Grid-Tied and Stand-Alone Operation of Distributed Generation Modules Aggregated by 97

JPE 10-1-15
Grid-Tied and Stand-Alone Operation of Distributed
Generation Modules Aggregated by Cascaded Boost
Converters
Reza Noroozian

, Gevorg Gharehpetian

, Mehrdad Abedi

, and Mishel Mahmoodi

Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
This paper presents the modeling, control and simulation of an interconnection system (ICS) of cascaded distributed generation
(DG) modules for both grid-tied and stand-alone operations. The overall conguration of the interconnection system is given.
The interconnection system consists of a cascaded DC/DC boost converters and a DC/AC inverter. Detailed modeling of the
interconnection system incorporating a cascaded architecture has not been considered in previous research. In this paper, suitable
control systems for the cascaded architecture of power electronic converters in an interconnection system have been studied and
modeled in detail. A novel control system for DC/DC boost converters is presented based on a droop voltage controller. Also,
a novel control strategy for DC/AC inverters based on the average large signal model to control the aggregated DG modules
under both grid-tied and stand-alone modes is demonstrated. Simulation results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed control
systems.
Key Words: Distributed Generation (DG), Droop Control, Hysteresis Current Control (HCC), Interconnection System, Modeling,
Operation
I. INTRODUCTION
Distributed generation (DG) resources are proliferating in
electrical utility systems due to economic issues and environ-
mental concerns. Distributed power generation technologies
(e.g., fuel cells and microturbines) and renewable technologies
(e.g., photovoltaic cells and wind turbines) can be operated
in grid-tied and stand-alone modes. Most DG units generate
DC power or incompatible AC power. As a result, power
electronic interfaces for suitable operation of DG units are
very important. The collection of all equipment and functions,
taken as a group, used to interconnect a DG unit to the AC grid
is called an interconnection system (ICS) [1], [2]. The ICS
integrates power electronic conversion systems to interface
with a standard AC utility grid. The reference active power of
a DG unit is specied by its power management system which
should consider various technical and economical constraints.
In generators supplied by non-renewable sources, e.g., micro-
turbines and fuel cells, the active power management strate-
gies consider various criteria, such as maximum efciency
conditions or thermal load requirements [3]. In synchronous
generators connected to microturbines, power factor control is
usually adopted to maximize active power generation [4], [5].
Manuscript received Jun. 22, 2008; revised Dec. 5, 2009

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Tel: +98-241-2283204, Fax: +98-241-2283204, Zanjan University

Dept. of Electrical Eng., Amirkabir University of Technology, Iran

DG units are usually combined with energy storage systems to
improve the dynamic performance of the distribution network.
The combination of a DG and an energy storage unit forms
a hybrid system which is usually called a microsource [6].
Microsources can provide a robust response to changes in the
energy manager command.
The desired amount of inertial storage is stored in a DC or
AC link implemented in the ICS of DG systems. In the AC
link of an ICS, a high frequency AC (HFAC) has been selected
due to its benets; easier ltering of higher order harmonics
as well as smaller size and lower cost of passive components.
However, HFAC systems have special expensive transformers,
complex control structures for AC/AC matrix converters and
interaction problems with high frequency converters. As a
result, a DC link ICS is preferable to a HFAC link ICS [2].
This paper presents the modeling and control of an ICS of
cascaded DG modules with active and reactive power control
capability in both grid-tied and stand-alone modes. The DG
modules are interfaced with the utility grid via cascaded boost
converters and three-phase voltage source converters (VSC).
The control strategy for the DC/AC inverter should be able
to deliver a preset amount of active and reactive power to
the grid or be able to supply an isolated unbalanced AC
load with a constant balanced AC voltage magnitude and
frequency. However, this paper proposes the current control
of a DC/AC inverter for the grid-tied mode and the voltage
98 Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 2010
Fig. 1. Interconnection system of cascaded DG modules.
control of a DC/AC inverter for the stand-alone mode. Also,
a mathematical model of the DC/AC inverter is derived by
using the average large signal model. The proposed system
has been modeled and simulated. A simulation based on
PSCAD/EMTDC software shows that the generated power
from the aggregated DG modules can be controlled. The
results also show that the DG resource modules are capable of
supplying the unbalanced AC loads with a constant balanced
AC voltage magnitude and frequency.
II. ICS OF AGGREGATED DG MODULE SYSTEMS
Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the ICS for multiple
DG modules which has been studied in this paper. The basic
components of this system are a DG power plant, a DC/DC
boost converter and a DC/AC inverter. In recent decades, a
voltage source inverter (VSI) capable of both grid-tied and
stand-alone operations has been suggested [7][10]. Available
low power DG units can be connected electrically to yield the
necessary power for high power applications. One approach
is to connect each DG system separately to the AC utility
grid using independent power electronic interfaces. However,
using a single DC/AC inverter for all of the DG modules
brings the advantages of reduced cost, reduced losses as well
as easier design and control of the ICS [7][10]. Thus, DG
module systems should be aggregated to provide DC input
voltage for the DC/AC inverter. In other words, DG modules
are connected separately to the DC link using independent DG
module converters. The output terminals of the DG module
converters at the DC link side can be connected in parallel
or in series to control the DC input voltage of the DC/AC
inverter.
In this paper, the DC bus voltage is chosen as V
dc
= 750V .
The controllers of the boost DC/DC converters are designed
to keep the DC bus voltage within a specied limit (5%).
The DC/AC inverter is a three-phase six-switch VSI with
neutral clamped DC capacitors, which interfaces the DC bus
with a 220V/400V AC power system. An LC lter connected
to the inverter lters the switching frequency harmonics and
generates a high quality sinusoidal AC waveform suitable
for the load. In this paper, a suitable control strategy for
power converters in a cascaded architecture is modeled and
presented in detail. The most commonly used DC voltage
control method for regulators is the droop controller. A droop
controller provides the reference current for the hysteresis
current control (HCC) system. This control method has the
following advantages over other methods [2]:
It does not need any fast communication systems.
Its design procedure is simpler and straightforward.
It can fulll the stability requirements more easily.
The DC/AC inverter controller in the on-grid mode controls
the active and reactive power delivered from the multiple DG
modules to the utility grid. The active and reactive power ows
follow specied reference values, which can be set by using
power management units. In this method, a current-regulated
inverter is implemented for the grid-tied operation because of
its ability to deliver sinusoidal current with specied power
references to the grid. The DC/AC inverter controller in the
off-grid operating mode regulates the unbalanced load voltage
of balanced and sinusoidal with constant amplitude and fre-
quency. In this method, the voltage-regulated controllers with
outer amplitude and inner waveform control loops based on
he dq 0 synchronously rotating reference frame cooperate
to drive the aggregated DG modules to supply unbalanced AC
loads. In this paper the novel control system for ICS converters
(DC/DC boost converters and DC/AC inverter) are presented
under different operating conditions.
III. CONTROL SYSTEM OF BOOST CONVERTERS
The proposed control strategy for each boost converter is
shown in Fig. 2. The DC voltage droop controller species the
reference current i
ref
fdg
for the HCC system. The HCC scheme
regulates the boost converter inductor current,i
fdg
, within the
hysteresis band.
The main part of this strategy is the DC voltage regulator
based droop controller. It is obvious that the DC voltage error
can be fed to a droop controller whose droop is R
dg
, in order
to obtain the injected current (i.e., i
dg
) to the DC bus. The
multiplication of v
dc
and i
dg
determines the injected power to
the DC bus of each boost converter (i.e., P
dg
). For the DC
voltage regulator shown in Fig. 2, we have:
i
dg
=
(V
ref
dc
v
dc,lp
)
R
dg
(1)
P
dg
= v
dc
i
dg
(2)
Using equations (1) and (2), we obtain:
Grid-Tied and Stand-Alone Operation of Distributed Generation Modules Aggregated by 99
Fig. 2. Proposed control system for each boost converter.
P
dg
=
v
dc
(V
ref
dc
v
dc,lp
)
R
dg
(3)
The reference current, i
ref
fb
, can be obtained as:
i
ref
fdg
=
P
dg
v
dg
(4)
where, v
dg
is the DG module terminal voltage. This current is
limited by upper and lower limits (I
dg,max
and I
dg,min
) for
the management of the maximum and minimum energy output
from the DG resource module. In Fig. 2, the reference current,
i
fdg
ref
and the measured lter current, i
fdg
are fed to the PWM
current control box which determines the switching pattern for
each of the boost converters. The above mentioned equations
in the steady state condition can be written as follows:
I
dg
=
(V
ref
dg
V
dc
)
R
dg
(5)
P
dg
= I
dg
V
dc
(6)
P
dg
=
V
dc
(V
ref
dc
V
dc
)
R
dg
(7)
where V
dc
, I
dg
, V
ref
dg
and P
dg
are steady the state terminal
voltage, the steady state terminal current, the setpoint for
the terminal voltage and the steady state active power of the
each boost converter, respectively. Equation (7) can be used to
verify the simulation results for the steady state active power
for each of the DG units. As can be seen from (7), the control
system parameters of the boost converters should be identical
to obtain equal loading, i.e. proper load sharing of the DG
units. The droop, , is dened for each boost converter as
follows:
=
V
ref
dc
V
dc
V
ref
dc
100% (8)
Equation (7) can be rewritten in the following form:
P
dg
=
(1 )V
ref
2
dc
R
dg
(9)
At the rated power conditions, equation (9) can be rewritten
as follows:
P
dg,rated
=
(1 )V
ref
2
dc
R
dg
(10)
R
dg
=
(1 )V
ref
2
dc
P
dg,rated
(11)
A droop coefcient is selected to obtain an acceptable
droop under the rated power operation. The capacitor of each
boost converter is designed to give the droop controller the
performance of a Butterworth lter. Thus, the capacitor for
each boost converter is obtained by the following equation
[2], [11]:
C =
2
R
dg

lp
(12)
Here,
lp
is the break-over frequency of the low pass lter
(LPF) (shown in Fig. 2) used to measure the DC terminal
voltage for each of the boost converters.
C =
2
R
dg

lp
(13)
C =
2P
dg,rated
(1 )V
ref
2
dc

lp
(14)
The inductor of each boost converter is designed to make its
current track the reference current within the hysteresis band.
Thus, the inductor L for each boost converter is obtained by
the following equation [2], [11]:
L =
4V
ref
dc
h.f
s,max
(15)
where, h is the hysteresis band and f
s,max
is the maximum
switching frequency of the boost converter.
IV. CONTROL SYSTEMS OF DC/AC INVERTERS
Grid-tied (or on-grid) mode allows the DC/AC inverter to
operate parallel to the grid, providing grid support. Stand-
alone (or off-grid) mode allows the DC/AC inverter to operate
completely isolated from the AC grid for supplying unbal-
anced AC loads by balanced voltages. There can be a dual
mode of operation. In this mode, the DC/AC inverter can be
automatically switched between the two modes.
A. Control strategy for grid-tied operation
The average large signal model of a DC/AC inverter in the
grid-tied operating condition is shown in Fig. 3. This converter
is represented with three ideal current sources i
ref
fa
, i
ref
fb
and
i
ref
fc
. The converter manages the amount of current injected
to the AC grid from the DC bus. As can be seen in Fig. 3,
the input signals of the DC/AC inverter are the source phase
voltages, v
sa
, v
sb
and v
sc
, the three phase output currents
for this converter i
fa
, i
fb
and i
fc
, the reference of the active
power P
ref
, and the reference of the reactive power Q
ref
L
f
100 Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 2010
Fig. 3. Average large signal model of the DC/AC inverter in grid-tied
mode.
is the inductance of the converter lter. R
g
and L
g
are the
resistance and inductance of the AC grid. This controller uses
the HCC switching technique. As can be seen in Fig. 3, we
have:

i
sa
i
sb
i
sc

i
fa
i
fb
i
fc

(16)
Fig. 4 shows the DC/AC inverter control in grid-tied oper-
ation. The required power to be injected to the AC grid is set
by the P
ref
and Q
ref
reference signals. These signals can be
chosen by customers or remote power management units. This
control strategy is called the P Q control scheme for grid-
tied mode. In this paper, the P Q control strategy has been
designed based on the instantaneous power control strategy.
The transformation in Fig. 4 performs the following
equations:

v
s
v
s

= T

v
sa
v
sb
v
sc

2
3

1
1
2

1
2
0

3
2

3
2

(17)
The component related to the reference current of the
DC/AC inverter can be expressed by equation (18).

i
ref
s
i
ref
s

=
1
v
2
s
+ v
2
s

v
s
v
s
v
s
v
s

P
ref
Q
ref

(18)
The inverse transformation box, shown in Fig. 4,
calculates the three-phase current references to be fed into the
HCC scheme. Thus:

i
ref
sa
i
ref
sb
i
ref
sc

= T
abc

i
ref
s
i
ref
s

T
abc
=

2
3

1 0

1
2

3
2

1
2

3
2

(19)
Fig. 4. Block diagram of the DC/AC inverter controller in grid-tied
operation.

i
ref
fa
i
ref
fb
i
ref
fc

i
ref
sa
i
ref
sb
i
ref
sc

(20)
A comparison of the calculated reference currents and the
actual currents generated by the DC/AC inverter will result in
an error signal, which controls the switches of the inverter.
B. Control strategy for stand-alone operation
An average large signal model of a DC/AC inverter in
the stand-alone operating condition is shown in Fig. 5. This
inverter is represented with three voltage sources, v
ref
fa
,
v
ref
fb
and v
ref
fc
. The equations describing the DC/AC inverter
voltages and currents are expressed by the following equation:

v
fa
v
fb
v
fc

v
la
v
lb
v
lc

R
f
0 0
0 R
f
0
0 0 R
f

i
fa
i
fb
i
fc

L
f
0 0
0 L
f
0
0 0 L
f

d
dt

i
fa
i
fb
i
fc

(21)
where, v
fa
, v
fb
and v
fc
are the line to neutral three phase
output voltages of the DC/AC inverter. i
fa
, i
fb
and i
fc
are
the three phase output currents. v
la
, v
lb
and v
lc
are the line
to neutral three phase voltages of the AC loads. The voltage
equations in the d q 0 reference frame are as follows:

v
fd
v
fq
v
f0

v
ld
v
lq
v
l0

R
f
0 0
0 R
f
0
0 0 R
f

i
fd
i
fq
i
f0

L
f
0 0
0 L
f
0
0 0 L
f

d
dt

i
fd
i
fq
i
f0

Grid-Tied and Stand-Alone Operation of Distributed Generation Modules Aggregated by 101

Fig. 5. Average large signal model of the DC/AC inverter in stand-alone
mode.
+

0 L
f
0
L
f
0 0
0 0 0

i
fd
i
fq
i
f0

(22)
The circuit conguration and control scheme for a DC/AC
inverter for the stand-alone operating condition is depicted
in Fig. 6. The DC/AC inverter between the DC bus and the
unbalanced AC load can be controlled by the V f control
strategy, which regulates the voltage and the frequency of the
unbalanced AC load. In the V f controller, it is clear that
[12]:
Frequency () can be obtained by a phase lock loop
(PLL) using a desirable frequency (e.g., 50 Hz).
The load phase voltages (v
la
, v
lb
and v
lc
) can be detected
and transformed to the d q 0 synchronously rotating
reference frame using following equations:

v
ld
v
lq
v
l0

= T
dq0

v
la
v
lb
v
lc

T
dq0
=
2
3

cos(t) cos(t 120

) cos(t + 120

)
sin(t) sin(t 120

) sin(t + 120

)
1
2
1
2
1
2

(23)
The load phase voltage should be kept balanced and sinu-
soidal with a constant amplitude and frequency. Therefore, the
expected load voltage in the d q 0 reference frame should
only have the following value:

v
exp
ld
v
exp
lq
v
exp
l0

0
0.4

2
3
0

(24)
The DC/AC inverter controller based on the dq0 rotating
reference frame consists of an inner current loop and an outer
voltage loop in a three channel arrangement. The current and
voltage loops include independent PI controllers for the d, q
and 0 channels to eliminate steady state errors. The reference
load current loops in the d q 0 coordinate are:
Fig. 6. Block diagram of the DC/AC inverter controller in stand-alone
operation.

i
ref
ld
i
ref
lq
i
ref
l0

PI(v
ld
v
exp
ld
)
PI(v
lq
v
exp
lq
)
PI(v
l0
v
exp
l0
)

(25)
The output signals from the PI controller can be expressed
by equation (26).

v
ref
fd
v
ref
fq
v
ref
f0

v
ld
v
lq
v
l0

PI(i
ref
ld
i
fd
)
PI(i
ref
lq
i
fq
)
PI(i
ref
l0
i
f0
)

L
f
i
fq
L
f
i
fd
0

R
f
i
fd
R
f
i
fq
0

(26)
The reference output voltages for the DC/AC inverter are
transformed to the abc by using an inverse synchronously
rotating frame.
102 Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 2010

v
ref
fa
v
ref
fb
v
ref
fc

= T
abc

v
ref
fd
v
ref
fq
v
ref
f0

T
abc

cos(t) sin(t) 1
cos(t 120

) sin(t 120

) 1
cos(t + 120

) sin(t + 120

) 1

(27)
Then the available voltages in the a b c coordinates are
compared with the triangular wave provided by PWM voltage
control block. Therefore the output provides the switching
pattern of a DC/AC inverter.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
The ICS for cascaded DG modules that is shown in Fig. 1
has been modeled and simulated based on PSCAD/EMTDC
in order to verify the performance of the proposed control
systems, both in grid-tied and stand-alone applications. The
simulation scenarios are focused on grid-tied and stand-alone
suitable operations supplying unbalanced passive loads. All
time functions are in seconds. The rated power of each DG
module is 10 kW. Thus, the system is an aggregate DG of
50 kW. For each boost converter, the DC voltage set point is
150V, the droop coefcient is designed to obtain a %5 droop
at its rated power operation. The capacitor at the DC link side
and the inductor at the DG module side have been designed
using equations (14) and (15). The output voltage of each DG
module is 75 V. The droop coefcient of each boost converter
is 0.11875.
A. Grid-tied operation
In this case, the P Q control scheme is applied. The
reference values of P
ref
and Q
ref
have been changed from
20 kW to 40 kW and from 5 kVAr to 10 kVAr at t=2 s,
and then from 40 kW to 20 kW and from 10 kVAr to 5
kVAr at t=3 s, respectively. Fig. 7 shows P and Q delivered
to the grid. In Fig. 7, the output power of the system is
varied following the trace of the reference points. However,
the proposed system delivers the active and reactive powers to
the grid, which matches the reference values of P and Q. Fig.
8 shows the output voltage and power of each DG module. In
Fig. 8(a), when the power reference variations are applied, the
DC terminal voltage of each boost converter is decreased. In
Fig. 8(b), the instantaneous active powers of the DG modules
are equal. These results indicate the effectiveness of the control
system, shown in Fig. 2, for boost converters, in providing
proper DC bus voltage regulation and proper load sharing of
aggregated DG modules. Fig. 9(a) shows the power output
from the DC bus, which matches the above grid connected
condition. The DC bus voltage of the each boost converter is
shown in Fig 9(b).
Note that the DC output voltage of each boost converter is
decreased as the reference values of the inverter are increased,
and vice versa, but it remains within its specied limits. In the
steady state condition, as shown in Fig. 8 and 9, we have V
dc
= 147.03 kV and P
dg
=4.058 kW. These results can be veried
by equation (7).
Fig. 7. P and Q delivered to the grid.
Fig. 8. DC terminal voltages and active powers of DG modules.
Fig. 10 shows the grid-side phase voltages and the line
currents of the inverter. The line currents change with power
reference variations. However, the inverter can deliver the
generators power to the grid with a low harmonic current.
This veries the effectiveness of the P Q control strategy.
B. Stand-alone operation
The response of proposed interconnection system to unbal-
anced loading conditions in the stand-alone mode has been
studied, too. However, the V f control scheme is activated.
Unbalanced load No. 1 has been changed to unbalanced load
Grid-Tied and Stand-Alone Operation of Distributed Generation Modules Aggregated by 103
Fig. 9. (a) Power output from the DC bus and (b) DC bus voltages of
boost converters.
Fig. 10. Grid-side phase voltages and line currents of the inverter.
No. 2 at t=2 s and at t=3 s the load has again been changed to
its initial value, i.e., unbalanced load No. 1. The parameters
of load No. 1 and 2 are given in appendix A. Fig. 11 shows
the active and reactive power consumed by the unbalanced
AC loads. Fig. 12 shows the output voltage and power for
each of the DG modules under the above unbalanced loads
in the islanding condition. In Fig. 12(a), the DC terminal
voltage of each boost converter is decreased. In Fig. 12(b),
the instantaneous active powers of the DG modules are equal.
These results indicate the effectiveness of the control system,
Fig. 11. P and Q consumed with unbalanced loads.
Fig. 12. DC terminal voltages and active powers of DG modules.
shown in Fig. 2, for boost converters, providing proper DC
bus voltage regulation and proper load sharing of aggregated
DG modules.
Fig. 13(a) shows the power output from the DC bus, which
matches the above unbalanced load variations. The DC bus
voltage of each boost converter is shown in Fig 13(b). Note
that the DC output voltage of each boost converter decreases
as the unbalanced load variations are applied, and vice versa,
but it remains within its specied limits. In the steady state
condition, as shown in Fig. 12 and 13, we have V
dc
= 147.55
kV and P
dg
= 3.38 kW. These results can be veried by
104 Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 2010
Fig. 13. (a) Power output from the DC bus and (b) DC bus voltages of
boost converters.
Fig. 14. Phase voltages and Line currents at unbalanced load terminals.
equation (7). Fig. 14 shows the phase voltages and line currents
at the unbalanced load terminals. The inverter maintains the
output at the desired level irrespective of the load applied to
the system.
The AC voltage level across the load remains unchanged
with the load variation switching and it stays at the reference
value V
exp
lq
throughout the simulation. However, the balanced
voltages are provided for the unbalanced AC loads while
the load phase currents are not sinusoidal. This is because
of the ability of the inverter to control its output voltage.
The 3-phase line currents at the load terminals change with
the load variation switching. To quantify the level of the
voltage unbalance, the percentage of unbalance is expressed in
accordance with the denition of the degree of unbalance in
three phase system [13]. In this case, the negative sequence
unbalance is lower then 1% which is acceptable. It must be
noticed that international standards admit unbalances lower
than 2% [13]. This veries the effectiveness of the V f
control strategy for stand-alone operation.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The modeling of an ICS, based on a cascaded architecture
using the proposed control systems, suitable for use in both
stand-alone and grid-tied applications is presented in this
paper. In this paper, the control system for converters in an
ICS based cascaded architecture has been studied. For DC
voltage control in each boost converter, the droop controller
method is used. This method provides stable operation and
proper load sharing of the DG modules without requiring fast
communication systems. Evaluations of grid-tied and stand-
alone operation modes show that it is suitable for dynamic
studies. Also a different operation mode control strategy for
DC/AC inverters has been simulated. The controller designs
for the different operating conditions of a DC/AC inverter are
given using the average large signal model. A P Q control
scheme based instantaneous power control strategy is used on
the inverter to control the active and reactive power delivered
from the aggregated DG modules to the utility grid. A novel
V f control scheme based d q 0 transformed current-
voltage controller is used on the inverter under unbalanced
load conditions.
APPENDIX A
The parameters of the unbalanced AC loads used for the
simulations are as follows:
RL load No. 1:
Z
la1
= 7.8586

11.5279

, Z
lb1
= 9.8264

9.196

and
Z
lc1
= 13.7898

6.5432

RL load No. 2:
Z
lb2
= 3.9293

11.5279

, Z
lb2
= 4.9132

9.196

and
Z
lc2
= 6.8949

6.5432

REFERENCES
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Reza Noroozian was born in Bonab, Iran, in 1975.
He received a B.Sc. degree from Tabriz University,
Tabriz, Iran, in 2000, and his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from
the Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT), Tehran,
Iran, in 2003 and 2008, respectively, all Electrical En-
gineering. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor in the
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engi-
neering, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran. His research
interests include power system, distributed generation,
power electronic and power quality.
Gevorg Gharehpetian was born in Tehran, in 1962.
He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical
Engineering in 1987 and 1989 from Tabriz University,
Tabriz, Iran and Amirkabir University of Technology
(AUT), Tehran, Iran, respectively. In 1989 he joined
the Electrical Engineering Department of AUT as a
Lecturer. He received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering
from Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, in 1996. As a
Ph.D. student he received a scholarship from DAAD
(German Academic Exchange Service) from 1993 to 1996 and he was with
the High Voltage Institute of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. He held the
position of Assistant Professor in AUT from 1997 to 2003, and he has been
an Associate Professor since 2004. Dr. Gharehpetian is a Senior Member of
the Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IAEEE), a
member of the IEEE and a member of the central board of the IAEEE. Since
2004 he has been the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of IAEEE. The Power
Engineering Group of AUT has been selected as a Center of Excellency on
Power Systems in Iran since 2001. He has been a member of this center and
since 2004 and is currently the Research Deputy. Since November 2005, he
has been the Director of the Industrial Relation Ofce of AUT. He is the
author of more than 222 journal and conference papers. His teaching and
research interest include power system and transformers transients, FACTS
devices and HVDC transmission.
Mehrdad Abedi received his B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. from
Tehran University, London University and Newcastle
University in 1970, 1973, and 1977, respectively. He
worked for G.E.C. (U.K) until 1978. He then joined
the Electrical Engineering Dept of Amirkabir University
(Tehran, Iran) where he is now a Professor and a
member of the Center of Excellency on Power System.
Prof. Abedi has published more than 25 books and 160
papers in various journals and conferences. He is a
distinguished Professor in Iran and is a prizewinner for two of his outstanding
books. He is also a member of Iranian Academy of Science and member
of CIGRE. His main interests are electrical machines and power systems
modeling, operation and control.
Mishel Mahmoodi was born in Tehran, Iran, in 1982.
He received his B.S. in Electrical Power Engineering
in 2004 from the Amirkabir University of Technology
(AUT), Tehran, Iran. As a B.S. student, he recieved
technical experience in TU M?nchen, Germany in the
summer of 2004, which was supported by the In-
ternational Association for the Exchange of Students
for Technical Experience (IAESTE). He received his
M.S. in Electrical Power Engineering in 2006 from
the Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT), Tehran, Iran. His research
interests include distributed generation systems, distribution power systems
and power electronics control.