Week 7 MECH3361

1
Recap
Saint Venant Principle:
(1) very small loading area compared with the whole dimension. The affected area will
be much smaller than the unaffected area A
unaffected
>>A
affected
. e.g in the tensile bar,
L>>a, in which the affected area will take roughly: ,z,~a.
(2) Force replaced must be statically equivalent. The replacement must not change
either the resultant force or resultant couple.

Combined shaft: As per Saint Venant (S-V) principle to define B.C.
At z=0, z=L, R r s s 0 , t u 2 0 s s (flat end faces): ) )( ( dr rd dA u =
dr rd dr rd P
R
zz
R
zz
u o u o
t t
} } } }
= =
2
0 0
2
0 0
) )( (
u u o
t
cos ) )( (
2
0 0
dr rd r M M
R
zz yy } }
= =
0 sin ) )( (
2
0 0
= =
} }
u u o
t
dr rd r M
R
zz xx

dr d r Q
R
z
u o
t
u
2
2
0 0
} }
=
0 =
zr
o
At r=R, 0 s s z L , t u 2 0 s s (cylindrical surface): 0 = = =
rz r rr
o o o
u

Bending Beam
At (front and back faces)
L z
h
y
h b
x s s s s = 0 ,
2 2
,
2
:
0 = = =
xz xy xx
o o o
At (top and bottom faces)
L z
h
y
b
x
b
s s = s s 0 ,
2
,
2 2
:
0 = = =
yz yx yy
o o o
At (side ends) L or z
h
y
h b
x
b
0 ,
2 2
,
2 2
= s s s s : 0 = =
zx zy
o o ,
Moment:
} }

=
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
h
h
b
b
zz
M dxdy yo ,
} }

=
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
0
h
h
b
b
zz
dxdy xo ,
Resultant force
} }

=
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
0
h
h
b
b
zz
dxdy o
Affected
zone
Affected
zone
unaffected zone
a
L
z z
z
y
x
dr
rdu
du
P
Q
M
M
P
Q
y
x
M
M
x
y
z
L
b
h
Symmetric line
Week 7 MECH3361
2
5.3 Thermal Stress Analysis
Use Displacement method (u,v,w) to solve for equilibrium without mechanical body forces.
Step 1: Strain-Displacement relation
Mechanical strain
m
zz
m
yy
m
xx
c c c , ,
Thermal strain: ( ) T A =o c (Note that thermal strain does not affect the shear strains)
Total strain
( )
( )
( )

+ A =
c
c
=
+ A =
c
c
=
+ A =
c
c
=
m
zz zz
m
yy yy
m
xx xx
T
z
w
T
y
v
T
x
u
c o c
c o c
c o c

( )
( )
( )

A
c
c
=
A
c
c
=
A
c
c
=
T
z
w
T
y
v
T
x
u
m
zz
m
yy
m
xx
o c
o c
o c

Step 2: Use the Hookes law in mechanical strains:
m
zz
m
yy
m
xx
c c c , ,

+ =
+ =
+ =
c
c
c
c o
c o
c o
m m
xx zz
m m
xx yy
m m
xx xx
I
I
I
1
1
1
2
2
2

=
=
=
zx zx
yz yz
xy xy
c o
c o
c o
2
2
2

where ( ) ( ) ( )
(

A
c
c
+
(

A
c
c
+
(

A
c
c
= + + = T
z
w
T
y
v
T
x
u
I
m
zz
m
yy
m
xx
m
o o o c c c
c
1
.
Thus x-related components:
( ) ( )

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
A
c
c
=
z
u
x
w
x
v
y
u
T
z
w
y
v
x
u
T
x
u
xz
xy
xx
2
1
2
2
1
2
3 2
o
o
o o o

Step 3: Equilibrium Equation: 0 =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z y x
xz
xy
xx
o
o
o
. Calculate different terms:

( ) ( )
( )
( )
x
T
x z
w
x y
v
x
u
x
u
T
z
w
y
v
x
u
x
T
x
u
x x
Term st
xx
c
c
+
(

c c
c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
(

|
.
|

\
|

c
c
c
c
=
c
c
=
A
o
A o A o
o
3 2 2
3 2 1
2 2
2
2
2
2


y x
v
y
u
x
v
y
u
y y
Term nd
xy
c c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
=
2
2
2
2
o


2
2 2
3
z
u
z x
w
z
u
x
w
z z
Term rd
xz
c
c
+
c c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
=
o

So
( )
( )
(
(

c
c
+
c c
c
+
(
(

c c
c
+
c
c
+
(
(

c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c c
c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
3 2 2
z
u
z x
w
y x
v
y
u
x
T
x z
w
x y
v
x
u
x
u
z y x
LHS
xz
xy
xx

A
o
o
o
o

Week 7 MECH3361
3
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
x
T
u
x
I
x
T
z
u
y
u
x
u
z
w
y
v
x
u
x
LHS
u
I
c
c
+ V +
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+ =
V
A
o
A
o
c
c
3 2
3 2 ] [ ] [
2 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1



) 2 1 ( ) 2 1 )( 1 (
3 ) 2 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
3
) 2 1 )( 1 (
) 2 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
3
) 1 ( 2
2 3 2
v v v
v v
v v
v
v v
v
v v
v
v

=
+
+
=
+
+
+

=
(

+
+
(

+
= +
E E E
E E E E

Thus thermal Equilibrium Eqns:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

=
c
A c

V +
c
c
+
=
c
A c

V +
c
c
+
=
c
A c

V +
c
c
+
0
) 2 1 (
0
) 2 1 (
0
) 2 1 (
2 1
2 1
2 1
z
T E
w
z
I
y
T E
v
y
I
x
T E
u
x
I
v
o

v
o

v
o

c
c
c

Compare with the Equilibrium equation (in terms of displacements) with body force.

( )
( )
( )

= + V +
c
c
+
= + V +
c
c
+
= + V +
c
c
+
0
0
0
2 1
2 1
2 1
z
y
x
f w
z
I
f v
y
I
f u
x
I



c
c
c

We can see that for the thermal deformation problems, the basic equations to be solved are
equivalent to a normal static problem with body force densities of

( )
( )
( )

c
A c

=
c
A c

=
c
A c

=
z
T E
f
y
T E
f
x
T E
f
z
y
x
) 2 1 (
) 2 1 (
) 2 1 (
v
o
v
o
v
o

Step 4: Boundary conditions
Displacement B.C. (if any): ' ' , ' w w v v u u = = = and
Stress B.C.:
( )
( )
( )

+ + = A

=
+ + = A

=
+ + = A

=
zz zy zx nz
yz yy yx ny
xz xy xx nx
n m l n T
E
n m l m T
E
n m l l T
E
o o o
v
o
o
o o o
v
o
o
o o o
v
o
o
) 2 1 (
) 2 1 (
) 2 1 (
' '
' '
' '

like a surface stress.
Week 7 MECH3361
4
Solution of a thermal static deformation problem without body forces and surface stresses but
with a steady state field of temperature change, AT, is equivalent to a solution of a statics
problem subjected to a set of body forces and a surface stresses
When a plane stress solution is available, the corresponding plane strain solution can be
obtained by replacing E, v, o by
2
1 v
E
,
v
v
1
and o v) 1 ( + .
When a plane strain solution is available, the corresponding plane stress solution can be
obtained by replacing E, v, o by
2
) 1 (
) 2 1 (
v
v
+
+ E
,
v
v
+ 1
and o
v
v
2 1
1
+
+
.
Thermal fit of a hollow disk onto a shaft
Similar to interference fit, the thermal fit
first increases the temperature of hollow
disk allowing the diameter increase to
greater than the shaft diameter, and then
inserts the shaft into the hollow disk.

Assume: AT
i
= temperature change at the
inner surface and AT
o
= temperature
change at the outer surface of the disk. Consider a plane stress problem in this thin disk case.

Step 1: Boundary condition of the hollow disk (without insertion of shaft yet)
At
o i
R and R r = : 0 = =
u
o o
r rr

At
i
R r = :
i
T T A = A and At
o
R r = :
o
T T A = A
Step 2: Analysis:
If the temperature change AT is axisymmetric (only a function of r) ) (r T T A = A , the
displacement should be axisymmetric: 0 ), ( = = v r u u
Step 3: Heat conduction problem: Heat conduction equation in polar system:

( )
0
1
=
(

A
dr
T d
r
dr
d
r

Integrate twice: B r A T + = A ln
Constants A and B can be determined by the thermal B.C.
i
R r = ,
i
T T A = A B R A T
i i
+ = A ln
o
R r = ,
o
T T A = A B R A T
o o
+ = A ln
( )
i o i o
R R A T T ln ln = A A
i o
i o
R R
T T
A
ln ln
A A
=

i
i o
i o
i i i
R
R R
T T
T R A T B ln
ln ln
ln
|
|
.
|

\
|

A A
A = A =
Thus the temperature change is calculated as

) / ln(
) / ln(
) / ln(
) / ln(
ln ln
ln ln
ln ln
ln ln
ln ln
ln ln
ln ln
ln ) ln (ln ln
ln
ln ln
ln
ln ln
0
R R
r R
T
R R
r R
T T
R R
R r
T
R R
R r
T
R R
R r
T
R R
R R R r
R
R R
T T
T r
R R
T T
T
i
i
o
i o
o
i o
i o
i
i
i o
o
o
i o
i
i
i o
i i o
i
i o
i o
i
i o
i o
A + A = A

+ A

+
=
A

+ A

+ +
=
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

A A
A +
(

A A
= A

2R
O
2R
i
t
2R
s
R
f
r
u
Week 7 MECH3361
5
Step 4: thermal deformation
As discussed in Week 5, the equilibrium equation as per displacement in the polar system is

dr
T d
f
r
u
r
u
r
r
u
x
) (
) 1 (
1
2 2
2
A
+ = =
c
c
+
c
c
o v
Rewrite it as
( )
dr
T d
ru
dr
d
r dr
d
r
u
r
u
r r
u
r r
u
r
r
u
r
u
r
r
u ) (
) 1 (
1 1
2 2
2
A
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
c
c
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|

c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
o v
Integrate once the equation above
( ) '
) (
) 1 (
1
C dr
dr
T d
dr ru
dr
d
r dr
d
+
A
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
} }
o v ( ) ( ) ' ) 1 (
1
C T ru
dr
d
r
+ A + = o v
( ) ( ) r C r T ru
dr
d
' ) 1 ( + A + = o v
Integrate once again the above equation
( ) ( ) | |
} }
+ + = dr r C r T ru
dr
d
' ) 1 ( A o v
( ) D Cr rdr T ru + + A + =
}
2
) 1 ( o v (note that AT is a function of r)
Thus ( )
r
D
Cr rdr T
r
r u
r
R
i
+ + A + =
}
1
) 1 ( ) ( o v
Step 5: Strain:
( ) ( )
(
(

+ A + A + =
(
(

+ + A +
c
c
=
c
c
=
} }
2 2
1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
) 1 (
r
D
C rdr T
r
T
r
D
Cr rdr T
r r r
u
r
R
r
R
rr
i i
o v o v o v c
( )
2 2
) 1 ( 0
1
r
D
C rdr T
r
r
u
r
u v
r
r
R
i
+ + A + = + = +
c
c
=
}
o
v
u
c
uu

Step 6: Hookes law with thermal strain
| | T
E
rr rr
A + +

= o v vc c
v
o
uu
) 1 (
1
2
, | | T
E
rr
A + +

= o v vc c
v
o
uu uu
) 1 (
1
2

Step 7: Stresses

( )
( )
( ) D
r
E
C
E
rdr T
r
E
T
E
r
D
C rdr T
r
E
r
D
C rdr T
r
T
E
r
R
r
R
r
R
rr
i
i
i
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1
) 1 ( 1
1
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
1
1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
v v
o
o v
v
o
v
v
v
o v o v
v
o
+

+ A =
A +

+
(
(

+ + A +

+
(
(

+ A + A +

=
}
}
}

( ) D
r
E
C
E
rdr T
r
E
r
R
rr
i
2 2
1
) 1 ( 1
1
v v
o o
+

+ A =
}

Similarly: ( ) ( ) D
r
E
C
E
T E rdr T
r
E
r
R
i
2 2
1
1 1
1
v v
o o o
uu
+
+

+ A A =
}

Week 7 MECH3361
6
Step 8 Apply stress B.C. to determine constants C & D (At
o i
R and R r = : 0 = =
u
o o
r rr
):
( ) 0
1
) 1 ( 1
1
) (
2 2
=
+

+ A = =
}
D
R
E
C
E
rdr T
R
E R r
i
R
R i
i rr
i
i
v v
o o
which leads to D
R
C
i
2
1
1
1
v
v
+

= . And plug it into next B.C. equation

+ A = =
}
D
R
E
C
E
rdr T
R
E R r
o
R
R o
o rr
o
i
v v
o o
( ) 0
1
) 1 (
1
1
1
1
1
2 2 2
=
+

(
(

+ A
}
D
R
E
D
R
E
rdr T
R
E
o i
R
R o
o
i
v v
v
v
o
( ) ( )
} }
A

+
= A

=
o
i
o
i
R
R i o
i
R
R i o
rdr T
R R
R
D rdr T
R R
C
2 2
2
2 2
) 1 (
,
) 1 ( v o v o

Step 8 Calculate the temperature by using fit condition: ( )
s i i
R R r u R > = +
Thus the required temperature change for fit can be calculated.

5.4 Stress and Deformation due to Contact
There are many contact examples: gear tooth, tyres on road surface, train wheel and bearings.
When the contact area is much smaller than the characteristic dimension of a component, the
component can be considered to be semi-infinite bounded by a surface:

The governing equilibrium equations are as follows

V
c
c
V
c
c
V
c
c
. 0
, 0
, 0
= f + w +
z
I
) + (
= f + v +
y
I
) + (
= f + u +
x
I
) + (

z
2 1
y
2 1
x
2 1



c
c
c

The general solution to this equation without acceleration and body force was derived by
Papkovich in 1932 and Neuber in 1934:
dp=pdA
E
dp
n
E
dp
t
E
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
z
Week 7 MECH3361
7

+ + +
c
c

=
+ + +
c
c

=
+ + +
c
c

=
) (
) 1 ( 4
1
) (
) 1 ( 4
1
) (
) 1 ( 4
1
0
0
0
z y x z
z y x y
z y x x
z y x
z
w
z y x
y
v
z y x
x
u

v

For short ) (
) 1 ( 4
1
0
+

= R d
v
grad
where:
T
w v u ) , , ( = d ,
T
z y x
) , , ( = are all harmonic functions that satisfy Laplace
equation 0 = V
2
(
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
z y x c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V )
How to select harmonic equations is skill-based. The textbook provides examples (P.190).

A Half-Space under a Normal Concentrated Load
Step 1: B.C.
Displacement B.C.:
Axisymmetrical about z at 0 , 0 = = > y x z : 0 = = v u
When R : 0 = = = w v u
(infinitely far field)

Stress B.C.:
Except at the origin, at z=0: 0 = = =
zy zx zz
o o o

} }

= + 0 P dxdy
zz
o
(S-V principle)

Step 2: Select harmonic functions (refer to the textbook)
( ) z R C
R
C
z y x
+ = = = = ln ,
1
, 0
2 0 1

Step 3: Displacement

+
(
(

+
+
+ =
+
+ =
+
+ =
R
B
R
R
z
A w
z R R
y
B
R
zy
A v
z R R
x
B
R
zx
A u
1
) (
3
) (
) (
3
2
3
3



Step 4: Stresses

( )
( )
( )

(
(

+
+ |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

+
+
+
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

+
+
+
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
2
3
2 2
2
3
2 2
2
3
2 2
2
3
2 2
2
3
2 3
2
) ( ) (
2 3
2
) ( ) (
2 3
2
R
z
B
R
x
R
z
A
z R R
y
z R R
z x
B
R
y
R
z
A
z R R
x
z R R
z y
B
R
x
R
z
A
zz
yy
xx

o

Week 7 MECH3361
8
( )
( )
( )

(
(

+
+
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

(
(

+
+
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

+
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
2
3
3
2
3
2 3 5
2 3
2
2 3
2
) (
) 2 (
2
6
R
x
B
R
z
R
x
A
R
y
B
R
z
R
y
A
z R R
R z xy
B
R
xyz
A
yz
yz
xy

o

Step 5: Apply B.C. to determine the constants A and B
Except at the origin, at z=0: 0 = = =
zy zx zz
o o o

= +
+
= +
+
+
0
4
) 2 ( 4
B A
P B A


t

t

( )

+
=
=
t
t
4
4
P
B
P
A


Step 6: Determine the stress and displacement functions
Substitute them back to stress and displacement functions, one can determine the stress and
displacement completely.

( )
( )
( )

+
+
+ =
+ +
=
+ +
+ =
R
P
R
z P
w
z R R
y P
R
zy P
v
z R R
x P
R
zx P
u
1
4
) 2 (
4
) ( 4 4
) ( 4 4
3
2
3
3
t

t
t t
t t

( )
( )
( )

=
=
+
+
+
+ =
=
(
(

+
+
+

(
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

+
+
+

(
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
5
2
5
2
2 3 5
5
3
2 2
2
3
2 2
2
3
2 2
2
3
2 2
2
3
2
3
2
3
) (
) 2 (
2
2
3
2
3
) ( ) (
2
3
2
) ( ) (
2
3
2
R
xz P
R
yz P
z R R
R z xy P
R
xyz
R
z P
z R R
y
z R R
z x P
R
y
R
Pz
z R R
x
z R R
z y P
R
x
R
Pz
yz
yz
xy
zz
yy
xx
t
o
t
o
t

t
o
t
o
t



t
o
t



t
o

A Half-Space under a Tangential Concentrated Load
Step 1: B.C.
Except at the origin, at z=0: 0 = = =
zy zx zz
o o o
Week 7 MECH3361
9

} }

= + 0 Q dxdy
zx
o
Step 2: Select harmonic functions

z R
C
z R R
x
C
R
C
z y x
+
=
+
= = =
1
,
) (
, 0 ,
1
3 0 2 1

After derive the displacement and stress functions, apply B.C. to determine the three constants
,
) 1 ( 8
) 2 1 (
,
) 1 ( 8
,
) 1 ( 8
) 2 1 (
2
t v
v
t v t v
v

=
Q
C
Q
B
Q
A
Step 3: Displacement

)
`

+
+ =
)
`

+
=

(
(

+
+ + =
) (
) 2 1 (
4
) (
) 2 1 (
4
) (
) 2 1 ( 1
4
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
z R
x
R
xz
R
Q
w
z R
xy
R
xy
R
Q
v
z R
x
z R
R
R
x
R
Q
u
v
t
v
t
v
t


Step 4: Stresses

= =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+

+
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+

+
|
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+

+
|
.
|

\
|
=
5
2
5
2
2 2
2
2
5
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
3
,
2
3
,
2
) (
2 1
3
2
,
2
3
2
3
) (
2 1
3
2
2
) (
2 1
3
2
R
Qzx
R
Qxyz
z R
Rx
x R
z R
R
x
R
Qx
R
Qxz
z R
Rx
x R
z R
R
y
R
Qx
z R
Ry
y R
z R
R
x
R
Qx
yz yz xy
zz
yy
xx
t
o
t
o
v
t
o
t
o
v
t
o
v
t
o


Solutions to the Contact Problems
- The frictionless contact can be solved by using approach to normal concentrated
force on a half-space
- The frictional contact can be solved by using approach to tangential concentrated
force on a half-space
- No penetration between the two contact body
Effective Youngs Modulus:
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1 1
*

|
|
.
|

\
|

+

=
E E
E
v v


Two balls in contact
* ) ( 4
3
2 1
2 1 3
E
P
R R
R R
a
+
= ,
2
2 1
2 1 3
*
) (
16
9
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
E
P
R R
R R
o
R
2
2a
o
P
P
E
1
,v
1
E
2
,v
2
R
1
Week 7 MECH3361
10
2
2
0
1
a
r
q q = (distribution of contact stress)
where ( ) P E
R R
R R
q
2
2
2 1
2 1
3
3
0
*
6
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
t

A sphere in contact with flat half space (
2
R )
* 4
3
* ) 1 / ( 4
3
* ) / / ( 4
3
1
1
1
2 2 2 1
1 3
E
P
R
E
P
R
R
E
P
R R R R
R
a =
+
=
+
=
2
1
3
*
1
16
9
|
.
|

\
|
=
E
P
R
o
2
2
0
1
a
r
q q = (distribution of contact stress)
where ( ) P E
R
q
2
2
1
3
3
0
*
1 6
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t

A sphere in contact with concave half space (
2 2
R R )
( )
( ) * ) ( 4
3
* ) ( 4
3
1 2
2 1
2 1
2 1 3
E
P
R R
R R
E
P
R R
R R
a

=
+

=
2
2 1
1 2 3
*
) (
16
9
|
.
|

\
|
=
E
P
R R
R R
o
2
2
0
1
a
r
q q = (distribution of contact stress)
where ( ) P E
R R
R R
q
2
2
2 1
1 2
3
3
0
*
6
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t

Two Parallel Cylinders
* ) (
4
2 1
2 1 2
E
p
R R
R R
b
+
=
t

|
.
|

\
|
+

+
|
.
|

\
|
+

= 407 . 0
2
ln
1
407 . 0
2
ln
1 2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1 3
b
R
E b
R
E
p v v
t
o
2
2
0
1
b
x
q q = (distribution of contact stress)
where p E
R R
R R
q *
1
2 1
2 1 2
0
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
t

Cylinders with flat half-space

*
4
1
2
E
p
R b
t
=

2
2
0
1
b
x
q q = where
1
2
0
*
R
p E
q
t
=


R
2
R
1
E
2
,v
2
E
1
,v
1
p
l
b
b
q
q
0
o
P
E
1
,v
1
R
2

R
1
o
P
E
1
,v
1
R
2

R
1
Week 7 MECH3361
11
Chapter 6 Stress Function Method

6.1 Airy Stress Function
Basic equations: Review the basic equation in 2D plane stress problems:
Equilibrium Eqn:

= +
c
c
+
c
c
= +
c
c
+
c
c
0
0
y
yy yx
x
xy
xx
f
y x
f
y x
o o
o
o
Strain-disp:

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
y
u
x
v
y
v
x
u
xy
yy
xx
2
1
c
c
c

Compatibility
y x
y x
xy
xx
yy
c c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c c
c
c
2
2
2
2
2

Hookes law:
| |
| |

+
= =
=
=
xy xy xy
xx yy yy
yy xx xx
E G
E
E
o
v
o c
vo o c
vo o c
) 1 ( 2 1
1
1

| |
| |

=
+

=
+

=
xy xy
xx yy yy
yy xx xx
G
E
E
c o
vc c
v
o
vc c
v
o
2
2
1
1

Stress B.C.

= +
= +
y yy xy
x xy xx
F m l
F m l
o o
o o
Displacement B.C.

=
=
*
*
v v
u u


Stress method to solve for plane stress problem use stress as primary variable
When 0 = =
y x
f f ,: Differentiate the 1
st
equilibrium equation w.r.t. x and the 2
nd
w.r.t. y:

=
c
c
+
c c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c c
c
+
c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
c
c
0
0
2
2 2
2
2
2
y
y x y x y
x y
x
y x x
yy yx yy yx
xy
xx
xy
xx
o o o o
o
o
o
o

x y
y x
xy yy
xx
c c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
o o
o
2
2
2
2
2
2
which is the compatibility in terms of stress. Using Hookes law leads to:
| | | |
|
.
|

\
|
+
c c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|

c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|

c
c
xy yy xx xx yy
E y x E
y
E
x
o
v
vo o vo o
1
2
1 1
2
2
2
2
2

0 ) 1 ( 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
c c
c
+
c
c

c
c
+
c
c

c
c
y x
y y x x
xy yy
xx xx
yy
o
v
o
v
o o
v
o

0 ) 1 (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ +
c
c

c
c
+
c
c

c
c
y x y y x x
yy
xx
yy
xx xx
yy
o
o
v
o
v
o o
v
o


0 ) (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

c
c
+
c
c

c
c
y y x x y y x x
yy yy
xx xx
yy
xx xx
yy
o
v
o
o
v
o
o
v
o o
v
o


0 ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= + V = +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
yy xx yy xx
yy
xx xx
yy
y x y x y x
o o o o
o
o o
o

Week 7 MECH3361
12
Now the key equations need to be considered are:

= + V
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
0 ) (
0
0
2
yy xx
yy yx
xy
xx
y x
y x
o o
o o
o
o

To solve for the above differential equations, one can assume a solution to the stress, namely
stress function (or Airy stress function) such that it can satisfy the equilibrium equations. One
option can be:

2
2
y
xx
c
c
=
|
o ,
2
2
x
yy
c
c
=
|
o ,
y x
xy
c c
c
=
|
o
2

Equilibrium equations

=
c c
c
+
c c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c c
c

c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c c
c

c c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c c
c

c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
0
0
2
3
2
3
2
2 2
2
3
2
3 2
2
2
x y x y x
y y x x y x
y x x y
y x y
y
x y x
yy yx
xy
xx
| | | |
o o
| | | |
o
o

Compatibility: 0 2
2 2
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
= V V =
c
c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
=
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
V |
| | | | |
y y x x x y

Now we need to solve for a bi-harmonic equation:
0 2
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
=
c
c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
y y x x
| | |


Polar system: The stress functions can be written as:

2
2
2
1 1
u
| |
o
c
c
+
c
c
=
r
r r
rr
,
2
2
r c
c
=
|
o
uu
, |
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
2
1
u
|
o
u
r r
r


Bi-harmonic functions have been studied extensively. Tables 8.1 and 8.2 in the textbook
include some typical functions.

B.C. for stress function
To this end, all the stress functions selected for a specific problem need to satisfy B.C. as well.

We need to see what stress function could meet the requirement of B.C.

6.2 Rectangular plate under bending
Pure Bending Problem

M M
h/2
h/2
L
x
y
Week 7 MECH3361
13

Step 1: B.C.
2
, 0
h
y L x = s s : 0 = =
yx yy
o o (no surface stresses, but 0 =
xx
o )
2 2
, and 0
h
y
h
L x x s s = = : 0 =
xy
o , (pure bending)
As per S-V principle: 0
2 /
2 /
=
}

h
h
xx
dy o , (no axial force) M ydy
h
h
xx
=
}

2 /
2 /
o (bending moment)
Step 2: Observe the B.C. and Select stress function
Now we need to choose proper stress function to satisfy the above B.C. From Table 8.3, we
can see stress function #8 leads to a linear o
xx
at the two ends and all other stress
components are zero. Therefore, we choose

3
ay = |
It will be found that this stress function satisfy all the B.C. well.

Step 3: Use B.C. to determine stress function
To determine constant a, the bending moment B.C. can be used:
ay ay
y y
xx
6 ) (
3
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
|
o
( ) M h
a h h
a dy y a ydy ay ydy
h
h
h
h
h
h
xx
= =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
} } }

3
3 3
2 /
2 /
2
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 8 8 3
1
6 6 6 o
Thus:
3
2
h
M
a =
So the stress function becomes:
3
3
2
y
h
M
|
.
|

\
|
= |
y
h
M
y
h
M
ay
xx
3 3
12 2
6 6 =
|
.
|

\
|
= = o
,
, ( ) 0
3
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
=
c
c
= ay
x x
yy
|
o , ( ) 0
3
2 2
=
c c
c
=
c c
c
= ay
y x y x
xy
|
o

Cantilever Beam Problem

Step 1: B.C.
2
, 0
h
y L x = s s : 0 = =
yx yy
o o (no surface stresses, but 0 =
xx
o )
2 2
, 0
h
y
h
x s s = : 0 = = v u (fully-clamped)
2 2
,
h
y
h
L x s s = : 0 =
xx
o (no axial force) V dy
h
h
xy
=
}

2 /
2 /
o (S-V principle)
V
h/2
h/2
L
x
y
V
h/2
h/2
L
x
y
Week 7 MECH3361
14
Step 2: Observe the B.C. and Select stress function
The clamped end can be separated (F.B.D.). We need linear normal (but vanish in total) and a
uniform shear.
- Uniform shear: #4: axy all around the plates
- #10: uniform shear in top/bottom but non-uniform at other two ends.
- Thus superposition can cancel the top/bottom shear.
- #10 also leads to a normal stress
xx
o at right end (x=L) but B.C. requires only normal
at left end. We therefore need other function to cancel the right end normal stress.
- #8 is just what we want
Thus
3 3
cy bxy axy + + = |

Step 3: Calculate the stress

( )
( ) ( )

+ = + +
c c
c
=
c c
c
=
=
c
c
=
+ = + +
c
c
=
c
c
=
2 3 3
2 2
2
2
3 3
2
2
2
2
3
0
6 6
by a cy bxy axy
y x y x
x
cy bxy cy bxy axy
y y
xy
yy
xx
|
o
|
o
|
o

Step 4: Applied the B.C. to determine the unknowns in the stress function:
( ) | | V
h
b
h
a
h
b
h
a by ay dy by a dy
b
h
a b
h
a
h
b a
h
y L x
c bL cy bLy
h
y
h
L x
h
h
h
h
h
h
xy
xy
xx
=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
= + = + =
= = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
= s s
= + = + =
|
.
|

\
|
s s =

} }
3 3
2 /
2 /
3
2 /
2 /
2
2 /
2 /
2 2
2
8 2 8 2
3
4
3
0
4
3
2
3
2
, 0
0 0 6 6
2 2
,
o
o
o


I
Vh
a
8
2
= ,
I
V
b
6
= ,
I
VL
c
6
=

Step 5: Express stress
Thus:
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
2
4
4 2
, 0 , ) ( y
h
I
V
y x L
I
V
xy yy xx
o o o


6.3 Stress concentration around a circular hole

Step 1: Transfer to Polar system:
T
a
b
u
T
Week 7 MECH3361
15
It is convenient to use polar system. To do so, a stress needs to be transferred:
( )

= = + =
+ = = + + =
u u u u u o u u o o o
u u u u o u o u o o
u
2 sin
2
1
cos sin ) sin (cos 2 sin cos ) (
2 cos 1
2
1
cos cos sin 2 sin cos
2 2
2 2 2
T T
T T
xy xx yy r
xy yy xx rr

Step 2: B.C.:
At a r = : 0 = =
u
o o
r rr

At b r = : ( ) u o u o
u
2 sin
2
1
2 cos 1
2
1
T T
r rr
= + =
The superposition can be applied to the second B.C at b r = .
( )

u
u u o
2 cos
tan
2 cos
2
1
2
1
2 cos 1
2
1
to
onal proportati t Cons
rr
T T T + = + =
In this boundary ( b r = ):
Part 1: T
rr
2
1
= o and 0 =
u
o
r

Part 2: u o 2 cos
2
1
T
rr
= and u o
u
2 sin
2
1
T
r
=
Step 3: Select the stress function
From Table 8.4, the stress function is to sum #2, 4, 15, 16 and 17. Determine c
i
from BC.
u | 2 cos ) ( ln
2
5
2
4 3 1
2
1

+ + + + = r c r c c r c r c

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
u o
u o
u o
u
uu
2 sin
2 3
1
2
2 cos
3
1
2
1
2
2 cos
4 3
1
2
1
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
4
4
2
2
r
a
r
a T
r
a T
r
a T
r
a
r
a T
r
a T
r
rr

When 1 2 cos = u ,
uu
o reaches the maximum
( ) ( ) T
a
a T
a
a T
a r 3 cos
3
1
2
1
2
4
4
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = = t o
uu

Thus T 3
max
=
uu
o
Stress concentration factor k:
nominal
ko o
uu
=
max
(k=3 in this small hole case)