Association of Engineers, Gaza Governorates, Palestine

ADVANCES IN STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

Mohamed Ziara
Assoc. Prof.
Civil Eng. Dept., IUG
Consultant
Center for Engineering and Planning (CEP)
27 March 200
1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
!lde"t concrete from the Stone Age around 7000 #.C. was discovered in 1985 in
the $o%thern Galilee, Pale"tine.
About 2000 #.C., li&e &ortar was used in Crete.
In third cent%r' #.C., Romans used a fine "and' volcanic a"h mixed with li&e.
In (.D. )2* Romans buit the Pantheon concrete do&e of s!an +0&.
In ),0), Coignet !ubished his statement of principle" of concrete con"tr%ction.
In ),+,, "ambot constructed a -oat of concrete reinforced .ith .ire.
In ),+, #i$inson obtained a !atent for a reinforced concrete floor "'"te&.
In ),*), Coignet !ubished a -oo/ iustrating %"e" of reinforced concrete.
In ),*7, %onier !atented concrete container" reinforced .ith &etal fra&e".
In ),,*, &oenen !ubished the theor' and de"ign of concrete "tr%ct%re".
In )00*, 'urner deveo!ed the first "la- .itho%t -ea&".
'he e1ten"ive %"e of structura concrete began at the turn of the t.entieth cent%r'
where ot of deveo!ments has occurred in the theor(, design and construction.
In )00+, the first "et of -%ilding reg%lation" for reinforced concrete were
drafted b( )rofessor %rsch of the *niversit( of Stuttgart.
+etween )007 and )0)0, de"ign reg%lation" for reinforced concrete were
issued in +ritain, ,ranc, Austria, Swit-erand, *SA.
+( the (ear )0)0 the Ger&an Committee for Reinforced Concrete, the
(&erican Concrete Institute, the #riti"h Concrete Institute and the (%"trian
Concrete Committee were aread( estabished.
+( )020 man( reinforced concrete "tr%ct%re" were aread( constructed.
As ear( as )020, the era of pre"tre""ed concrete has begun with the !ioneer
wor$ ,re(ssinet.
,rom )000 to )00 the .or/ing "tre"" method was used universa(.
In )02, %lti&ate "trength design method was codified in the U$$3.
In )0* %lti&ate "trength design methods were codified in the U$( and U4.
C%rrentl', 5i&it $tate" Method is used in most countries in the word.
.ew con"tit%ent &aterial" and co&po"ite" of concrete have been used in the
construction industr( for sometimes /high6"trength concrete exceeding
0
200MPa, high "trength "teel -ar" and .elded .ire fa-ric /exceeding 700MPa1
and pre"tre""ing "teel of utimate strength exceeding 2000MPa1.
2
2. USE OF CONCRETE
Concrete is the dominant construction materia in the word because of its
advantages characteristics that incude3
Econo! /avaiabiit( of its constituent materias1.
Eas! of construct"on /can be cast in various sha!es, re4uire sim!e s$is1.
R"#"$"t! /at wor$ing oad conditions1.
F"r% r%s"stanc%.
%tc.
Concrete !osses some adverse characteristics such as3
&%a' t%ns"l% str%n#t( /use reinforcing stee1.
Lo) str%n#t(*)%"#(t rat"o /use high strength and ight weight concrete1.
+r"ttl%n%ss /use confinement1.
T"%,$%-%n$ant .olu% c(an#% /use ex!ansion 5oints, non6ex!ansive cement1.
%tc.
7
/. MECHANICS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
Concrete is strong in com!ression and .ea/ in ten"ion.
Crac/" deveo! when ten"ion "tre""e" exceed tensie strength of concrete 7f
t
8
'ensie stresses ma( resut from loading, "hrin/age or te&perat%re change".
F"#. 1 $%onstrat%s t(% %c(an"cs of r%"nforc%$ concr%t% 0%as.
*se of longit%dinal and "hear reinforce&ent to !revent the faiure. 'he
resuting co&po"ite &aterial is caed reinforced concrete.
,aiure ma( aso be !revented b( using 7pre"tre""ing tendon"8. 'he resuting
co&po"ite &aterial is caed !restressed concrete.
8ifferent a!!ications re4uire different configuration of stee reinforcement.
f
t
f
c
f
t
f
c
f
s
f
t
F"#. 1 M%c(an"cs of r%"nforc%$ concr%t% 0%as.
+r"ttl% fl%1ural fa"lur% of
Pla"n concr%t% 0%a.
+r"ttl% s(%ar fa"lur% of Pla"n
concr%t% 0%a.
Pr%.%nt"on of fa"lur% "n
r%"nforc%$ concr%t% 0%a
Pr%.%nt"on of fa"lur% "n
-r%str%ss%$ concr%t% 0%a
Pr%str%ss"n#
forc%
5
2. DESI3N O+4ECTIVES
'he structura design shoud satisf( structura and nonstructura re4uirements in ,ig. 0.
9
D%s"#n R%5u"r%%nts
Structural R%5u"r%%nts Non,Structural R%5u"r%%nts
Str%n#t(
Sta0"l"t!
R"#"$"t!
Su"ta0"l"t!
Econo!
Ma"nta"na0"l"t!
F"#. 2 R%5u"r%%nts of structural $%s"#n.
6. LIMIT STATES DESI3N METHOD
'he design re4uirements are satisfied using three imit states in ,ig. 2.
A structure reaches its li&it "tate when it becomes %nfit for its use.
Ulti&ate li&it "tate is ver( im!ortant since it invoves structure collap"e.
'hus, this imit state shoud have lo. !robabiit( of occurrence.
'he de"ign is carried out for the %lti&ate li&it "tate. 'hen the "ervicea-ilit'
li&it state is chec/ed.
'he "pecial li&it "tate is considered in case of a-nor&al conditions.
L""t Stat%s
S%r."c%a0"l"t!
L""t Stat%
S-%c"al L""t
Stat%
E1c%ss".%
$%fl%ct"on
E1c%ss".%
crac' )"$t(
E1c%ss".%
."0rat"on
Ult"at%
L""t Stat%
Ra-tur%
Pro#r%ss".%
colla-s%
Insta0"l"t!*Loss
of %5u"l"0r"u
9atig%e
Plast"c
%c(an"s
S%.%r%
%art(5ua'%
E1-los"on7 f"r%7
%tc.
En."ron%ntal
$%t%r"orat"on
C(%"cal
$%t%r"orat"on
:
F"#. / L""t Stat%s D%s"#n M%t(o$.
8. UNIFIED DESI3N APPROACH FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
Structural concr%t% is a unif(ing name for concrete used for structura
!ur!oses incuding plain, reinforced and pre"tre""ed concrete.
)revious research and deveo!ments on structura concrete have resuted in a
variet( of design a!!roaches and codes of !ractice.
'he design a!!roach for a t(!es of concrete ("tr%ct%ral concrete) shoud be
con"i"tent and %nified, i.e. t(% un"f"%$ a--roac( to t(% $%s"#n of structural
concr%t%.
THE UNIFIED DESI3N APPROACH 9UDA:
(ll regiona and nationa code" shoud be %nified.
Me&-er design shoud re!ace "ection design.
%ore consideration be given to3
O.%rall structural 0%(a."or.
Lo#"cal structural s!st%s.
Loa$ -at(s an$ flo) of forc%s.
D%s"#n conc%-ts.
R"#orous $%s"#n o$%ls an$ $%ta"l"n#.
D%forat"on r%stra"nts.
Mult",a1"al stat% of str%ss*stra"n.
8
;. +UILDIN3 CODES
'o ensure p%-lic:" health and "afet' the de"ign and con"tr%ction of buidings is
reguated using &%nicipal -'la." caed 7#%ilding Code"8.
Each co%ntr' shoud have or adopt its own buiding codes which then become
legal documents.
;riting of a code invoves a co&ple1 proce"".
A number of -%ilding code" exist for vario%" application" incuding fire
resistance, heat insuation, occu!anc(, formwor$, design of structura concrete,
etc.
,or exam!e, (CI 2), code or #$ ,))0 are used for the design and construction
of structura concrete. 'hese codes give "pecific re<%ire&ent" for &aterial,
"tr%ct%ral anal'"i", &e&-er proportioning, con"tr%ction practice, etc.
;fficia buiding codes do not exist in the *SA for structura concrete. A
number of non6govern&ent in"tit%tion" are res!onsibe for deveo!ing and
!roducing the codes. 'he (CI ta$es the main roe in !roducing the code. 'he
ACI code is regarded as an a%thoritative "tate&ent of current good !ractice in
the fied of reinforced concrete. It has been incorporated in a number of
&%nicipal and regional -%ilding code" that have legal "tat%" and thus the (CI
code itsef attain a legal "tanding. 'he (CI code has aso served as a &odel
code for man( countries in the .orld.
Codes do not "%-"tit%te for "o%nd engineering =%dg&ent. In man( a!!ications,
code" "erve a" a g%ide and =%dg&ent is made based on f%ll %nder"tanding of
the theor' of reinforced concrete and "tr%ct%ral -ehavior of &e&-er" at
&aterial level. <owever, this does not mean that =ngineers can violate the code
re<%ire&ent".
9
<. STRUCTURAL SAFET=
Unc%rta"nt"%s "n R%s"stanc%
>ariabiit( in &aterial "trength, member di&en"ion" and inaccurac( of de"ign
&ethod".
Unc%rta"nt"%s "n Loa$
+( nature act%al load" can not -e predicted acc%ratel'. In addition,
&athe&atical &odel" do not ade4uate( re!resent act%al ph'"ical &odel"..
Cons%5u%nc% of Fa"lur%
'he level of "afet' de!ends on "%-=ective factor" such as !otentia lo"" of life, co"t
of fail%re and t'pe of fail%re where sudden -rittle faiures need to be !revented
and aternative load path" and load redi"tri-%tion need to be aowed.
'he "afet' factor" are cacuated foowing a pro-a-ili"tic approach in ,ig. 7.
In accordance with the !robabiistic a!!roach a-"ol%te safet( can never -e
achieved even if a arge factor of safet( was used in the deter&ini"tic design
a!!roaches. 'he pro-a-ilit' of fail%re can however be red%ced b( increa"ing the
re"i"tance or b( red%cing the di"per"ion of re"i"tance.
f
1
9>:
Valu% 9>:
R%s"stanc% 9R: Loa$ 9L:
Fa"lur% Ar%a
L>R
F"#. 2 Poss"0l% co0"nat"ons of loa$ an$ r%s"stanc%
1?
?. LOAD T=PES
"oads can be cassified as shown in ,ig. 5.
'he foowing remar$s are reated to the t(!e of oads3
Creep resuts from per&anent oads !us "%"tain !art of varia-le oad.
Infuence of d'na&ic load" can be considered b( &%ltipl'ing the live load
b( i&pact factor" or b( carr(ing out d'na&ic anal'"i".
In the Ulti&ate 5i&it $tate the &ean val%e of the &a1i&%& live or .ind
oad on the structure in its lifeti&e is considered.
In the $ervicea-ilit' 5i&it $tate 0? to *0? of the &ean val%e of the
&a1i&%& live or .ind oad is considered.
,or cacuating the "%"tained oad deflection 20? to 20? of "pecified live
oad is considered /(CI code con"ider" the entire "pecified live load .hich
re"%lt" in overe"ti&ating creep deflection of "lender col%&n"1.
11
Loa$
P%ran%nt
/e.g. own wt.1
Acc"$%ntal
/e.g. ex!osion1
Var"a0l%
/e.g. occu!anc(1
Susta"n
/e.g. furniture1
S(ort $urat"on
/e.g. !eo!e1
Fr%%
/e.g. traffic1
F"1%$
/e.g. crane1
F"#. 6 Class"f"cat"on of loa$s.
D!na"c
/!roduce acceeration1
Stat"c
/do not cause acceeration1
1@. LOADIN3 SPECIFICATIONS
"oads ma( be estimated based on the ($CE Mini&%& De"ign 5oad" for
#%ilding" and !ther $tr%ct%re" (($CE 7) former( $nown as (@$I (,.).
ASC= : s!ecifies dead oads, ive oads due to occu!anc(, snow oads /de!end on
the %"e categorie"1, roof oads, construction oads, wind oads /de!end on the %"e
categorie"1, earth4ua$e oads /de!end on the %"e categorie"1 and other oads /e.g.
foods, soi oads, etc.1.
T(% Us% Cat%#or"%s Ar% As Follo)sA
I. +uidings and other structures that re!resent a ow ha-ard to human ife
at faiure, e.g., warehouses and agricutura faciities.
II. +uidings and other structures that do not fa into categories I, III or I>.
III. +uidings and other structures that re!resent a substantia ha-ard to
human ife at faiure, e.g., schoos, buidings host chemica or ex!osive
materias.
I>. +uidings and other structures designated as essentia faciities, e.g.,
hos!ita, !oice stations, !ower6generating stations, communication
centers, etc.
10
11.STREN3TH DESI3N METHOD IN ACI
7(CI 2),602A2),3602B #%ilding Code 3e<%ire&ent" for $tr%ct%ral Concrete
Co&&entar'8.
&or'"n#
Loa$s
>
Factor%$
Loa$s
R%$uc%$
Str%n#t(
B
R%5u"r%$
Str%n#t(
D%s"#n
Str%n#t(
B
Or
No"nal
Str%n#t(
F"#. 8 Str%n#t( D%s"#n M%t(o$.
12
12. ADVANCES IN LOAD AND RESISTIN3 FACTORS IN ACI /1<,@2
D%s"#n Str%n#t( 9R%$uc%$ Str%n#t(:
D%s"#n Str%n#t( C No"nal Str%n#t(
Str%n#t( r%$uct"on factors DE 9ACI ?./:A
C @.? for ten"ion6controlled sections.
C @.;@ for co&pre""ion6controlled sections with "piral
reinforcement
C @.86 for other co&pre""ion6controlled sections
C @.;6 for "hear and tor"ion
C @.86 for -earing on concrete
C @.;6 for "tr%tCand6tie modes
sha be &odified for earth<%a/e resisting eements ((CI 0.2.+).
R%5u"r%$ Str%n#t( 9U:
Loa$ factors 9ACI ?.2:A
U C 1.29D F F: /ACI 9611
U C 1.29D F F F T: F 1.89L F H: F @.69L
r
or S or R: /ACI 9601
U C 1.2D F 1.89L
r
or S or R: F 91.@L or @.< &: /ACI 9621
U C 1.2D F 1.8& F 1.@L F @.69L
r
or S or R: /ACI 9671
U C 1.2D F 1.@E F 1.@L F @.2S /ACI 9651
U C @.?D F 1.8& F 1.8H /ACI 9691
U C @.?D F 1.@E F 1.8H /ACI 96:1
Modification" to these factors are given in Code for various oading conditions.
E1a-l%A U for L an$ D loa$"n# cas%A
U C 1.2D F 1.8 L /ACI 9601
17
1/. LOAD AND RESISTIN3 FACTORS IN ACI /1<,@2 APPENDIG DCE
Alt%rnat".% Str%n#t( r%$uct"on factors D E 9ACI C./:A
C @.? for ten"ion6controlled sections.
C @.;6 for co&pre""ion6controlled sections with "piral
reinforcement
C @.; for other co&pre""ion6controlled sections
C @.<6 for "hear and tor"ion
C @.;6 for -earing on concrete
C @.<6 for "tr%tCand6tie modes
sha be &odified for earth<%a/e resisting eements ((CI C.2.+).
Alt%rnat @*nex!ected =nd of ,ormua Str%n#t( DUE 9ACI C.2:
U C 1.2D F 1.;L 9C,1:
U C @.;691.2D F 1.;L: F 91.8& or 1.@E: /C601
U C @.?D F 91.8& or 1.@E: /C621
U C 1.2D F 1.;L F 1.;H /C671
U C @.;691.2D F 1.2T F 1.;L: /C651
U C 1.29D F T: /C691
U C @.?D F 1.;H /In case L and D reduce effect of H1
U C @.?D F 1.2F: /in case L and D reduce effect of F1
F is muti!ied b( 1.2 in a oad combinations that incude L.
Notat"on
DA D%a$ loa$
EA S%"s"c Loa$
FA Flu"$ -r%ssur% loa$
HA Eart( -r%ssur% loa$
LA L".% loa$
L
r
A Roof l".% loa$
RA Ra"n loa$
SA Sno) loa$
TA Cuulat".% %ff%cts of $"ff%r%nt"al s%ttl%%nt7 cr%%-7 s(r"n'a#%7
%1-ans"on or t%-%ratur% c(an#%
UA R%5u"r%$ str%n#t(
&A &"n$ loa$
15
12. ADVANCES IN FLEGURAL THEOR= IN ACI /1<9@2:
T!-%s of S%ct"ons
H
!
@.@@2 @.@@2IH
s
I@.@@6
H
s
@.@@6 H
s
C@.@@2
H
s
I@.@@2
H
s
C@.@@2
O.%r,r%"nforc%$ 0r"ttl% s%ct"ons
H
s
I@.@@2 H
s
@.@@2
Un$%r,r%"nforc%$
$uct"l% s%ct"ons
H
c
C@.@@/
H
c
C@.@@/ H
c
C@.@@/ H
c
C@.@@/
H
c
C@.@@/
Co-r%ss"on,
controll%$
s%ct"on
T%ns"on,
controll%$
s%ct"on
+alanc%$
s%ct"on
Trans"t"on
s%ct"on
Trans"t"on
s%ct"on
F"#. ; T!-%s of s%ct"ons.
19
16. STREN3TH REDUCTION FACTOR DE
1:

@.86
@.?
@.@@2 @.@@6
H
s
@.@@2
+%as
F"#. < Str%n#t( r%$uct"on factor.
18. LON3ITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT RATIOS
y y
c
b
f f
f
y s
+

=
=
9??
9??
85 . ?
1 1 /


y
c
f
f
s

=
= 1 1 ??7 . ? / max
297 . ?

y
c
f
f
s

=
= 1 1 ??5 . ? /
219 . ?

ForA
D
-
0alanc%$ s%ct"on
E
-
co-r%ss"on,controll%$ s%ct"on
F 1 ??5 . ? =
s
( t%ns"on,controll%$ s%ct"on

-
G G 1 ??5 . ? / =
s
trans"t"on s%ct"on
E
&a1
0r"ttl% 0%(a."or
For $%s"#n of 0%asA
F
&a1
$uct"l% 0%(a."or

y
y
c
f
f
f 7 . 1
7
min

=
$uct"l% 0%(a."or
18
1;. EGAMPLE
,ind M
%
for the shown section
(""%&e ten"ion6controlled "ectionH
Fro E5u"l"0r"u
C C T
b f .
f A
a
c
y s

=
85 ?
= 73.4 mm
c = a/
1
= 86.4 mm
Fro stra"n $"a#ra

s
= 0.01 > 0.005 a""%&ption i" o/.
f
"
D f
'
and D 0.0
H !rB Chec/ for F
(I"D0.00)
??99 . ?
77? A 0??
0?1 A 2
= =
?121 ?
717
0?
85 ? 219 ?
??5 ?
. . * .
) . (
s
= =
=
F
(I"D0.00)
ten"ion6controlled "ection
1 0 / a d T M M
n
= =
/@.& 5 . 9? 11? 0 :2.7 717/77? A 0?1 A 2 A ?.9 B
9
C
= =

C(%c'
y
y
c
f
f
f 7 . 1
7
min

=
J D 0.00*0 E J
&in
D 0.002+ o/
19
I
"
I
c
D0.002
f
"
@.<6
C
T
2@@
22@
c
a
aA2
D20 MPa
f
'
D+)+ MPa
/18
1<. ULTRA HI3H STREN3TH CONCRETE
3%n%ral Pro-%rt"%s of t(% UKPC
*tra <igh )erformance concrete 9*<)C: is a high strength, ow !orosit(
and ductie materia.
*<)C is made with !"#t$and c%m%nt& s'$'ca fm%& (a#t) f$"#& f'n% s'$'ca
sand& high range *at%# #%dc%# and stee or organic f'b#%s with ver( $"* */c
#at'".
'he abs%nc% "f c"a#s% a++#%+at% is a $e( as!ect to #%dc% the ,%t%#"+%n%'ty
between the cement matrix and the aggregate.
'he c%m%nt c"nt%nt is more than 1000 $gDm2.
'he d%ns'ty is high more than -60? $gDm2.
'he dct'$'ty is im!roved b( using stee micro f'b#%s.
'he c"m.#%ss'/% st#%n+t, is more than -00 %)a.
'he fexura strength is more than 50 %)a.
It is !ossibe to !roduce concrete with a strength as high as ;@@ MPa in the
$ab"#at"#y.
'he use of *<)C ma( aow the %$'m'nat'"n of the #%'nf"#c'n+ st%%$.
*<)C meets a %'+,t .%#f"#manc% c#'t%#'a for high !erformance concrete3
fr%%J%,t(a) $ura0"l"t!7 scal"n# r%s"stanc%7 a0ras"on r%s"stanc%7 c(lor"$%
-%n%trat"on7 co-r%ss".% str%n#t(7 o$ulus of %last"c"t!7 s(r"n'a#%7 an$
cr%%-.
*<)C is a miestone on the wa( towards n"0ma'nt%nanc% constructions.
'he mat%#'a$ itsef is a/a'$ab$% and the !robem is the ease of a..$'cat'"n
and the .#'c%.
'(!ica Com!osition of *<)C
Mat%r"al P%rc%nt 0! &%"#(t
Portlan$ 2<.;
F"n% San$ 21.1
S"l"ca Fu% ?./
3roun$ KuartJ <.6
Su-%r-last"c"J%
r
@.6
St%%l F"0r%s 8.2
&at%r 6.6
0?
D%s"#n Pro-%rt"%s of UHPC
Val"$ $%s"#n r%le" for UHPC do not !%t e1it.
A )or' #rou- of t(% Ger&an Co&&i""ion on 3einforced Concrete (as
-r%s%nt%$ a stat% of t(% art r%-ort on UHPC. So% of t(% &ain a"pect"
ar%A
T(% Mo$ulus of %last"c"t! DE
c
E for UHPC
or
E
c
C 18./82 Ln 9f
c
: L /2.<2< 91@
/
N*
2
:
+%(a."our Un$%r Co-r%ss"on
UHPC s(o)s a linear %last"c 0%(a."or Unt"l a0out ;@ to ,0 ? of f
c
.
T(% fail%re of UHPC .itho%t fi-re" "s of e1plo"ive natur%.
@o de"cending 0ranc( "n t(% str%ss,stra"n,$"a#ra $o%s %1"st.
+%(a."or "n T%ns"on
Len"ile strength vaues ma( reach ) %)a.
'he "lope of the de"cending branch de!ends on the fibre orientation,
content and t'pe.
01
S(%ar R%s"stanc% of UHPC Structural El%%nts
'ests !roved that it is ver( effective to use stee fi-re" a" a "hear reinforcement
in"tead of "tirr%p".
Shear faiure !attern of the test s!ecimens
A mode for the "hear force ca!acit( of <)C6beams .itho%t "hear reinforce&ent
/stirru!s1 has been !ro!osed b( Ein$ such as3
00
Fl%1ural D%s"#n of UHPC +%as
Com!ressive stress distribution for *<)C is trapeMoidal. (CI #loc/ can be used
for strength u! to ,0 %)a.
L""t"n# co-r%ss".% stra"n
'he constant vaue of strain at extreme concrete com!ression fiber of 0.002
!rescribed b( (CI 2), re!resents "ati"factoril' the ex!erimenta resuts for high6
"trength as we as ower6strength concrete, athough it is not a" con"ervative for
high6strength concrete.
1
3
f
c
c
c
d
L=A
s
f
y
CD1
1
1
-
f
c
bc
1
-
c
2 f
c
c
L=A
s
f
y
L=A
s
f
y
CD0.85f
c
bc
3
CD(1N)/- f
c
bc)
Actual for NSC +loc' for NSC Tra-%Jo"$al for UHPC
02
1?. STRUT,AND,TIE MODELS
+ac'#roun$
'he "tr%t6and6tie method is based on the tr%"" analog' used for shear design of
#6region" shown in ,ig. 9.
'he strut6and6tie mode is used to ideai-e the flo. of force in a crac/ed
concrete beam.
Marti and $chlaich et a. !romoted the use of the strut6and6tie method for
design of D63egion".
V
s
V
s
V
s
V
s
Actual 0%a
Truss analo#!
F"#. ? Truss analo#! for s(%ar.
07
2@. +, AND D, RE3IONS
+, 9+%a or +%rnoull": R%#"ons
+6Regions are !arts of a structure in which +ernouiFs h(!othesis of "traight6line
"train !rofies a!!ies.
D,9D"stur0%$ or D"scont"nu"t!: R%#"ons
86Regions are !arts of a structure with a co&ple1 variation in "train.
86Regions incude !ortions near a-r%pt changes in geo&etr' /geometrica
discontinuities1 or concentrated force" /statica discontinuities1.
St. V%nantMs Pr"nc"-l%
'he extent of a D63egion s!ans about one "ection depth of the region on either
"ide of the discontinuit( as shown in ,ig. 1?.
05
F"#. 1@ +, an$ D, r%#"ons.
21. 3ENERAL NOTES ON STM
#63egion" are ade4uate( designed based on conventional modes, e.g. design
for fle1%re is based on conventiona -ea& theor' and the design for "hear is
based on the tr%"" analog'.
Previo%" code !rovisions !rovided little g%idance for design of most t(!es of
D63egion" such as deep -ea&", cor-el", -ea&6col%&n =oint", and !ie cap".
D63egion" were designed b( e&pirical approache" or b( using co&&on
detailing practice".
'he $LM is emerging as a code6.orth' &ethodolog' for the design of a t(!es
of D63egion" in "tr%ct%ral concrete.
Athough the $LM is e4ua( applica-le to both #6 and D6Region !robems, it
is not practical to a!!( the S'% method to #6Region !robems.
,
09
22. STM DESI3N CONCEPT
S'% is a truss mode of a member that is made of struts, ties and connected at
nodes ca!abe of transmitting the oads to su!!orts.
Sim!e S'% is shown in ,ig. 11.
T!-%s of No$%s
T!-%s of Struts
C
C C
C C
C
T
T T
T
T
T
CCC No$% TTT No$% CCT No$% CTT No$%
0:
Strut
T"%
No$%
Pr"sat"c +ottl%
Fan
F"#. 11 Strut an$ T"% Mo$%l 9STM:.
2/. DESI3N PROCESS
'he design !rocess using S'% invoves five ma5or ste!s that are iustrated for
da!!ed6ended beam in ,ig. 10.
1. 8efine the boundaries of the 86Region and determine the boundar( forces.
0. S$etch the truss and sove for the truss member forces.
2. Seect stee reinforcement that is !ro!er( anchored into the nodes to !rovide
the necessar( tie ca!acit(.
7. =vauate the dimensions of the struts and nodes to carr( the forces.
5. )rovide distributed reinforcement to ensure ductie behavior of the 86Region.
08
F"#. 12 D%s"#n st%-s of STM.
22. STREN3TH OF MODEL MEM+ERS 9ACI /1<,@2 A--%n$"1 A:
Str%n#t( of Struts
9
%
F 9
n"
9
n"
D f
c%
(
c
#here
C @.;6

"
C 1.@ for !rismatic struts in %ncrac/ed com!ression -ones.
C @.2 for struts in ten"ion members.
C @.;6 for botte sha!ed struts with crac/ control reinforce&entA.
C @.8 for a other cases.
A Crac/ control reinforce&ent G
G stee ratio of reinforcement crossing the strut under review.
G ange between the axis of the strut and the bars.
Str%n#t( of No$%s
9
%
F 9
nn
9
nn
D f
c%
(
n
#here
C @.;6

n
C 1.@ for nodes bounded b( struts andDor bearing areas.
C @.< for nodes anchor on( one tie.
C @.8 for nodes anchor more than one tie.
Str%n#t( of T"%s
9
%
F 9
nt
9
nt
D f
'
(
"
#here
C @.;6
09
26. DESI3N EGAMPLEA DEEP +EAM
and
Chec$ +earing Strength
+earing strength at !oints of oading G
G ?.:5/?.851/051/1.?1/75?1/5??1D1??? G 2589 $. H 19?? $. ;&
+earing strength at su!!orts G
G ?.:5/?.851/051/?.8?1/75?1/5??1D1??? G 0898 $. H 19?? $. ;&
Strut6and6'ie %ode
2?
M%0%r Forc%s an$ D"%ns"ons
.ote that the entire deep -ea& is a di"t%r-ed D6region.
9
#C
G 9
(D
G 1<6@ $., 9
#C
= 2222 $.
Chec$ ca!acit( of I!rismaticJ strut 453
G ?.:5/?.851/1.?1/051/5??1/07?
K
1D1??? G G 1910 $. ;&
K width of strut.
Chec$ Ca!acit( of botted6sha!e strut A+3
G ?.:5/?.851/?.:51/051/5??1/7:91D1???
G 0885 $. H 0777 $. ;&
*se crossing vertica and hori-onta /1 K12 on each face at s
,
G 2?? mm1 and
vertica /1 K19 on each face at s
/
G 2?? mm1 reinforcement in this strut /
"
D 0.71.
G ?.??210 H ?.??2 ;&
T"% (DA
*se 0 a(ers of 5 K09 bars G 975? mm
0
L 8? mm and 00? mm from bottom.
21
28. SPECIAL ADVANCES IN STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
1. %ohamed Eiara, D$tr%ct%ral 3eha-ilitation of 3einforced Concrete ;ater
Lan/"7E 'he .inth Arab Structura =ngineering Conference /9AS=C1,
.ovember 0968ecember 1, 0??2, Abu 8habi, *nited Arab =mirates, !! 7:9 M
789.
0. %ohamed Arafa and %ohamed Eiara, 7@on65inear 9inite Ele&ent (nal'"i"
of 3C #ea&" ;ith $pecial Detailing of $tirr%p",8 )roceedings of the
Internationa Conference on =ngineering and Cit( 8eveo!ment, the Isamic
*niversit(, 00 6 02 Se!tember 0??2, Na-a, )aestine, !! C6?28 6 C?5?.
2. %ohamed %. Eiara, <asan S. 8wei$ and %ohammed S. <adidoun,
7Engineering Propertie" of Concrete &ade .ith Gro%nd Mela&ine6
9or&aldeh'de Lher&o"etting Pla"tic" a" $and 3eplace&ent,8 'he Sixth
Internationa Conference on Concrete 'echnoog( for 8eveo!ing Countries,
Amman, Oordan, -10-3 6ct"b%# -00-.
7. %ohamed %. Eiara and 8avid <adane, 79le1%re6$hear Model for
Prevention of Diagonal 9ail%re" in #ea&" Made .ith Kigh $trength
Concrete,8 'he =ighth =ast Asia6)acific Conference on Structura
=ngineering and Construction3 Chaenges in the 01
st
Centur(, Singa!ore, 507
7%c%mb%# -001.
5. %ohamed %. Eiara, 7$tr%ct%ral Upgrading of 3C #ea&" U"ing Co&po"ite
!verla'",8 Oourna of Construction and +uiding %aterias, *&, >o. 17, .o.
8, 7%c%mb%# -000& !!. 29:67?9.
9. %ohamed %. Eiara, 8avid <adane and Stuart <ood, 7Propo"ed Change" to
fle1%ral De"ign in #$ ,))0 to (llo. !ver63einforced $ection" to 9ail in a
D%ctile Manner,8 %aga-ine of Concrete Research /"ondon1, *&, >o. 50, .o.
9, 7%c%mb%# -000& !!. 7726757.
:. %ohamed %. Eiara, 7Lhe U"e of Under, !ver and Kighl'6!ver 3einforced
9le1%ral Me&-er" Made ;ith @or&al (nd Kigh $trength Concrete,8 'he
7
th
'echnica Congress, Advances in Civi =ngineering, Na-imagusa, 'R.C,
103 8"/%mb%# -000.
20
8. 8. <adane and %ohamed %. Eiara, 7$trengthening of 3einforced Concrete
Girder" .ith NN and "T" Cro"" $ection",8 'he Institute of Civi
=ngineering, Structures and +uiding Oourna, *&, >o. 17?, 9%b. -000& !!.
916:0.
9. %ohamed %. Eiara, 8avid <adane and A. S. &uttab, 7Prevention of Diagonal
Len"ion 9ail%re" in #ea&" U"ing a 9le1%ral6$hear Interaction (pproach,8
%aga-ine of Concrete Research /"ondon1, *&, >o. 51, .o. 7, A+st 1:::,
!!. 0:56089.
1?. S. Oada and %ohamed %. Eiara 73epair and $trengthening of $la-" U"ing
#onded Concrete !verla'",8 IA+S= S(m!osium, "ong6S!an and <igh6Rise
Structures, &obe, Oa!an, ;%.t%mb%# -04& 1::8, !!. 2:262:5.
11. %ohamed %. Eiara, R. Rustom, %. =6+a((a and A. Amer, 7Code", $tandard"
and 3eg%lation" in Pale"tine,8 'he Reconstruction of )aestine3 Issues,
;!tions, and Strategies, edited b( A. +. Eahan, )ubished b( &egan )au
Internationa, "ondon and .ew Por$, 1::7& !!. :16:9.
10. %ohamed %. Eiara, 7Lhe $trength and D%ctilit' of $tr%ct%ral Concrete
Me&-er" in Earth<%a/e 3egion",8 ,irst )aestinian S(m!osium for
=arth4ua$e <a-ard %itigation, An6.a5ah .ationa *niversit(, .abus,
)aestine, 180-0 <n% 1::6.
12. %ohamed %. Eiara, 8. <adane and A. &uttab, 79le1%ral #ehavior of #ea&"
.ith Confine&ent,8 American Concrete Institute ACI, Structura Oourna,
*SA, >o. 90, .o. 1, <ana#y09%b#a#y 1::5, !!. 1?26117.
17. %ohamed %. Eiara, 8. <adane and A. &uttab, 7$hear and 9le1%ral
$trength" 3e"%lting fro& Confine&ent of the Co&pre""ion 3egion in
Circ%lar $ection $tr%ct%ral Concrete #ea&",8 %aga-ine of Concrete
Research /"ondon1, *&, >o. 75 /.o. 1971, ;%.t%mb%# 1::3, !!. 0116019.
22