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Advanced Differentiation

This document discusses advanced differentiation techniques including differentiating functions of functions, sums, products, and quotients. It also covers finding turning points by setting the derivative equal to zero and solving the resulting quadratic equation. Worked examples are provided for each technique along with self-assessment exercises.

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cataice
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© © All Rights Reserved
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40 views

Advanced Differentiation

This document discusses advanced differentiation techniques including differentiating functions of functions, sums, products, and quotients. It also covers finding turning points by setting the derivative equal to zero and solving the resulting quadratic equation. Worked examples are provided for each technique along with self-assessment exercises.

Uploaded by

cataice
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERING

DIFFERENTIATION

TUTORIAL 2 ADVANCED DIFFERENTIATION


CONTENTS

Function of a Function

Differentiation of a Sum

Differentiation of a Product

Differentiation of a Quotient

Turning Points


In this tutorial you will learn how to differentiate more complicated expressions. Below is a list of
standard differentials.


kx kx
1
2
1 n n
ake
dx
dy
ae y
x
1
x
dx
dy
ln(ax) y
atan(ax) a
dx
dy
tan(ax) y
asin(ax)
dx
dy
cos(ax) y
acos(ax)
dx
dy
sin(ax) y
anx
dx
dy
ax y
= =
= = =
+ = =
= =
= =
= =


D.J.Dunn www.freestudy.co.uk 1
1. FUNCTION OF A FUNCTION

If a variable y depends on a second variable u which in turn depends on a third variable x, then
dx
du
du
dy
dx
dy
= and this is the chain rule.
If we have y = f(u) and u = f (x) then we find that: (x) f (u) f
dx
dy
=
dx
du
(x) f and
du
dy
(u) f = =
Put another way, we can substitute a function into another function to simplify the differentiation process.


WORKED EXAMPLE No.1

Given that y = (x
2
+ 3x + 1)
2
find
dx
dy
at the point x = 2

SOLUTION

Substitute u = f(x) = (x
2
+ 3x + 1) so y = f(u) = u
2
3 2x
dx
du
(x) f + = = 2u
du
dy
(u) f = =


3) 2u(2x (x) f (u) f
dx
dy
+ = = = 2(x
2
+ 3x + 1)(2x + 3)
At x = 2 154 ) 3 4 )( 1 6 4 ( 2
dx
dy
= + + + =


WORKED EXAMPLE No. 2

Given that y = 4 cos(5x-2) find the equation for
dx
dy

SOLUTION

Substitute u = f(x) = (5x-2) so y = f(u) = 4 cos(u)
5
dx
du
(x) f = = -4sin(u)
du
dy
(u) f = =


) -4sin(u)(5 (x) f (u) f
dx
dy
= = = -20 sin (5x-2)



SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No.1

1. Given y = (x
2
- 4x + 5)
4
find the equation for
dx
dy
4(x
2
- 4x + 5)
3
(2x -4)
2. Given y = sin(
2
) find the equation for
d
dy
(2 cos
2
)

3. Given y = 5cos(
3
) find the equation for
d
dy
(-15
2
sin
3
)

D.J.Dunn www.freestudy.co.uk 2
2. DIFFERENTIATION OF A SUM

This is straight forwards, each term is differentiated separately so if for example y = u + v + w + ................

dy/dx = du/dx + dv/dx + dw/dx + .................


WORKED EXAMPLE No.2

Find the gradient of the curve y = x
3
+ 3x
2
x 1 at the point x = 2

SOLUTION

dy/dx = 3x
2
+ 6x -1 and at point 1,2 dy/dx = 3(2)
2
+ 6(2) -1 = 23



SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No.2

1. Given V = 3sin() + 2 cos() evaluate dV/d at = 30
o
(1.598)
2. Given F = 2e
-0.1t
+ ln(2t) evaluate dy/dt at t = 0.1 s
(9.802)
3. Given y = 5x
2
+ e
2x
evaluate dy/dx at x = 1
(15.545)


3. DIFFERENTIATION OF A PRODUCT

When it is difficult to multiply out an expression we can differentiate with the following rule.
y = u v
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u
dx
dy
+ =


WORKED EXAMPLE No.3

Find the gradient of the curve y = (x
3
+ 1)(x
2
+ 2) at the point x = 1

SOLUTION

Let u = (x
3
+ 1)and v = (x
2
+ 2)
2x
dx
dv
3x
dx
du
2
= =
( ) ( ) ) (3x 2 x (2x) 1 x
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u
dx
dy
2 2 3
+ + + = + =
Put x = 1 13 ) 3 )( 3 ( ) 2 )( 2 (
dx
dy
= + =



SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No.3

1. Given y = (2x + 3)(x
2
- 1) find dy/dx (6x
2
+ 6x -2)
2. Given F = (x
2
)(e
2x
) find dF/dx 2 e
2x
(x
2
+ x)
3. Given y = sin(2t) cos(4t) find dy/dt 2cos(2t) cos(4t) 4 sin(2t) sin(4t)

D.J.Dunn www.freestudy.co.uk 3
4. DIFFERENTIATION OF A QUOTIENT
This rule helps us differentiate a function of the form y = u/v
2
v
dx
dv
u
dx
du
v
dx
dy

=


WORKED EXAMPLE No. 4
3 2x x
1 4x x
y
2
2
+ +
+ +
= Find the gradient of the curve at the point x = 1
SOLUTION
2 2x
dx
dv
3 2x x v
4 2x
dx
du
1 4x x u
2
2
+ = + + =
+ = + + =


( ) ( )( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2
3 2x x
2 2x 1 4x x 4) (2x 3 2x x
v
dx
dv
u
dx
du
v
dx
dy
+ +
+ + + + + +
=

=
Put x = 1

( ) ( )( )
( )
3
1
36
24 - 36
3 2 1
2 2 1 4 1 4) (2 3 2 1
dx
dy
2
= =
+ +
+ + + + + +
=



SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 4

1. Given
1 x
x
y
+
= find
dx
dy
{Answer (x +1)
-2
}
2. Given
1 x
1 x
y

+
= find
dx
dy
{Answer -2(x -1)
-2
}
3. Given
2 x
1 2x x
y
3
+
+ +
= find
dx
dy
at x = 2 {Answer -43/16}
4. Given
1 x
e
y
2
2x
+
= find
dx
dy
at x = 1 {Answer 3.69}



All the rules described can be combined. The final exercise requires you to do this.


SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 5

1. Given find x) 3)(6cos 5x (x y
2 3
+ + =
dx
dy
(18x
2
+30)cos
2
(x)-
2(6x
3
+30x+18)cos(x)sin(x)

2. Given
( )
3
2
4x
1 x
e
y
+
= find
dx
dy

( ) ( )
4
2
2x
3
2
2x
1 x
6e
1 x
2e
dx
dy
+

+
=


D.J.Dunn www.freestudy.co.uk 4
5. TURNING POINTS

Consider the function y = x
3
5x
2
+5x + 2. The graph for x =
0 to x = 4 is shown below.

At point A the graph changes from up to down and at B it
changes from down to up. Such points are called turning
points. Examining the graph we see the turning points occur
at about x = 0.6 and 2.7 but we need to use calculus to find
them precisely.

The important thing to note is that at A and B the gradient of the graph is horizontal so the value of
dy/dx must be zero.

This enables us to find the value of x and y at these points. Here is how to do it.
5 10x 3x
dx
dy
2 5x 5x x y
2 2 3
+ = + + =
At the turning points dy/dx is zero so equate to zero as follows.
5 10x 3x 0 5 10x 3x
dx
dy
2 2
+ = + =
This is a quadratic equation and we must solve it to find the two values of x.

Quadratic equation
2a
4ac b b
x 0 c bx ax
2
2

= = + +
In this case a = 3, b = -10 and c = 5 so solving we get

6
40 10
6
60 100 10
2.3
4.3.5 10) ( 10) (
2a
4ac b b
x
2 2

=

=

=

=
There are two possible solutions because all positive numbers have a positive and a negative square
root.
40 = 6.324
0.613
6
3.676
6
6.324 10
or 2.721
6
16.324
6
6.324 10
6
6.324 10
6
40 10
x = =

= = =
+
=

=
Hence the turning points occur at x =2.721 and 0.613. The graph tells us which is A and B.

Note that a turning point may be the maximum or minimum value of a function, but not in this case.
The extension of this work to finding maximum and minimum values is important in science and
engineering.


SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 6

Find the turning points of the following functions.

1. y = 2x
3
12x
2
+ 10x
(Answers 3.528 Min and 0.472 max)

2. p = 4q
3
20q
2
+ q +1
(Answers 3.308 Min and 0.025 max)


D.J.Dunn www.freestudy.co.uk 5

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