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The First Derivative: Types of Stationary Points

This document provides information on using derivatives to analyze functions geometrically, including: 1) The first derivative is used to determine where a function is increasing or decreasing, and finding local extrema. The second derivative determines concavity and points of inflection. 2) Examples are provided of using derivatives to find stationary points, points of inflection, graph properties like maxima and minima. 3) A multi-step example walks through sketching a cubic function by finding its stationary points, inflection points, intercepts, and using this to graph the function. 4) Additional examples demonstrate using derivatives to solve applied optimization problems by setting up the objective function and constraints in terms of variables.

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91 views

The First Derivative: Types of Stationary Points

This document provides information on using derivatives to analyze functions geometrically, including: 1) The first derivative is used to determine where a function is increasing or decreasing, and finding local extrema. The second derivative determines concavity and points of inflection. 2) Examples are provided of using derivatives to find stationary points, points of inflection, graph properties like maxima and minima. 3) A multi-step example walks through sketching a cubic function by finding its stationary points, inflection points, intercepts, and using this to graph the function. 4) Additional examples demonstrate using derivatives to solve applied optimization problems by setting up the objective function and constraints in terms of variables.

Uploaded by

api-19505025
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GITIMH3 94107 Geometrical Applications of Differentiation Page 1

The First Derivative


11/11/98
To See How To Differentiate See Differentiation

 The point on the curve is increasing when f’(x) > 0


 The point on the curve is decreasing when f’(x) < 0
 The point on the curve is stationary when f’(x) = 0

f’(x) < 0 f’(x) > 0

f’(x) = 0

Types of Stationary Points:


Local Minimum Point

x LHS MIN RH
S
f’(x) <0 0 >0

Local Maximum Point

x LHS MA RHS
X
f’(x) >0 0 <0

Point of Horizontal Inflection


(1) (2)
x LHS PT RHS
1 f’(x) <0 0 <0
2 f’(x) >0 0 >0

Luke Cole Page 1


GITIMH3 94107 Geometrical Applications of Differentiation Page 2

E.g. (1) Find all ‘x’ values for which the curve f(x) = x2 – 4.x + 1 is decreasing

A f(x) = x2 – 4.x + 1
f’(x) = 2.x – 4
So, 2.x – 4 < 0 for a decreasing point
 x<2

E.g. (2) Find the stationary points of y = x3 – 48.x – 7

dy
A  3.x 2  48
dx
So, 3.x2 – 48 = 0 for stationary points
x=4
Subbing x =  4 into equation
 (4,  135) & ( 4, 121)

E.g. (3) Determine the types of stationary points for y = x3

dy
A  3.x 2  0 for stationary points
dx
x=0
So, x 0 0 0+
dy + 0 +
dx

 The Type of stationary point is: Horizontal point of infection

Luke Cole Page 2


GITIMH3 94107 Geometrical Applications of Differentiation Page 3

The Second Derivative


12/11/98

 The curve is concave up when f’’(x) > 0


 The curve is concave down when f’’(x) < 0
 There is a point of inflection when f’’(x) = 0 and concavity changes

f’’(x) < 0 f’’(x) = 0

f’’(x) > 0

Types of Stationary Points:


Local Minimum Point
x LHS MIN RH
S
f’(x) <0 0 >0
or
f’’(x) > 0

Maximum Stationary Point

x LHS MA RHS
X
f’(x) >0 0 <0
or
f’’(x) < 0

Point of Inflection
(1) x LHS PT RH (2)
S
1 f’’(x) <0 0 >0
2 f’’(x) >0 0 <0

Luke Cole Page 3


GITIMH3 94107 Geometrical Applications of Differentiation Page 4

E.g. (1) If f(x) = 2.x3  7.x2  5.x + 4, find where f(x) is concave down

A f’(x) = 6x2 – 14x – 5


f’’(x) = 12.x – 14
So, 12.x – 4 < 0 for concave down curves
 x < 7/6

7
/6

E.g. (2) Find the point of inflection of y = x3 – 6.x2 + 5.x + 9

dy
A  3.x 2  12.x  5
dx
d2y
2
 6.x  12.x 2  0 for points of inflection
dx
So, x=2&y=3
And, x 2 2 2+

d2y  0 +
 Concavity Changes
dx 2
 (2, 3) is a point of inflection

E.g. (3) Graph y = x4

Luke Cole Page 4


GITIMH3 94107 Geometrical Applications of Differentiation Page 5

dy
A  4.x 3  0 for stationary points
dx
So, x=0
d2y
2
 12.x 2
dx
d2y
At, x=0 0
dx 2
And, x 0 0 0+

d2y + 0 +
 Concavity doesn’t change
dx 2
Since f’(x) = 0 & f’’(x) = 0 but doesn’t change concavity, no point of
inflection so:
dy
From,  4.x 3
dx
x 0 0 0+

dy  0 +
dx

Luke Cole Page 5


GITIMH3 94107 Geometrical Applications of Differentiation Page 6

Curve Sketching
16/11/98
Sketching Curves Involves:
 Stationary points
 Points of inflection
 ‘x’ and ‘y’ intercepts
 Domain and Range
 Asymptotes and limits
 Establish if odd or even
 If needed draw a table of values

E.g. Sketch the curve, y = 2.x3 + 3.x2  12.x  13

A Finding Stationary Points


dy
 6.x 2  6.x  12  0 for stationary points
dx
 x=2 & x=1
y=7 y =  20
x  2   2+ x 1 1 1+
2 dy  0 +
dy + 0  dx
dx
 ( 2, 7) maximum & (1,  20) minimum

Finding Points of Inflection


d2y
 12.x  6  0 for points of inflection
dx 2
 x=½
y =  6½
x  6½   6½+
6½
dy  0 +
dx
 ( ½,  6½) is a point of inflection

Luke Cole Page 6


GITIMH3 94107 Geometrical Applications of Differentiation Page 7

Finding ‘x’ & ‘y’ Intercepts


Let, x = 0 for y-intercepts:
 y =  13
Let, y = 0 for x-intercepts:
 0 = 2.x3 + 3.x2  12.x  13
Since, 2x2 + x  13 is divisible by x + 1:
i.e. (x+ 1)(2.x2 + x  13) = 0
 x=1 & x  2.3,  2.8

Finding Domain and Range


So, 2.x3 + 3.x2  12.x  13  All Real:
 Domain = All Real
Since, y = 2.x3 + 3.x2  12.x  13:
 Range = All Real

Since domain and range are all real there is on limits or asymptotes

Sketch

( 2, 7) y

(1,  20)

Luke Cole Page 7


GITIMH3 94107 Geometrical Applications of Differentiation Page 8

Maximum and Minimum


 When asked to find the maximum (not local max) it’s the greatest value for ‘y’
 When asked to find the minimum (not local min) it’s the smallest value for ‘y’

E.g. Find the max and min values for the function y = x4  2.x2 + 1 for  2  x  3

A …
…
Sketch in the domain  2  x  3

MAX
So, MAX  y = 64
MIN  y = 0

MIN

Luke Cole Page 8


GITIMH3 94107 Geometrical Applications of Differentiation Page 9

Maxima and Minima Problems


E.g. The council wishes to make a rectangular swimming area at the beach using a
straight cliff on one side and a length of 300m of shark pool netting for the other
3 sides what are the dimensions of the rectangle that encloses the greatest area?

A Perimeter
P = 2.x + y = 300 …(1)
Area
A = x.y …(2)
(1)  y = 300  2.x …(3)
Now sub (2) into (3) x
A = x(300  2.x)
= 300.x  2.x2
Max area y
dA
 300  4.x  0 for stationary points
dx
x = 75
x 75 75 75+
dA + 0 
dx

 Dimensions are x = 75 & y = 150

Luke Cole Page 9


GITIMH3 94107 Geometrical Applications of Differentiation Page 10

Primitive Functions
 Primitive functions is finding f(x) knowing f’(x)

x n 1
If, f’(x) = xn When, f  x   C
n1
C = Constant

E.g. (1) Find f(x) from f’(x) = x5  4.x3


x 6 4.x 4
So, f x    C
6 4
= 1 6 .x 6  x 4  C

E.g. (2) If f’’(x) = 6.x + 2 and f’(1) = 0 and f( 2) = 0 find f(3)

A Here, f’(x) = 3.x2 + 2.x + C


Since, f’(1) = 0 = 3(1)2 + 2(1) + C
C=5
So, f’(x) = 3.x2 + 2.x  5
Now, f(x) = x3 + x2  5.x + C
Since, f( 2) = 0 = ( 2)3 + ( 2)2  5( 2) + C
C=6
 f(x) = x3 + x2  5.x  6
 f(3) = 15

Luke Cole Page 10

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