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THEORY Bernoulli

To validate Bernoulli's principle experimentally by demonstrating variations in pressure along a converging-diverging pipe. Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in fluid speed causes a decrease in pressure. It can be derived from the law of conservation of energy, which states that the total mechanical energy in a fluid remains constant along a streamline. As speed increases in one section, pressure must decrease, and vice versa. The experiment aims to prove this relationship holds true using a pipe that changes the speed of fluid flow.

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Ejad Adha
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121 views

THEORY Bernoulli

To validate Bernoulli's principle experimentally by demonstrating variations in pressure along a converging-diverging pipe. Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in fluid speed causes a decrease in pressure. It can be derived from the law of conservation of energy, which states that the total mechanical energy in a fluid remains constant along a streamline. As speed increases in one section, pressure must decrease, and vice versa. The experiment aims to prove this relationship holds true using a pipe that changes the speed of fluid flow.

Uploaded by

Ejad Adha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OBJECTIVE:

To demonstrate the variation of the pressure along a converging-diverging


pipe section.
The objective is to validate Bernoullis assumptions and theorem by
experimentally proving that the sum of the terms is the Bernoulli equation along a
streamline always remains a constant.
THEORY :
In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in
the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the
fluid's potential energy. Bernoulli's principle can be applied to various types of fluid flow,
resulting in what is loosely denoted as Bernoulli's equation. In fact, there are different forms
of the Bernoulli equation for different types of flow. The simple form of Bernoulli's principle is
valid for incompressible flows and also for compressible flows moving at low Mach numbers
(usually less than 0.3). More advanced forms may in some cases be applied to compressible
flows at higher Mach numbers.
Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy. This
states that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of mechanical energy in a fluid along a
streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic
energy and potential energy remain constant. Thus an increase in the speed of the fluid
occurs proportionately with an increase in both its dynamic pressure and kinetic energy, and
a decrease in its static pressure and potential energy. If the fluid is flowing out of a reservoir,
the sum of all forms of energy is the same on all streamlines because in a reservoir the
energy per unit volume (the sum of pressure and gravitational potential g h) is the same
everywhere.
Fluid particles are subject only to pressure and their own weight. If a fluid is flowing
horizontally and along a section of a streamline, where the speed increases it can only be
because the fluid on that section has moved from a region of higher pressure to a region of
lower pressure; and if its speed decreases, it can only be because it has moved from a
region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. Consequently, within a fluid flowing
horizontally, the highest speed occurs where the pressure is lowest, and the lowest speed
occurs where the pressure is highest.
In most flows of liquids, and of gases at low Mach number, the density of a fluid
parcel can be considered to be constant, regardless of pressure variations in the flow.
Therefore, the fluid can be considered to be incompressible and these flows are called
incompressible flow. Bernoulli performed his experiments on liquids, so his equation in its
original form is valid only for incompressible flow. A common form of Bernoulli's equation,
valid at any arbitrary point along a streamline, is:


where:
is the fluid flow speed at a point on a streamline,
is the acceleration due to gravity,
is the elevation of the point above a reference plane, with the positive z-direction
pointing upward so in the direction opposite to the gravitational acceleration,
is the pressure at the chosen point, and
is the density of the fluid at all points in the fluid.


The following two assumptions must be met for this Bernoulli equation to apply.
the flow must be incompressible even though pressure varies, the density must
remain constant along a streamline;
friction by viscous forces has to be negligible. In long lines mechanical energy
dissipation as heat will occur. This loss can be estimated e.g. using DarcyWeisbach
equation.
By multiplying with the fluid density , equation can be rewritten as:

or:

where:
is dynamic pressure,
is the piezometric head or hydraulic head (the sum of the elevation z
and the pressure head) and
is the total pressure (the sum of the static pressure p and dynamic
pressure q).





The constant in the Bernoulli equation can be normalised. A common approach is in terms of
total head or energy head H:


The above equations suggest there is a flow speed at which pressure is zero, and at even
higher speeds the pressure is negative. Most often, gases and liquids are not capable of
negative absolute pressure, or even zero pressure, so clearly Bernoulli's equation ceases to
be valid before zero pressure is reached. In liquids when the pressure becomes too low
cavitation occurs. The above equations use a linear relationship between flow speed
squared and pressure. At higher flow speeds in gases, or for sound waves in liquid, the
changes in mass density become significant so that the assumption of constant density is
invalid.

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