Now
u

=
1
4
A
2
k < 0
where the sin(tkx) terms in v

are out of phase with u

by /2, hence does not contribute


to the mean.
Now consider a slice of boundary layer one wavelength long. Because of periodicity, there
is no net transfer of momentum or forces at two ends x
0
and x
0
+2/k. But the momentum
transfer downwards is
A
2
4
k, causing a positive shear stress. To balance it there must be a
non-zero
u
y
at all levels y below the top. Hence, u 6= 0, resulting in induced streaming.
Homework: Find the induced streaming in Stokes boundary layer under a standing
wave with
U(x) = Acos kxe
it
.
5
Figure 3.10.1: Reynolds stress and Induced streaming in Stokes layer
.

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