FORMAT MANUAL FOR THESIS/DISSERTATION

INTRODUCTION
Your thesis, dissertation, or equivalent (also referred to herein as a document) is the
culmination of an important stage of your graduate studies. By researching and
writing this final work, you show that you have acquired the skills essential to your
discipline. Through this process, you obtain an advanced degree of specialized
knowledge, and by presenting this knowledge, you demonstrate that you have
mastered the standards of communication and presentation expected by your
colleagues. The document also serves as a way for the school to continually evaluate,
and modify its degree program.


RESPONSIBILITIES
When you submit your work for format evaluation, a format advisor will see that your
document meets the requirements described in this manual. Therefore, you should
become familiar with this manual at the time you begin your first draft and use it in
conjunction with a style guide appropriate to your field. To avoid complications, you
should not rely on others theses and dissertationswhether library or departmental
copiesto format your document. You and your committee are responsible for the
content and quality of your document. When you have questions concerning the
substance of your work (such as the arrangement of tables or whether material
belongs in an appendix), first ask your chair or other members of your committee.
They will be most familiar with your work and will know the standards in your field.
A format advisor can assist you in interpreting this manual or your style guide, but
your committee is your best resource for advice about writing and organizing your
work. Although the format advisor evaluates the formal aspects of your document,
your committee members are the final judges.


FORMAT EVALUATION, ORAL DEFENSE,
ACCEPTANCE OF YOUR DOCUMENT, AND BINDING

Overview
When your committee agrees that you have produced a complete, defense-ready draft
of your document (i.e., it has been proofread for grammar and punctuation and
includes the text and all tables, figures, references, and appendices, but may require
content changes), you may submit an unbound, high print quality document to your
School for format review.

The Submission Process
Before your complete thesis, dissertation, or equivalent may be accepted by your
School for format review, the following requirements must be met:
You have completed the minimum departmental/school requirement to
conduct a thesis/dissertation research;
Your committee has been approved by your School;
You have passed all required examinations (e.g., qualifying or
comprehensives);
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You must be enrolled for at least one credit hour of appropriate graduate level
credit, during the semester or summer session in which you defend and/or
meet special requirements if defending during the summer or a break period

Format Review Process
A format advisor checks your work against this Format Manual. He/she also spot-
checks for misspellings, inconsistencies, typographical errors, and grammatical
problems, but a thorough review of the entire document for these errors is the
responsibility of the student and the committee chair. Turnaround time for review
fluctuates depending on volume and increases as the deadline approaches. Your
document will be reviewed as quickly as possible. Few documents are approved as a
result of the first review, but students are rarely prevented from holding the oral
defense. Although your format may be approved at any time (before or after your
defense), you must have final format approval before the Directors signature can be
obtained on your approval page.

Oral Defense
Be sure to take a clean copy of the correctly formatted approval page to your defense
for your committee to sign. In the event that one of your original committee members
must be absent from the defense, please contact the Office of the Director of your
School so that you may be referred to the specific procedures set by the Academic
Council. Although defense procedures vary by department or degree program,
typically, after a successful defense, you will receive from your chair the signed
approval page. Then, you will need to take the approval page to the head of your
academic unit, and the Director of your School to be signed. Although your
committee may recommend changes to your content following your defense, there is
no need to submit a full revised copy unless indicated as part of your previous format
review. However, if your previously approved title and/or abstract changes, based on
committee recommendation after your defense, you will need to resubmit revised title
and approval pages and/or the abstract for an additional format review before the
Directors signature can be obtained.


OVERALL THESIS/DISSERTATION FORMAT
REQUIREMENTS AND ORGANIZATION

In order to bring uniformity to the reporting of the research conducted by you, it is
imperative that all students follow a common guideline in preparing the
thesis/dissertation. Unless otherwise approved by the school, all students are required
to follow this style manual for this reporting purpose. This style manual is required by
you for:
Heading style and labels
Table format and style of table titles
Figure format and style of captions
Citation method and format
Reference list (or notes/bibliography) format
Quotation format

ORGANIZATION
All reports are broadly organized in three sections:
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1. Preliminary matter (title and approval pages, abstract, table of contents, list of
tables, etc.)
2. Text (introduction and sections)
3. Back matter (notes, references or bibliography, appendices, and biographical
sketch)


PRELIMINARY MATTER REQUIREMENTS
The preliminary matter consists of the title page, approval page, abstract, dedication
(optional), acknowledgments (optional), table of contents, list of tables, list of figures,
other lists (such as nomenclature), and the preface (optional). Preliminary pages are
paginated separately from the rest of the text. The title page and approval page are
counted but no page numbers appear on them. Starting with the abstract on page iii,
begin placing page numbers in lowercase roman numerals on the bottom of the
preliminary pages. Continue placing the roman numerals on the subsequent pages up
to the first page of the text (chapter 1 or the introduction). Specific requirements for
each part of the preliminary matter follow. Proper order of Preliminary Pages:

1. Title page
2. Approval page
3. Abstract
4. Dedication (optional)
5. Acknowledgments (optional)
6. Table of contents
7. List of tables (if tables appear in document)
8. List of figures (if figures appear in document)
9. Other lists (e.g., nomenclature, definitions, glossary of terms, etc.)
10. Preface (optional; must be less than 10 pages)

Each of these items is further described below.


Title page
The title page is the first page of the report. It contains the title of the work, the name
and other declaration. See Annexure 1 for a sample Title page.

Title Page Checklist
Margins: left 1.5 inches; right, top, bottom 1 inch;
Text centered between left and right, and top and bottom margins;
Typeface consistent with main text;
TITLE in all capitals. Not more than 15 words (90 characters, including
spacing between words and punctuation);
Spell out all acronyms in full;
No boldface;
by in lower case;
Full name of the student in upper/lowercase combination, (e.g. Abul Islam
Mohammad Najme Rahmani Khondakar);
Declaration. Wording identical to Annexure 1 except for variations in type of
document and name of degree;
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Thesis, or Dissertation;
Fulfillment (no s);
Requirements (with an s);
INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITY, BANGLADESH in all capitals;
Correct month and year (of the posting of grade);
Month in upper/lowercase;
No comma between month and year;
Page number: does not appear; counted as i;


Approval page
This page, as indicated by the signature of your committee members, indicates the
consent of your committee to the fact that you have completed your thesis/dissertation
in a manner that you had been directed. Since this page is part of your formal report,
you have to obtain the signature on this page before you give your report for final
binding. Therefore, you should obtain the signatures on the approval page with
sufficient time with you to bind the report and submit it before the oral examination.
See Annexure 2 for examples of the Approval Page.

Approval Page Checklist
Margins: left 1.5 inches; right, top, bottom 1 inch;
Typeface consistent with main text;
TITLE exactly as appearing on the Title page, centered between left and right
margins;
Spell out all acronyms in full;
No boldface;
by in lower case double space below the Title, centered between left and
right margins;
Full name of the student in upper/lowercase combination, (e.g. Abul Islam
Mohammad Najme Rahmani Khondakar) double space below the previous
line, centered between left and right margins;
has been approved in lowercase four spaces below the previous line,
centered between left and right margins;
Correct month and year (of oral defense) double space below the previous
line, centered between left and right margins;
Month in upper/lowercase;
APPROVED in all capitals, followed by a colon (:), typed left justified, four
spaces below the previous line;
Type the month and year of oral defense;
No comma between month and year;
Add signature lines as follows:
a) Create the number of signature lines equal to the number of your
committee members;
b) Begin lines at the left margin and extend to the right margin;
c) Make the lines solid (but not bold) and horizontal, with double-spacing
between them;
d) Name of the Chairperson, followed by a comma(,), flushed left;
e) type Chairperson flush right and underlined;
f) Add a comma (,) and one space before Chairperson;
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g) Required numbers of lines with names of members followed by a comma
flushed left, and , Member flushed right;
Supervisory Committee double space below the previous line, centered
between left and right margin;
ACCEPTED in all capitals, followed by a colon(:) starting from the center
of the page, six spaces below the previous line;
A solid line from the center of the page to the right margin six spaces below
the previous line;
Director, followed by a comma (,), followed by one space, then followed by
the name of the school, in upper/lower case;
Page number: does not appear; counted as ii;


Abstract
The abstract lets the public and other colleagues know about the report. The abstract
should be a succinct summary of the aims, methods, conclusions or results, and
significance of your study. If the abstract is well written, other researchers are more
apt to go on to read the entire document. Before writing the abstract, it is
recommended that the student read a number of abstracts from previous reports. The
sample abstract in Annexure 3 provides a model for format and style.

Abstract Checklist
Margins: left 1.5 inches; right, top, bottom 1 inch;
Text flush left, not centered;
Typeface and size consistent with main text;
ABSTRACT in all capitals and centered between margins;
No boldface;
Double-spaced;
Length: 350 words maximum; usually no more than 1.5 pages;
No citations or references;
Spell all acronyms in full on the first use with the acronyms in parentheses;
No first person, i.e., use of I or we; third person terms such as this
researcher or this writer are appropriate;
Summarizes the research or creative activity that formed the basis for your
document;
Page number(s): roman numeral(s), beginning with iii, centered between left
and right margins, 1 inch from bottom of page;


Dedication and Acknowledgments
These are optional pages, although most documents have a brief paragraph
acknowledging the contributions of committee members and others who helped the
student complete the research. The dedication and the acknowledgments should be on
separate pages. If you decide to include these pages, you must maintain a professional
tone.

Dedication Checklist
Margins: left 1.5 inches; right, top, bottom 1 inch;
Text centered between left and right margins;
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Typeface and size consistent with main text;
Double-spaced;
Page number: lower case roman numeral, consecutive from previous section,
centered between left and right margins, 1 inch from bottom of page;

Acknowledgments Checklist
Margins: left 1.5 inches; right, top, bottom 1 inch;
Text flush left, not centered;
Typeface and size consistent with main text;
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS in all capitals and centered between margins
No boldface;
Double-spaced;
Maximum two pages;
Page number(s): lower-case roman numeral(s), consecutive from previous
section, centered between left and right margins, 1 inch from bottom of page;


Table of Contents
The table of contents introduces the reader to the report, indicating its contents,
organization, and progression. The key is to provide easy access and not to
overwhelm the reader with a detailed index of the contents. The table of contents is
compiled by listing the headings in the document; it should not show a listing for
anything preceding it (Abstract, Dedication, Acknowledgments, etc.). The student
must be consistent in the level of heading that is listed; e.g., if the second-level
subheadings are listed from one chapter, the second-level subheadings from all
chapters that contain this level. Each level of subheading should be consistently
indented a few spaces more than the preceding level. The arrangement of the table of
contents in Annexure 4 works for any document, with minor adjustments for the style
of chapter numbers or heading levels.

Table of Contents Checklist
Margins: left 1.5 inches; right, top, bottom 1 inch;
Typeface and size consistent with main text
TABLE OF CONTENTS in all capitals and centered between margins
Convey structure and content of document
Begin with the preliminary pages following the table of contents (i.e., lists)
Maximum of four levels: chapter titles, headings, and two levels of
subheadings
Consistent for each chapter (if subheadings for some chapters are included,
subheadings for all chapters must be included)
Identical in style and substance (wording, punctuation, letter case) to
corresponding chapter title, heading, or subheading in the text; lengthy entries
abbreviated but not paraphrased (i.e., identical up to the point of abbreviation)
All page numbers aligned along the right margin with leader dots or solid lines
between heading and page number
Length: may be a few pages; no continued at top of second and subsequent
pages
Page number(s): lower case roman numeral(s), consecutive from previous
section, centered between left and right margins, 1 inch from bottom of page
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List of Tables and List of Figures
Obviously, only those documents that use tables and figures require these lists. Both
lists follow essentially the same format, resembling the table of contents. The sample
in Annexure 5 provides model that are easy to read and work well for any document.

List of Tables and List of Figures Checklist
Margins: left 1.5 inches; right, top, bottom 1 inch;
Typeface and size consistent with main text
LIST OF TABLES and LIST OF FIGURES in all capitals and centered
between margins
List of tables precedes list of figures
Every table title and figure caption included
Identical in style and substance (wording, punctuation, letter case) to
corresponding titles and captions in the text; lengthy entries abbreviated but
not paraphrased (i.e., identical up to the point of abbreviation)
All page numbers aligned along the right margin with leader dots or solid lines
between caption and page number
Length: may be several pages; no continued at top of second and subsequent
pages
Page number(s): lower case roman numeral(s), consecutive from previous
section, centered between the proper margins, 1 inch from the bottom of the
page


Other Lists
Lists other than the table of contents, list of tables, and list of figures may be
nomenclature, list of symbols, definitions or glossary, or similar lists. Students should
discuss with their supervisor the need for such lists, decide upon the proper title, and
then choose a clearly organized format. Once the format is chosen, they should follow
it consistently.


TEXT REQUIREMENTS
Almost always, the reports are organized as chapters, although a student may use
other divisions of the text if the supervisor prefer (e.g., research journal format).
Every page of the report must meet the margin requirements listed several times in
this manual: 1.5 inches on the left and 1 inch at the top, right, and bottom. The extra
half-inch in the left margin will be taken up by the binding. The text, headings, lists,
tables, and figures of your document will appear off-center on the printed page, but
once bound, the margins will appear equal and the material centered properly.

Each chapter should start on a new page. The first line of a new chapter should be the
chapter number, all in capital. Double space below the chapter number should be the
title of the chapter, also in capital. These two lines should be centered between the left
and the right margins.

Paragraphs should be adequately identified by using left indentation, or using an extra
blank line before the paragraph.
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Fonts
It is recommended that you use fonts those are used commonly, eg. Times New
Roman, Arial, Verdana. Font size should be 12. Once you select a font, you have to
keep this consistent throughout the document, figure captions, table captions, inside
the figures and tables. This is not applicable to cases where special fonts may have to
be selected, e.g. indicating Greek symbols, or other special symbols. The font size is
also not applicable to subscripts and superscripts. The font sizes of subscripts and
superscripts should be left to as set by the word-processor you are using to type your
document.

Line spacing
Entire document should be typed with double spacing. This spacing is not applicable
to figure and table captions, references, inside tables, where single spacing should be
used.

Headings and Subheadings
You may use headings and subheadings to subdivide chapters or sections, but they
must consistently follow the scheme for headings outlined in the style guide. you
should determine the maximum number of subheadings that you will use throughout
the report document, then identify the appropriate sequence of headings
recommended by the supervisor, and then follow that sequence in ascending order.
You may need only three heading levels in the first chapter but require four for the
other chapters; they should use the same first-, second-, and third level headings for
all chapters, adding the fourth level for those chapters that require it. You should not
change the sequence and style of headings from chapter to chapter. Once the sequence
is chosen, follow it consistently throughout your document.

Headings and Subheadings Checklist
Margins: left 1.5 inches; right, top, bottom 1 inch;
Consistent with style guide or journal
Typeface and size consistent throughout document
Scheme of levels consistent throughout document
Wording and order identical to entries in table of contents
Followed by at least two lines of text before end of page
If subheadings are used, there must be at least two subheadings beneath a
heading; for example, if youre going to have an a you must also have a b


Placement of Tables and Figures
Placing tables and figures near the text that refers to them is more useful to the reader
than grouping them at the end of the document. The reader can easily determine the
relevance of the table or figure, reinforcing or substantiating the text. With this said,
the students have a few options regarding the placement of tables and figures. A table
or figure is either inserted in the text as close as possible after the first reference is
made to it, or grouped with other illustrations at the end of the chapter in which it is
discussed. A third option is to place all tables and figures in an appendix. (Use one
method and use it consistently.) Table titles must always appear with the table
(usually above the table). Figure captions should appear with the figure (usually
below the figure). Large figures sometimes leave little room for the caption. When
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this happens, the caption may appear on the facing page. All pages of the text must
meet the same margin requirements, including pages on which tables and figures
appear.

Tables and figures can be either numbered sequentially in the entire document,
starting with figure 1 and continuing throughout the document; or these can be
numbered sequentially for each chapter, e.g figure 2.3 for the third figure in chapter 2.
Care should also be taken in typing figure 2.3 in the body of the document. The
space between figure and 2.3 should be a hard space (shift-ctrl-spacebar) on
Microsoft Word

. A hard space will treat figure and 2.3 as one entity. Otherwise,
because of line wrapping by the word processor, figure and 2.3 may end up on
two separate lines.


Pagination
The text of the report begins with the first page of chapter 1 (or the introduction). This
page is counted as page 1, but not numbered. No page number appears on the first
page of each chapter, the first page of notes, the first page of the reference list or
bibliography, or the title pages of appendices. The text is numbered with arabic
numerals placed in the upper right-hand corner, 1 inch from the top edge of the page
and 1 inch from the right edge of the page. Begin numbering with page 2. The text
begins two spaces below the page number or approximately 1.5 inches from the
top. There are to be no running heads in your document, only page numbers.


BACK MATTER REQUIREMENTS
The back matter of the report document consists of the notes, the references (or
bibliography), appendices, and the biographical sketch (optional). The back matter is
paginated consecutively from the last page of the text (pages that are counted but not
numbered are indicated in the following lists of requirements). The back matter,
including appendices, must meet the same margin requirements as the rest of the
document.

Notes
If the report uses notes, the student may (1) place them at the bottom of the page
(footnotes), (2) group them at the end of each chapter (endnotes or chapter notes), or
(3) group them at the end of the document, before the bibliography (notes). If it is
chosen to group the notes at the end of each chapter, the notes should begin on a new
page, which is counted but not numbered. Following the first page of notes, page
numbers should be placed on the rest of the pages. If it is chosen to group the notes at
the end of the document, the notes should begin on a new page, which is counted but
not numbered. Subsequent pages should be numbered. Notes are indicated in the text
and in the notes with superscript numbers. The number should appear here
1
rather
than here1, so it is distinct from the text.

Notes Checklist
Margins: left 1.5 inches; right, top, bottom 1 inch;
Typeface and size consistent with main text (except footnotes, which may be
smaller in size)
Double-spaced (lines within individual notes may be single-spaced)
10
Numbers appear as superscripts, not as normal text
Every callout (note number in text) actually appears in and corresponds to the
notes
Format and style conform to style guide or journal and are consistent
throughout the notes
Page number(s): first page counted but not numbered; subsequent pages
numbered in upper right-hand corner, 1 inch from top and 1 inch from right


References
It is a matter of professional ethics to give credits to the researchers whos published
work you have used in conducting your work. These published works may be books,
journal articles, web sites, or even personal communication. There are several
standard ways to cite these works. Out of these, two styles are very widely used.
These are described below. A student may select any one of them. Once a style is
chosen, it must be followed consistently throughout the report.

Style 1
In the text of the report, the works are cited by using the last name of the authors and
the year of publication, e.g. Woods (1975), or (Woods 1975). The first style is used
when there is reference to the author, and the second style is used when there is
reference to the work. Example:

As Woods (1975) has pointed out, reduction to a canonical form is provably
uncomputable for monoids, a type of algebraic group that is far simpler than natural
language.

or

Reduction to a canonical form is provably uncomputable for monoids, a type of
algebraic group that is far simpler than natural language (Woods 1975).

If there are two authors, last names of both the authors are cited in the text, e.g.
Woods & Smith (1978), or (Woods & Smith 1978) notice the use of & and not
and. If there are more than two authors, the last name of the lead author along with
et al. is used, e.g. Woods et al. (1980), or (Woods et al. 1980) there is a stop at the
end of al. If same set of authors have more than one citation for a given year, letter a,
b, c, etc. are used at the end of the year of publication, e.g. Woods (1975a, 1975b).

In the Reference section, the works are cited alphabetically according to the last name
of the lead author as follows:

Driscoll, James R., Gabow, H. N., Shrairman, R. and Tarjan, R. E. 1988 Relaxed
heaps: An alternative to Fibonacci heaps with application to parallel computation.
Communication of the ACM, 31, 11, 1343-1354.

Drake, Alvin W. 1967 Fundamentals of Applied Probability Theory, McGraw-Hill.

11
Style 2
The second style that is used very widely uses numerical ordering as they are cited in
the main text of the report. Example:

Reduction to a canonical form is provably uncomputable for monoids, a type of
algebraic group that is far simpler than natural language [15].

The number [15] refers to the numerical order of the work appearing in the report. If
there are more than one citation for a work, it can be referred to as follows:

Reduction to a canonical form is provably uncomputable for monoids, a type of
algebraic group that is far simpler than natural language [6],[9],[15]-[17].

In the Reference section, the works are listed according to their order of citation in the
document:

[6] Driscoll, James R., Gabow, H. N., Shrairman, R. and Tarjan, R. E. 1988
Relaxed heaps: An alternative to Fibonacci heaps with application to parallel
computation. Communication of the ACM, 31, 11, 1343-1354.

[15] Drake, Alvin W. 1967 Fundamentals of Applied Probability Theory, McGraw-
Hill.

Because of their relative new appearance, no particularly standard procedure has
evolved for citing material available on the World Wide Web. But, the following
information is generally included in citations of WWW sites.
The authors name (if known) or screen name/alias
The full title of the document, cited as a journal article would be cited by your
style guide
The title of the complete work (if applicable) in italics or underlined
Version or file numbers (if applicable or known)
The date of the documents publication or last revision (if applicable or
known)
The full http address (URL);
The date the researcher (you) visited the site, in parentheses

References Checklist
Margins: left 1.5 inches; right, top, bottom 1 inch;
Typeface and size consistent with main text
Double-spaced (lines within individual entries should be single-spaced)
Every author and work cited in text appears (pay attention to the spelling of
authorsnames and year of publication)
Format and style conform with style guide or journal and are consistent
throughout
Arranged in proper order (alphabetical, chronological, numerical, etc.,
depending on style guide or journal)
Page number(s): first page counted but not numbered; subsequent pages
numbered in upper right-hand corner, 1 inch from top and 1 inch from right

12

Appendices
The students should discuss with their supervisor the need for appendices, carefully
considering the value of the material they propose to include. How does the material
relate to the rest of the text? Would it be more useful to readers somewhere within the
text? (Brief material is probably better placed in the text than at the end of the
document.) Some material may be so lengthy that placing it in the text would disrupt
the readers comprehension of the material. Placing lengthy computer printouts, raw
data, procedural explanations, written releases to use copyrighted work,
supplementary tables, examples of data collection sheets, or questionnaires in
appendices makes sense. To provide a clear break between appendices, the students
should designate each with a letter or roman numeral (APPENDIX A or
APPENDIX I) and a title, and provide a separate title page for each. The title pages
are counted but not numbered. Subsequent pages are numbered as usual. The
appendix is listed in the table of contents. All material in the appendices must meet
the usual margin requirements.

Appendices Checklist
Margins: left 1.5 inches; right, top, bottom 1 inch;
Spacing: whatever is appropriate for material
Material appropriate as an appendix (e.g., copyright permission is obtained);
Title page: APPENDIX A (or APPENDIX I, etc.) on first line, title on
second line, centered between margins in middle of page
Titles appear in table of contents
Tables and figures appearing in appendices noted in list of tables and list of
figures
Page numbers: title page counted but not numbered; subsequent pages
numbered in upper right-hand corner, 1 inch from top and 1 inch from right


PREPARING AND SUBMITTING THE DOCUMENT
You should recognize that their work becomes a part of the academic activity of the
university. The following requirements are provided keeping this objective in mind.

1. The entire report should be laser printed using A4 size (210 mm 297 mm)
paper on at least 80 gms/m
2
weight.
2. The entire document should be typed in Portrait mode of the page.
Landscape mode can be used in the middle of the document in cases where
tables or figures are sufficiently wide so that these could not be accommodated
in the Portrait mode.
3. The entire report should be printed in black on white paper. Using coloured
figures and colour photographs are strongly discouraged. Coloured materials
appear to fade with time.
4. CDs, floppies, or other recording medium may be included in the report. If the
student decides to do so, they should keep in mind the archival nature of these
mediums. This is to say that these recording mediums should not deteriorate
with time.
5. The CDs, floppies, or other recording medium should be self-contained.
Example: If the CD contains PDF file, there should be a PDF reader on the
CD; if the CD contains an image, there should be an image reader; etc.
13
Copyrights and Intellectual Property Ownership must be kept in mind in
preparing the recording mediums.
6. Once the committee approves the thesis/dissertation, these should be hard
bounded.
7. The top of the bounded document should contain the title of the work, name of
the student, name of the university, and month and year of graduation. See
Annexure 6 for an example.
8. The side of the report should contain the last name of the student at the top,
and the letters IUB at the bottom. These should be written so that they can be
read horizontally when the report is held vertical. If the last name of the
student is long, the name and the letters IUB can be written, so that they can
be read horizontally when the report is lying on a table. See Annexure 7 for
example.
9. Submit two copies of the hardbound report to the IUB Library.
10. Please consult your School for other submission requirements. For example,
your school and your chairperson may request one bound copy each of your
thesis/dissertation. You school may request a soft copy of your
thesis/dissertation.
14


A COMPARISON OF ADVANCED COMPUTER ARCHITRECHTURES:
PARALLELISM, SCALABILITY, AND PROGRAMMING ISSUES





by





Abul Islam Mohammad Najme Rahmani Khondakar








A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science
in
Computer Science

















INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITY, BANGLADESH

May 1997
Annexure 1
15


A COMPARISON OF ADVANCED COMPUTER ARCHITRECHTURES:
PARALLELISM, SCALABILITY, AND PROGRAMMING ISSUES

by

Abul Islam Mohammad Najme Rahmani Khondakar


has been approved

April 1997



APPROVED:

Name of Chairperson, Signature , Chairperson

Name of member, Signature , Member

Name of member, Signature , Member

Supervisory Committee





ACCEPTED:





_________________________________
Director, School of Communication
Annexure 2
16

ABSTRACT

This report attempts to understand the influence of seasonal variation of monsoons on
the structure of turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. To this end wind flow
data for almost two years have been collected at six locations along the coast of Bay
of Bengal in Bangladesh. Results indicate that wind flow during both summer and
winter is superposition of flow generated by heating and cooling of landmass and
flow generated due to the pressure gradient responsible for monsoons. The direction
of monsoon flow is southward during winter and northward during summer.
Autocorrelations of velocity indicate that the time scale of the flow is of the order of 2
to 3 days during summer and 4 to 5 days during winter. The energy containing eddies
are strongly anisotropic, and are aligned in the general direction of monsoon flow.
The length scale of the energy containing eddies vary from 500 kilometers during
winter to 2,000 kilometers during summer. On the other hand, the dimension of the
dissipating eddies vary from 3.5 meters during winter to 5 meters during summer.
Most of the turbulent kinetic energy is contributed by the flow generated due to the
influence of monsoons. It is only during winter that the energy contribution from the
flow generated due to heating and cooling of landmass is of the same order of
magnitude as the energy contribution from the flow generated by monsoons. The
power spectrum of velocity shows a large inertial subrange. The spectra of the
velocity reveal that there are additional physical processes present within monsoon
flow, which result in the absence of any gap in the spectrum. Flux Richardson number
indicates that at no time neither during daytime or nighttime, nor during winter or
summer is the turbulence close to being suppressed by buoyancy.


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Annexure 3
17

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3 Potential Contributions and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.4 Organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2 BACKGROUND LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1 Comprehensive Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2 Structural Role Analysis of Organizational Buying Behavior 44
2.3 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3 A NETWORK PERSPECTIVE OF ORGANIZATIONAL
BUYING BEHAVIOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.2 Theoretical Framework for the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.3 Research Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4 METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.1 Determination of the Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.2 Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

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Annexure 4
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CHAPTER Page
4.3 Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5 DATA ANALYSES AND RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.1 Profile and Statistics of Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.2 Validity Within the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.3 Reliability of the Individual Influence Scales. . . . . . .. . . . 146
5.4 Regression Analysis of Procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.5 Summary and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 180
6.1 Managerial Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
6.2 Researcher Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
APPENDIX
A INTERVIEW SCHEDULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
B DEPARTMENTAL AVERAGES FOR PROCUREMENT
WORKFLOW AND COMMUNICATION NETWORK
RESPONSE AND PREDICTOR VARIABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242







vii
19

LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Buying Center Dimensions, Organizational Structure, Purchase
Situation Attribute: Constructs and Operational Variables . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2 Involvement and Influence Findings from Selected Organizational
Buying Behavior Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3 Definition of Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4 Partial Listing of Procurement-Related Activities and Decisions .. . . . . 92
5 Boundary Specification for the Procurement Work-Flow Network . . . . 93
6 Summary of Selected Studies of Communication or Work Activities
within a Single Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
7 Buyer Purchasing Assignments for Said Enterprises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
8 Reliabilities, Means, and Standard Deviations of Influence: Individual
Items and Overall Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
9 Pairwise Correlations Among Procurement Work-Flow and
Communication Network Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
10 Relationship Between Emergent and Prescribed Procurement
Workflow Variables and Measures of Influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
11 Contribution of the Departmental Membership and Hierarchical
Level Dummy Variables to the Percentage of Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162







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Annexure 5
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. A model of organizational buying behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2. A model of industrial buying behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3. Taxonomy of selected organizational buying center studies by major
research issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4. Classification of selected intraorganizational power/influence
research by level of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5. Model of individual influence during organizational procurement
related activities and decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6. Model of factors that contributed to the research design of the present
study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7. Organizational chart for Saide Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
8. Organizational chart for a business center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
9. Organizational chart for purchasing department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
















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Annexure 5
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A COMPARISON OF ADVANCED COMPUTER ARCHITRECHTURES:
PARALLELISM, SCALABILITY, AND PROGRAMMING ISSUES

















Abul Islam Mohammad Najme Rahmani Khondakar
























INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITY, BANGLADESH

May 1997
Annexure 6
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Khondakar















































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Annexure 7
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