CEP June 2012 www.aiche.

org/cep 33
Back to Basics
V
alves control the fow of a fuid through a piping
system by opening, closing, or partially obstructing
a fow path. All valves require actuation, which may
be manual (i.e., by a person) or automated i.e., powered
by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure or by electricity. This
article focuses on electric valve actuators.
An electric actuator is an electromechanical device
that interprets a signal from the control system, generates
torque or thrust via a motor, and positions a valve
accordingly. Electric actuators are operated by a
three-phase or single-phase alternating-current
(AC) or direct-current (DC) power source, and
they have a manual override device, such as a
hand wheel, chain wheel, or operation nut, for
use in the event of a power loss. They can be
operated locally or from a central control room.
The basic electric actuator consists of an elec-
tric motor, a gear train, a control unit, a manual
override device, motor controls, and a valve
interface connection where the actuators motion
is transferred to the valve (Figure 1). It may also
have integral local or remote-mounted controls.
Electric motor
All electric actuators have an electric motor
that generates torque. These motors are three-
phase AC, single-phase AC, or DC powered. They
are specially designed to have high starting torque,
and are mechanically coupled with the actuator
gear train. Most electric actuator motors are ther-
mally protected to prevent overheating and dam-
age from excessive valve and actuator operation.
Gear train
The gear train multiplies the torque generated by the
electric motor and reduces the speed of the electric motor at
the valve interface. The gear train is characterized by a gear
train ratio, which is the number of input turns divided by the
number of resulting output turns. For example, a gearbox
with a ratio of 8:1 requires eight turns at the input of the
gearbox to yield one output turn.
Actuators automate valves by converting an input
signal into motion. This article explains the basics
of electric actuator design and explores
the different types of electric actuators.
Justin Ledger
AUMA Actuators, Inc.
Harness Electricity to
Operate Valves
p Figure 1. Electric actuators generate torque or thrust with a motor, and position a valve
according to an input signal.
Motor Controls
Gear Train
(Worm Gearbox)
Manual Override
(Hand Wheel)
Valve Interface
Connection
Control Unit
Electric Motor
Electrical
Connection
Reprinted with permission from CEP (Chemical Engineering Progress), June 2012.
Copyright 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
34 www.aiche.org/cep June 2012 CEP
Back to Basics
Depending on the size and speed requirements of the
application, various gear types, such as worm gears, spur
gears, and bevel gears, can be used within the actuator gear
train.
A worm gearbox consists of two components, a worm-
wheel and a screw-shaped worm gear (Figure 2). The gear
train ratio of a worm gearbox is defned as the number of
teeth on the wormwheel divided by the number of threads on
the worm gear. Typically, the worm gear can be considered
a single tooth, because it acts like a screw with a single start
that meshes with the wormwheel. This simplifes the gear
train ratio to the number of teeth on the wormwheel.
A spur gearbox consists of two gears mounted on paral-
lel shafts, a smaller driver gear and a larger driven gear
(Figure 3). The gear train ratio of a spur gear is the number
of teeth on the driven gear divided by the number of teeth
on the driver gear. For example, if the driven gear has
64 teeth and the driver gear has eight teeth, the gear train
ratio is 8:1. This ratio defnes the number of driver gear
revolutions required to turn the driven gear one complete
revolution.
Similar to the spur gear, a bevel gearbox has a smaller
pinion gear that drives a larger ring gear (Figure 4). How-
ever, instead of being mounted on parallel shafts, the shafts
of a bevel gearbox are oriented at an angle of up to 90 deg.
A bevel gearboxs gear train ratio is the number of teeth on
the ring gear divided by the number of teeth on the pinion
gear.
The effciency of a gear train depends on the type of
gearing selected, the lubrication used on the gearing, and
other factors such as friction and heat. To calculate a gear
trains actual output torque, the input torque is multiplied
by the gear train ratio and the effciency. The effciency of
the gears is determined by comparing the friction factor
associated with the gearing material to the angles of the
gear teeth themselves. Spur and bevel gearboxes typically
have effciencies of around 90%, while worm gearboxes are
generally about 35% effcient.
The overall mechanical advantage of a gearbox is the
output torque divided by the input torque. The mechanical
advantage is an important parameter because it allows either
the output torque of a gearbox to be calculated based on the
input torque provided, or the necessary input torque to be
calculated based on the output torque required by the appli-
cation. Alternatively, the mechanical advantage can also be
calculated by multiplying the ratio and effciency of the gear
train.
Control unit
The actuator gear train interfaces with the control unit.
The control unit measures the number of actuator output
revolutions and compares that to a setpoint to determine
the valves position. It has a position feedback device, and
position and torque limit switches that protect the valve
and actuator against overload and damage. Limit switches
operate via a simple electrical circuit when the switch
is on, the circuit is closed, and electricity travels to the
actuator motor; when the switch is off, the circuit is open,
p Figure 2. Worm gearboxes typically have high gear train ratios, as there
are many more teeth on the wormwheel than on the worm gear.
q Figure 3. Spur gearboxes typically have low gear train ratios and high
efciencies.
p Figure 4. Bevel gearboxes typically have low gear train ratios and have
rotating shafts oriented at an angle up to 90 deg.
Pinion Gear
Ring Gear
Worm Gear
Wormwheel
Driver Gear
Driven Gear
CEP June 2012 www.aiche.org/cep 35
and electricity does not fow to the actuator, which stops the
valves motion.
Position limit switches are provided at a minimum for
both the full-open and full-closed valve positions. Limit
switches can also be used to stop the valve at predetermined
intermediate positions. For example, during process startup
and shutdown, intermediate position switches can be used to
regulate fow through the valve and pipeline.
Torque limit switches prevent damage to the valve by
measuring the actuators output torque and shutting off
the motor if the output torque rises above a preset value.
Depending on the application, the actuator can be confgured
to stop based on either position or torque limit switches.
Electric actuators may either be intrusive or nonintru-
sive. The conventional intrusive electric actuator utilizes an
electromechanical control unit in which both valve position
and required torque are mechanically measured and micro
switches are activated when the end of travel or a maxi-
mum torque value is reached. Position and torque limits are
mechanically set inside the actuator with a tool, typically a
screwdriver.
Electronic nonintrusive actuators use high-resolution
magnetic transmitters instead of micro switches to mea-
sure valve position. Both position and torque limit settings
are made with the local controls at the actuator or with
remote controls at a computer. These settings are confgured
without physically opening the actuator (hence the name
nonintrusive).
Manual override
In the event of a power outage, a manual override such
as a hand wheel, chain wheel, or operation nut can be used
to control the valve. A hand wheel (Figure 5) is sized to
minimize the rimpull, i.e., the amount of force required to
manually operate the valve. A chain wheel (Figure 6) is typi-
cally utilized when the actuator is mounted in a remote or
inaccessible location. An operation nut (Figure 7) is appro-
priate when a large number of rotations (e.g., more than
about 100 turns of the handwheel) or a large rimpull
(e.g., more than about 80 lb) is required to operate the valve.
An operation nut can also be used as an alternative to a chain
wheel when the actuator is not easily accessible.
For safety reasons, the manual override must not be
engaged while the electric motor is operating i.e., the hand
wheel, chain wheel, or operation nut should not rotate while
the actuator is being operated electrically. Thus, most manual
overrides have a local declutch mechanism to remove the
electric motor from the actuator gear train and engage the
manual override device. Upon return of electric power to the
actuator, the declutch mechanism automatically engages the
electric motor and disengages the manual override device.
p Figure 6. A chain wheel manual override may be used if an actuator is
located in a remote or inaccessible area.
q Figure 7. When a large torque is required to operate the valve, an
operation nut may be used as the manual override device.
p Figure 5. A hand wheel is one type of manual override device provided
for electric actuators.
Article continues on next page
36 www.aiche.org/cep June 2012 CEP
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Motor controller
Electric actuators require a motor controller to direct
the performance of the electric motor. The motor control-
ler (which is separate from the control unit) is responsible
for starting and stopping the motor and selecting forward
or reverse rotation. It consists of a control power supply,
reversing motor contactors, and local operation controls
(e.g., push buttons and lights to indicate actuator operation).
The control power supply, used for safety reasons, is typi-
cally 24 VDC or 115 VAC and supplements the main
three-phase, single-phase, or DC motor power supply.
The control power supply acts as a signal and links the
actuator and control room (i.e., its voltage runs between the
push buttons and the electric actuator). When the actuator
receives a control signal, the reversing motor contactor allows
power from the main motor power supply to fow to the
actuator, which moves the valve in either the open or closed
direction. Low-voltage power supply is used at the push but-
ton because it is safer than the main power supply. Further-
more, the cost to wire the control power supply is less than
the cost to wire the main power supply from the push button
to the actuator because the required wire size is smaller.
Plant engineers and operators can monitor the valve and
actuator on a local display (Figure 8) or in a control room.
Many actuators display the current valve position; some
have the ability to display and store complete diagnostic
information, such as the number of operations in the previ-
ous 24 hours or the amount of torque required to complete
a valve stroke. This information helps the operator monitor
the performance of the process and predict maintenance
requirements.
Electric actuator controls can be as simple as a push but-
ton with indicating lights to signal when the valve reaches
the open or closed position, or as complicated as a full LCD
display with remote control capabilities.
Output motion
An electric actuator and the valve it operates are typi-
cally directly connected. A direct-mount electric actuator is
bolted to the valves mounting fange. However, the actuator
can be mounted separate from the valve and connected via
a drive shaft or an extended threaded stem. This typically is
required when the valve is buried or in a vault and the opera-
tor needs easy access to the actuator.
The actuator output mechanism can vary and depends
on the valve interface. For torque-only applications, a shaft
with a keyway is often used to operate the valve. For thrust
applications, a threaded stem translates the torque produced
in the actuator to a linear force at the valve. Special bearings
within the actuator support the linear force.
If the application involves high temperatures, the actua-
tor must be able to withstand thermal expansion of the
valve stem. Actuator drive train damage can be avoided by
incorporating an output drive with a linear spring to allow
for valve stem expansion.
The actuators output motion may be linear or rotary;
rotary output may be multi-turn or part-turn.
Multi-turn actuators
Gate, globe, pinch, and diaphragm valves are the most
common types of multi-turn valves. A multi-turn valve
requires more than one full revolution of the actuator to
operate the valve. In other words, it requires more than
360 deg. of rotational motion to complete one full valve
stroke (i.e., to run from the fully open position to the fully
closed position).
Depending on the type of valve, the actuator may operate
an input shaft or a threaded stem on the valve. Valve stem
threads convert the torque generated by the actuator into
a linear force or thrust. This force is typically measured in
pounds, ounces, or kilo-Newtons.
In some large multi-turn applications, the use of an
electric actuator alone may not be cost effective or generate
enough torque. In either of these cases, a multi-turn gear-
box can be inserted between the multi-turn actuator and the
valve. This increases the overall output torque generated by
the actuator, but also increases the number of turns and the
time required to stroke the valve. The torque increase gener-
ated by the multi-turn gearbox is defned by its mechanical
advantage, which depends on the type of gearing, the gear
ratio, and the effciency of the gearing. The number of turns
increases by the overall gear train ratio of the multi-turn
gearbox. Most multi-turn gearboxes use either spur or bevel
gearing due to their inherently high effciencies. However,
worm gears can also be used for specifc multi-turn appli-
cations. An example of a large application that requires
a multi-turn gearbox is a main steam isolation valve at a
power plant.
p Figure 8. Electric actuators can be operated via manual switches or a
local display panel.
CEP June 2012 www.aiche.org/cep 37
Part-turn actuators
Part-turn actuators are used with valves that require less
than one full output revolution to complete the valve stroke,
such as butterfy, plug, and ball valves. The quarter-turn actua-
tor, which provides approximately 90 deg. of actuator output
rotation, is the most common part-turn actuator. Part-turn
actuators provide only torque; they do not generate thrust.
Direct-mount part-turn electric actuators are suitable
for many part-turn applications. Part-turn gearboxes can
be selected to increase the output torque. Because part-turn
gearboxes utilize worm gearing, multiple input turns are
needed to generate 90 deg. of output at the valve interface.
Therefore, a part-turn gearbox must be coupled with a multi-
turn actuator in order to generate the large torque required
for a part-turn valve. It is usually more cost-effective to
couple a multi-turn actuator with a part-turn gearbox than it
is to purchase a large direct-mount part-turn electric actuator.
Linear actuators
Linear actuators use linear motion to produce thrust,
rather than torque, to open and close a valve. Linear valves
include gate, globe, pinch, and diaphragm valves. In true
linear actuators, a rod or cylinder pushes and pulls the valve
open and closed instead of a threaded stem.
One way to generate a linear force is with a multi-turn
actuator coupled to a linear gearbox. The linear gearbox
converts the rotation and torque from the multi-turn actuator
into a linear motion and force by means of threaded compo-
nents within the linear gearbox (Figure 9).
Linear applications can have size requirements similar to
those of either multi-turn or part-turn applications. However,
only thrust is considered when selecting a suitable linear
electric actuator.
Applications
Electric actuators can be found anywhere a fuid process
is automatically controlled by a valve. This can include
water and wastewater treatment plants, power plants, and
petrochemical plants, among other industrial applications.
For example, at a conventional power plant, electric actua-
tors can control the volume of discharged water from a
boiler, the ratio of air to fuel fed into an incinerator, the fow
of high-pressure steam to a turbine, and they can operate
dampers that control the amount of exhaust that exits the
power plant. Solar-powered electric actuators have recently
been used in remotely located farm irrigation systems.
Based on the application, the environment in which the
electric actuator operates can drastically vary. Actuators can
require coatings, greases, seals for high- or low-temperature
processes, and special industry approvals. For example, in a
petrochemical plant where explosive gases may be present,
explosionproof actuators may be required.
Closing thoughts
It is important to remember that electric actuators are
ultimately responsible for automating and controlling
valves, and they are often added to existing manual valves to
improve automation control in a system. Electric actuators
are a critical tool for industrial applications that require the
precise control of fuids and chemicals.
p Figure 9. Linear gearboxes convert the torque generated in multi-turn
actuators into linear thrust via threaded components.
JUSTIN LEDGER is a project manager for AUMA Actuators, Inc. (100
Southpointe Blvd., Canonsburg, PA 15317; Phone: (724) 7432862;
Fax: (724) 7434711; Email: [email protected]; Website:
www.auma-usa.com). In this role, he focuses on international projects.
He works closely with both outside and inside sales departments,
interfaces across all departments within AUMA and with its vendors
and representatives, and serves as the companys training coordinator.
He has been with AUMA for 6 years, during which he has worked in
both the engineering and sales departments. He earned a mechanical
engineering degree from Pennsylvania State Univ. and will complete an
MBA from the Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business at the Univ.
of Pittsburgh later this year.
Additional Reading
1. Gordon, B., Valves 101: Types, Materials, Selection, Chem.
Eng. Progress, 105 (3), pp. 4245 (Mar. 2009).
CEP
Rotary Input from Multi-Turn Acutator
Actuator Mounting
Flange
Internal Threaded Components
to Convert Rotary Input to
Linear Output
Valve Mounting Flange
Linear Output