SOVIET RESEARCH ON THE A-VECTOR

POTENTI AL AND SCALAR WAVES (U)

SUMMARY
(L) The Soviets appear to have made significant theoretical progress in deal i ng with the A-vector
potential and scalar waves/fields. Thev have been active in the areas of the Ahar onov- Bohm etTect as
applied to the A-vector potential and scalar fields as applied to solving force related pr obl ems in the
early universe. Al t hough appl i cat i on of the A-vector potential in the i mmedi at e future mi ght be
possible dependi ng on current research, application of any scalar field concepts is out of the quest i on.
Soviet progress in this area should be carefully followed. Advancement s in this work may provi de t he
basis for whole new concepts in communi cat i ons, t ransport at i on, and perhaps "st eal t h appl i cat i ons. "
SOVIET RESEARCH ON THE A- VECTOR POTENTI AL AND SCALAR WAVES (U)
Capt Robert M. Col l i ns ( TQTR)
1. Int roduct i on (U)
(U) The Soviets have a number of theoretical research
programs dealing with the A-vector potential and sca-
lar waves. The A-vector potential is defined as the po-
tential of the magnet i c field. The theoretical ideas for
the vector potential were first developed by J ames C.
Maxwell, a 19th cent ury theoretical physicist. Today
Maxwell' s equat i ons form the basis of electromagnetic
theory. Thi s tech brief will discuss the theoretical as-
pects of the A-vector and the Aharonov-Bohm effect
associated with it. The scalar wave ideas will be dis-
cussed in the same cont ext . Since these i deas are at the
forefront of modem physics, i mmedi at e appl i cat i ons are
appar ent only in a limited number of areas. The future
pot ent i al , however, could be i mmense.
(U) At one time it was believed t hat A had no real
physical significance but over the years this viewpoint
has been altered, al t hough some theoretical physicists
still believe there* is no significance to the A-vector.
These same physicists while believing that A is not real
believe that the Aharonov-Bohm effect is real. The ar-
gument in this case is whet her the A-vector is termed to
be gauge i nvari ant . Many other Soviet and US phys-
icists, however, (see references 66, 67, and 68 for US)
believe t hat the only way to explain the .Aharonov-
Bohm effect (see par agr aph 2., Background) is to desig-
nat e the A-vector potential as a real field. Thi s might
entail a new i nt erpret at i on of el ect romagnet i c theory;
only time will tell if this is the case. If it t urns out that
indeed the A-vector, or some other related potential, is
the cause of the Aharonov-Bohm effect, then it might
have the following potential advant ages for a
communi cat i ons/ det ect i on system:
Will cont ai n potentially more information per
channel t han an el ect romagnet i c field.
In the case of an oscillating di pol e (two-pole elec-
t romagnet i c field) far field approxi mat i on, A
falls off as l / r vs 1/r
2
(where r is di st ance from
the source) for the el ect romagnet i c field (refer-
ence 63).
The powerless transmission of a signal.
( I ) Extensive Soviet research on the A-vector poten-
tial could have any of the following implications.
Potential use in advanced communi cat i on
systems/solid state switching devices.
New enl i ght ment in classical and quant um
physics.
Change the dielectric const ant magnet i c perme-
ability on the skin of an aircraft, therebv maki ng
it radar invisible for a part i cul ar bandwi dt h of
frequencies (references 21 and 22).
(I) Soviet interest in scalar waves can onlv be est ab-
lished to the point of saving t hat scalar fields are used
as primitive devices to deri ve ot her fields and to study
the interaction bet ween a basis scal ar field and ot her
force fields. For exampl e the A-vect or potential can be
mat hemat i cal l y derived from a scal ar field S in a far-
fi el d approxi mat i on.
2. Background (U)
(U) In 1959 Aharonov and Bohm in their classic paper
pointed out a rat her uni que but count eri nt ui t i ve con-
sequence of the appear ance of the vector potenr.al in the
st andard quant um- mechani cal t r eat ment of electro-
magnetic i nt eract i ons. The magnet i c field B :s derived
from the magnet i c pot ent i al A by taking what is termed
the vector CURL of A: i.e.. CURL A = B where both
A and B are vectors. The aut hor s not ed that the vector
potential will affect the phase of an electron wave-
function with observabl e effects even when the electron
is restricted to regions of space where the e!ec;nc and
magnetic field intensities vani sh. In this onemal paper
the aut hors suggested the following experi ment Let an
electron beam in a vacuum be split coherently so -hat it
travels from a common source to a common d- vct or b\
two different pat hs. Dependi ng upon the aet aus of the
two pat hs, the reuni t ed coherent beams will exhibit
interference effects at the det ect or. The Aharonov-
Bohm configuration provi des no electric or magnetic
fields anywhere along either pat h. The onlv field
present is the vector pot ent i al A. The magnet i c field
itself is confined to a long solenoid t hat t hreads between
the two pat hs in a region excluded to the electrons. If
st andard quant um mechani cs is correct, then the inter-
ference pat t ern between the reuni t ed beams depends on
the vector potential field st rengt h A governed by the
current in the long thin solenoid The observed phase
shift is predicted to be on the order of ch, e w here h is
Pl ancks const ant , e is the charge of the electron, and c
is the speed of light. Since the wavel engt hs in question
are verv small, the observat i on of this effect would re-
qui re an exceedingly tiny solenoid. But. since the early
I960' s this effect has been observed so many times its
1
reality- is not in doubt . See Figure 1 for an experi ment al
setup of this concept.
(I) Special scalar fields i waves) inot electromagnetic)
are t hought to permeat e the entire universe but their
only utility is theoretical at this time. Electromagnetic
fields can be represented by vector and scalar poten-
tials, but the scalar field itself does not i mpart energy
moment um under present physical conditions. The
19th century physicists Faraday, Ampere, and Volta
perceived that electromagnetism originates from scalar
and vector potentials. More recently, a number of
Soviet researchers have done extensive theoretical work
with scalar fields and the early universe. Scalar
fields are considered to have a real physical significance
in the early universe when coupled to a gravi t at i onal
field to produce an effective gravitational force which
was repulsive, whi ch gave rise to an inflationary
universe. However, the scalar field in this case is a
Higgs field or special scalar field which has properties
unlike that of the electromagnetic or gravi t at i onal
fields. One purpose of new, high-energy accelerators is
to det ermi ne if the Higgs field or perhaps some ot her
special scalar field exist. In other aspects one US sci-
entist has claimed t hat his experi ment al results indicate
that there mi ght be a coupling effect between an electro-
static field and a gravi t at i onal field. These experi ment al
AHARONOV- BOHM EFFECT
EFFECT OF VECTOR POTENTIAL ON WAVEFUNCTION
PARTICLE IS TO SHIFT PHASE:
results are verv tentative and have not been repeat ed bv
anyone else. This could indicate that scalar fields mi*ht
take on some physical significance when coupled to
other fields Scalar field concepts can be tied to suprr-
svmmetrv and the earlv universe One Soviet has shown
that certain quant um mechani cal const ant s are also
tied to supersv mmet rv See FTD Bulletin
2660P-127 71-86 dat ed l l j u l v 1986 for a discussion on
supersv mmet rv. i Scalar fields then might have far
reaching future technology' appl i cat i ons but no i mmedi -
ate applications are appar ent . See Appendi x I for a
mat hemat i cal derivation of the A-vector from a scalar
field and the mat hemat i cal foundation for the A-vector
from first principles.
3. Sovi et A- Vect or Research (U)
(U) Soviets who are promi nent in A-vector pot ent i al
research include E. L. Fei nberg who has written a the-
oretical paper on the role of el ect romagnet i c pot ent i al s
in quant um mechani cs. In this paper Feinberg con-
cluded that the quant um peculiarity of the behavi or of
a particle, i.e., an electron, under the influence of the
vector potential arises only because the energy of the
system (comprised of a solenoid, ring current , and
electron* s)) is di recdy related to the frequencv of the
electron wave function. If the change of the frequencv is
CHARGED
ELECTRON PATH
SOURCE
A FIELD CAN INFLUENCE THE MOTION OF ELECTRONS
FTD Ab.Ji83 UNCLASSIFIED
Fig. 1 (U) A-Field can Influence the Motion of Electrons
2
different in different parts of the wi ve packet, then there
can be an interference effect. It is the A-vector potential
which shifts the phase
iD P Frolov and \" D. Skarzhmskv of the P. N.
Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow. have developed
procedures which will help them underst and the vector
potential effect. In this procedure the two investigators
considered the effects of a magnet i c field that was
switched on. In this manner they want ed to observe its
influence on quant um states for the scattering of an
electron wave packet This allows one to separat e the
classical aspects of an induced electric field on the elec-
tron from the purelv quant um mechani cal effects con-
nected with the vector potential ' . Aharonov-Bohm
effect).
(L'Ti L. E. Gendensht em of the Kharkov
Physicotechnical Inst i t ut e, Academy of Sciences of the
Ukrai ni an SSR. has developed mat hemat i cal proof by
using the A-vector potential demonst r at i ng that the
electron' s nor mal magnetic moment (the Bohr
magnet ron) is based on supersymmet ry argument s. In
this concept the superpart ners are states reflected in
space with the direction of t he spin and velocity re-
versed. Supersvmmet rv then mi ght tie many of the
phvsical const ant s of nat ure together and provide an
in-depth underst andi ng of the vector potential.
L) Va. I. Kogan and A. Yu Morozov of the Institute
of Theoretical and Experimental Phvsics use a three-
dimensional phot odvnami cs scheme to describe a long
range effect of the Aharonov-Bohm tvpe.
L, V. L. Lvuboshitz and Ya. A. Smorodinskii of the
Joi nt Inst i t ut e for Nuclear Research. Dubna. USSR,
have investigated the Aharonov-Bohm effect and the
scattering of electrons .is a function of both the ueome-
trv ot the svstem .ind i rr.an^e ,f 3 hj . s e it 'h-- '-li-.cron
i v c function. In thi* researcn thev -i i scovred '.tut ' he
scattering is not .->nh -i function of the vector potential
but also ot the shape and ori ent at i on of the solenoid
used in the experiment.
L; Ye. M. Ser ebr vanw of the Lebedev Institute
FIAN'i has developed a met hod for calculating vac-
uum polarization due to the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Bv
performing this theoretical st ud\ he has demonst rat ed
that the vector potential alfects the st ruct ure of the
space-time cont i nuum.
11 In 1981. Boris Altshuler. Arkadv Aronov. and
Boris Spivak of the Leningrad Nucl ear Phvsics Institute
made theoretical predictions concerni ng the Aharonov-
Bohm effect in metal rings. The- question which the
Soviets were asking was whet her this quant um inter-
ference effect could be observed in ordi nary condensed
mat t er such as normal met al s or conduct or s. The pre-
dictions, in this case, for a supercool ed met al indicates
' ne electron phase shift should be ch.' 2e which is one-
half of what it is in the normal Ahar onov- Bohm effect.
The factor of 2 indicates t hat the supercurrent s are
composed of "Cooper pairs of el ect rons. " Cooper pairs
of electrons are indicative of a super conduct i ng state.
Yu. V. Shavm i Inst i t ut e of Solid Physics. Moscow) and
his son D. Yu Shavin Inst i t ut e of Phvsical Probl ems,
Moscow i have done the experi ment al work which veri-
fied the theoretical work done bv Boris Al t hul er et al.
See references 1-14 for further i nformat i on related to
Soviet research on the Ahar onov- Bohm effect.
L) As an added note it is i mpor t ant to ment i on S.
Ol ari u of the Cent ral Inst i t ut e of Physics, Bucharest /
Magurel e. Romani a. He has made significant con-
tributions in the area of qua nt um effects of the vector
potential and el ect romagnet i c fields. S. Ol ar i u has writ-
ten a 433-page paper on " The qua nt um effects of elec-
tromagnetic fluxes," whi ch appear ed in t he Reviews of
Modern Physics, Vol. 57. No. 2, April 1985. He concluded
that quant um interference effects have been shown to be
significant, but it remai ns to be seen whet her this
will entail a major change in our conception of
electromagnetism.
<U) The Soviets demonst r at e a t r emendous interest in
researching the theoretical and experi ment al aspects of
the AB effect. Such research may have far-reaching fu-
ture technology appl i cat i ons.
4. Near Term Appl i cat i on of t he Aharonov- Bohm
Effect (U)
I The Soviets have applied their under st andi ng of
the Aharonov-Bohm effect to solving a number of prob-
lems related to -l ect romagnet i c charact eri st i cs in s\s-
e ms . Examples >t" this include comput er i nduct i on dv-
rwmic svstems with a magnet i c dnve. solving the vector
potential boundarv condi t i ons for electrical machi nery,
calculating the magnet i c field of a conduct or, calcu-
lating the magnetic-susceptibilitv for mol ecul ar bonds,
and solving a number of magnet ohvdr odvnami c
NIHD) problems. See references 15-24 for further in-
formation on Soviet work in these areas.
5. Superconduct i ng Quant um Int erf erence Devi ces
( SQUID) (U)
(I) SQL' I D devices are composed of two Josephson
junctions supercooled to crvogenic t emperat ures.
Soviet research on SQL' I D devices has been intensive
since the earlv 1970's. The purpose of this text is
just to mention some of the Soviets working in this
area. S. A. Belonogov et al. of Moscow Energetics
Institute has conduct ed research involving phase
3
modul at i on in complex SQL' I D circuits Hi gh sensi-
tivity was made possible bv modifying the SQUI D cir-
cuits and phase modul at i ng the RF signal used. V. A.
Khl us of the Phvsico Technical Institute of Low-
Temper at ur es. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrai ni an
SSR. Khar kov, has investigated nonequi l i bnum phe-
nomena in a superconduct i ng point contact on the
properties of a high frequencv HF) SQUI D O. V
Snigirev of Moscow State University has done one-
contact microwave-frequency SQUI D investigations
where he found that the opt i mum energy sensitivity was
dependent on the normal i zed inductance L. L = I was
considered opt i mum. In four papers V. K. Kornev
et al. of Moscow St at e University have done extensive
work on mi crowave SQUI Ds , quant um chaos in a
SQUI D, and Hi gh-Speed Electronic Anal og of
Josephson Cont act s and SQUI Ds . V. D. Kuznet sov
et al. of the Mendel eev Inst i t ut e of Chemi cal
Technol ogy, Moscow, has used SQUI D devices t o mea-
sure magnet i c susceptibility of a weakly magnet i c sub-
stance at the boiling point of liquid helium. The only
information suggesting that the Soviets have used
SQUI D devices t o measur e the Aharonov-Bohm effect
i s ment i oned i n par agr aph 3. SQUI D devices then have
the potential to be used as long range sensors havi ng a
remarkabl e decree of sensitivity across the RF and
microwave region. Thev also have the potential to be
used as a sensor to detect the vector-potential field as
discussed in par agr aph 6 See references 23-35 for fur-
ther information on Soviet research in this area
6. Possi bl e Future Technol ogy Appl i cat i on (U)
(I) A possible set up for a future communi cat i ons sys-
tem using the A-vector potential is shown in Figure 2
The basic equi pment consists of an A-vector t rans-
mitter and a receiver SQUI D device.
7. Sovi et Research on Scalar Waves (U)
(L) As previously ment i oned Soviet research in the
area of scalar waves/fields is purely theoretical. The
numerous theoretical areas covered include using scalar
wave equat i ons to solve component probl ems for
Maxwel l ' s equat i ons, solving Ei nst ei n' s gravi t at i onal
field equat i ons to find the amount of energy radi at ed in
the form of gravi t at i onal waves, st udyi ng quant um par-
ticle product i on due to an intense gravi t at i onal field,
and reduci ng Maxwel l ' s equat i ons to a scalar equat i on,
and solving t he i nt eract i on probl em between the
FTD 1*6-1582 UNCLASSIFIED
Fig. t (U) Magnetic Detection by A-Vector Potential Design
4
electromagnetic scalar equat i on and a gravitational
tield. etc. The reader is referred to references 36-45 and
32-62 tor further information on Soviet research on
these topics.
i l l Recently, A. D. Linde of the Lebedev Physical
Institute. Moscow, has developed what is termed
"Chaot i c Inflation" scenarios which make use of scalar
fields to explain the Inflationary Uni verse. Bneflv. the-
ory states that the universe originated from a quant um
fluctuation having the dimensions of 10" " cm and an
energy of lO'
9
GcV. From this quant um fluctuation the
universe inflated to roughly 10 orders of magni t ude
(which is much greater than the observable universe)
driven by a repulsive gravitational force. The repulsive
effect was due to a coupling between a Higgs scalar field
or special scalar field 4> and a mat t er or gravi t at i onal
field. In six papers over a 2 year period A. D. Linde
describes the effects of scaler fields on the evolution of
the early universe. In one paper he directly addresses
the issue of the combi ned action of a scalar field and
gravitational vacuum polarization giving hse to in-
flation. In other papers he addresses the ideas of super-
gravity to explain differing aspects of the inflation phe-
nomena. The implications of this type of research are
enormous since a better under st andi ng of the nat ure of
scalar and gravitational fields might bri ng about the
devel opment of new forces, leading to new technologies
and applications not currently realizable. For further
information on Soviet research in this area the reader is
referred to references 46-51.
8. Ad Hoc Theori es on Scalar Waves (U)
(U) Ther e have been a number of theories < mostly
US) put forth over the years concerning scalar waves.
One theory states that there is order to the virtual struc-
ture of a potential vacuum and that a deterministic
st ruct ure can be formed bv a vector summat i on of finite
EM fields. Summi ng the two EM waves is suppose to
give one a scalar wave creating a det ermi ni st i c vacuum
st ruct ure. Summi ng two scalar waves at the receiving
end is suppose to give back the original EM waves plus
energy extracted from this deterministic vacuum struc-
ture. Qua nt um physics says that the vacuum is full of
virtual particles but that the vacuum is in a state of
constant quant um fluctuations t here is no order :o the
vacuum Since scalar waves are linear fields, one cannot
sum them to extract energv from the "det ermi ni st i c"
structure of a vacuum. If in principle energv could be
extracted from the vacuum. then life would hav e to exist
in a false vacuum state and not in a true v acuum A false
vacuum state is a state of the v acuum which is not at its
lowest energv level. If one lived in a false vacuum, then
at t empt i ng to extract enerarv from it would be cata-
strophic, since removing energy would creat e a true
vacuum state which would inflate and wipe out the
visible universethe ul t i mat e ecological cat ast rophe.
So, the basis of some current schemes is completely
unt enabl e. Another aspect to the idea of scalar longi-
t udi nal waves is that the wave can not be a phot on tield.
Gauge invariance forbids l ongi t udi nal phot on waves
moving at the speed of light.
9. Observat i ons (U)
(U) The Soviets have a basic research pr ogr am
dedi cat ed to under st andi ng t he A-vector poten-
tial which could have possible technology
appl i cat i ons.
(U) The Soviets are at par with t he West in their
theoretical and experi ment al research efforts for
the A-vector potential and theoretical efforts
with scalar waves/fields.
(U) Although there is no i ndi cat i on of anv mil-
itary interest in the areas of the A-vect or poten-
tial and scalar waves, most of t he institutes men-
tioned are in some way connect ed with military
projects.
( I ) Advancement s in this work mav prov ide the
basis for whole new concepts in communi cat i ons,
weapons, and propulsion svstems. Such applica-
tions will likely be of interest to the military and
most likelv be cloaked in secrecy. Unexpect ed
breakt hroughs offer the possibility of current sv s-
tems and strategic concepts being r ender ec obso-
lete and useless. Progress in the past several
years seems to underscore this point. The poten-
tial payoff is so great as to demand a more regu-
lar and consistent eval uat i on.
5
APPENDI X I
(I') Qua nt um Mechani cs requires the use of po-
tentials rat her than forces; i.e., E and B in the case of
the electromagnetic fields. The vector potential A and
the scaler potential <t> are related to the E and B fields
by;
E - -V<> - 1/ c dA/dt (1)
B = V x A [2)
(U) El ect romagnet i c theory predicts the existence of
potential waves traveling at the speed of light. If equa-
tions ( I ) and (2) are subst i t ut ed into Maxwell equa-
tions;
V-E - 4irp (3)
V- B 0 (4)
V x B - 4w/c J + 1/c dE/di (5)
V x E - - l / c dB/dl (6)
And maki ng use of the Lorentz guage condition,
V-A + 1/c d*/9t = 0 (7)
one obt ai ns two source free potential wave equat i ons;
V> - 1 / c
1
a
J
*/at* - 0; Scalar potential (8)
VA - l / c
J
d^A/dt* = 0; Vector potential (9)
Equat i ons (7), (8), and (9) form a set of equations
which are equivalent in all respects to Maxwell' s
equat i ons.
(L) To demonst r at e what is termed the guage invari-
ance of 6 and A, let' s perform a guage transformation
of t he following type;
^' - - 1/ c dS/dt Guage invariant (la)
transformation
A' - A + VS of * and A. (2a)
Then demandi ng t hat A' and <b' satisfy the Lorent z
condition, equat i on (7), gives;
V- A' *l / c d*7ai 0 = V-A * 1/c a*/dt ' la)
+ Vs - l / c' a
J
S/dr
v' s - i / c' a' S/dt' = - V-A + i/c a*/an n*>
All potentials in this restricted class are said to belong
to the Lorentz gauge Thev relate the scalar wave to the
potentials.
FAR-FIELD APPROXIMATION FOR
MAXWELLS EQUATION'S
(L) For the case far awav from the source. E = 0, B =
0, and V x A = 0, then equat i on v I) becomes;
-v<t> - i . c aA/at = o
Thi s equat i on can alwavs be satisfied with a scaler field,
S;
A - VS (10)
and
* - - i / c as/at (in
If equat i ons (10) and (11) are subst i t ut ed into equat i on
(7), one obt ai ns;
V'S -1 c
;
a
J
S/dr = 0 :12)
which is the wave equat i on for S.
(U) In the Aharonov-Bohm effect, the phase change of
an electron can be represent ed by
A9 = e he | dl-A
as the line integral ar ound a closed pat h for the inter-
ference effect. When deal i ng with phase changes over a
time period this effect can be represent ed bv the time
integral of the scalar pot ent i al
c
A0 - e Ac dt Vi K. i t .
t,
(L) But, $VS?dl = 0 ar ound anv closed pat h accordi ng
to Stoke' s t heorem. So. the scalar field takes on real
significance over a time domai n or per haps coupled to
other fields over a time oscillation pend
(L) In the absence of E and B fields, t he vector poten-
tial can be represented bv the gradi ent of a scalar field.
The vector pot ent i al and scalar fields then are the pri m-
itive fields from which one can deri ve the E and B fields.
The scalar fields in equat i on . 12' repl ace the potential
when the physical E and B fields are zero.
7
NOTE: Page 6 blank, & therefore not included
11) A is per haps the field that i mpart s phase shifts to
mat t er proport i onal to the rate at which A changes over
distance time and it could be detected by means of
quant um interference devices ( SQUI Ds) . The scalar
waves S are so naturally elusive thev are called scalar
vacuum waves. The scalar field is already known to
phvsicists in the context of quant um field theorv as the
Lorentz ?auge which treats d> and A on the same footing
and is a concept i ndependent of coordi nat e svstems.
The reader is referred to references 63 and 64
8
REFERENCES
1 Schwarzschild, Bertram, Currents in Normal-Metal Rings Exhibit Aharonov Bohm Effect." Phvsics Todav. January 1986.
2. Al'tshuler. B L., Aronov. A G, and Spivak, B Z , " The Aharonov-Bohm Effect in Disordered Conductors,'' JEPT Lett. Vol 33. No 2.
January 1981
3. Bikanaj, R . "Aharonov-Bohm Effect in Absorption of Electromagnetic Waves.'' Allerton Press, Inc. 1984.
4. Feinberg. E L., "On ihe "Special Role" of the Electromagnetic Potentials in Quantum Mechanics," Soviet Physics USPEKIII, Vol 5, No 5,
March, April, 1963.
5. Frolov, P , et al , "The Aharonov-Bohm Effect: How the Switching-on Procedure Helps to Understand it Better," IL Nuovo Cimento. Vol
76B, No. I. II Luglio 1983
6. Gendenshtein, L. E , "Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics, the Electron in a Magnetic Held, and Vacuum Degeneracy," Sov. J. NucJ. Phys.
41(1), January, 1965.
7 Kanova, Ve. V , "Using The Method of Current States to Study Certain Periodic Systems," FTD translation number FTD-ID(RS)T-03S5-86,
24 April 1986.
8. Kogan, Ya. I . et al., "Structure of (2 + I) Photodynamics," Sov. Phys. JEPT 61(1), January, 1983.
9. Koxhevnikov, A. A., et al , "Conformally Invariant Formulation of Quantum Electrodynamics," Sov, J. Nud. Phys. 37(2), February, 1983
10. Lyuboshitz, V. L-, et al., "The Aharonov-Bohm Effect in a Toroidal Solenoid,'' Sov. Phys. JEPT 48(1), July 1978.
11. Mastepanenko, V. M . "Method of Calculating Vacuum Polarization in Quantum Electrodynamics with a Nonstanonary External Field," FTD
translation number FTD-IDIRS)T-029S86, II April 1983.
12. Mur, V. D et al.. "On the Use of an Arbitrary Gauge of the Electromagnetic Potentials in the Dispersion Method," Sov. Phys. JEPT. , Vol.
13. No. 4, October 1961
13. Obukhov, I. A., et al., "Vector Field Equations in External Electromagnetic Fields," Plenum Publishing Corporation. 1984.
14. Serebrvanw, Ye. M . "Polarization of Vacuum by the Magnetic Flux: The Effect of Aharonov-Bohm," FTD translation number FTD-
IDlRS)T-0398-86, 16 May 1986.
I). Antonyuk, O. A., et al., "Studv of I rid uction- Dynamic Systems with a Magnetic Drive on a Computer," FTD translation number.
FTD-1D(RS)T 0298-86. 11 April 1986.
16. Blednov, V A., "Series Expansion of the Magnetic Vector Potential Computet) for a Current Carrying Ring."
17. Danilevich, Ya. B, et al.. Boundary Conditions of a Magnetic-Field Vector Potential." FTD translation number FTD-ID' RS-0300-86,
14 April 1986
18 Gusevnova.T I . 'Calculation of the Vector Potential of a Toroidal Electromagnetic Device." FTD translation number FTD-ID' RS)T-0352-86,
II April i?86
19 Milvak. V L . 'Initial Distribution of the Winding Field of a Smooth-Core Armature Analyzed by the Fine-Difference Method." FTD
translation number FTD-ID RS T-0354-86, 24 April 1986.
20. Savin, N. V , "Calculation of the Magnetic Fields of Conductor] with Currents by the Method of Confbrmal Transformations,'" FTD translation
FTD-lDlRS T-A353-86. 13 April 1986.
21 Sharibdzhanov. R. I et al.. "Calculating Magnctic-Suscepabiliry Tensors for Localized C-C Sigma Bonds by Vector-Potential Variation,"
Plenum Publishing Corporation 1983.
22. Sharibdzhanov. R. I . et al "Allowances for Electron Correlation in Calculation of the Magnetic Properties of Molecules by Variation of the
Vector Potential," Plenum Publishing Corporation. 1984.
23 Zagirnvak. V M . et al "Calculating the Magnetic Field in the Winding Zone of a Pi-Shaped Electromagnet." FTD translation number
FTD-IDlRSiT -0299-86 II April 1986.
24 Zatsepin. N N . "Nonlinear Equations of Magnetohvdrodvnamics and Magnetostaucs of Isotropic Ferromagnetic Medium. Placed into into
a Heterogeneous Magnetic Field." FTD translation number FTD-IDiRS)T-0296-86. 16 April 1986.
23. Belonogov. S A, et al "Phase Modulation and Complex SQUID Circuits." Scripts Publishing Co . 1982.
26 Brandt. N. B. el al., "Flu* Quantization Effects in Metal Microcvlinders in a Tilled Magnetic Field." Sov J Low Temp Ph\s 8i7). Julv
21 Khulus. V A. "Effect ol' Nonequilibnum Phenomena in a Superconducting Point Contact on the Properties of a Single-Contact Quantum
Interferometer." Sov. J Low Temp Phvs I0(U, January 1984
28 Snigirev. O V , "Characteristics of One-Contact SQL' ID in the High-Frequencv Limn." Scnpta Publishing Co . 1982
29 Snigirev. O V "Ultimate Sensitivity of Direct Current SQUlDs Josephson Tunnel Junction!." Sensitivity of SQL' IDi on the Josephson
Tunnel Junction with Low Capacitance." From Selected Articles. FTD translation number FTD-ID(RS.T-039I-86. 13 May 1986.
JO. Komev, V K , et al , "Microwave-Frequency SQL' ID with a High-Q Dielectric Resonator." Scnpta Publishing Co . 1982.
31. Kornev, V K., et al., "Theory of Nonresonator Microwave-Frequency SQL' IDi," Scnpta Publishing Co.. 1982
32. Komev, V. K.. et al., "Chaos in Superconducting Quantum Interferometer," FTD translation number FTD-ID( RSl-0464-86, 19 June 1986.
33. Kornev, V K.. et al.. "High-Speed Electronic Analog of Josephson Contacts and Superconducting Quantum Interferometers," FTD translahon
number FTD-ID(RS)T-0399-86, 19 May 1986.
34. Kuinetsov, V. D., et al., "Quantum Magnetometer for Measuring Magnetic Susceptibility," Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1982.
35. Mainger, W. M., "Supercomputers Using Josephson Junction Technology (U)," FTD bulletin number FTD-2660P-127/I7-85 , 14 November
1984. (CONFIDENTIAL)
36. Apiakov, R. A., et al., "Geometrical Interpretations," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSR, Frizika Zemli, No. 4, 1984.
37. Baranov, A. A., "Vacuum Suitable Solutions in the Theory of a Field," Termicheskiye Gazovyye Linry I Termogidrodiiumicheskive Svetovody,
Minks, 1974.
38. Baryshev, Yu. V., et al., "Some Astrophyucal Consequences of a Dynamical Interpretation of Gravitation," Astrophysics, Vol. 20, No. 5,
September-October 1984.
39. BashJtov, V I , "On the Possibility of Introduction of the Concept of a Pulse Energy Tensor of a Gravitation Field in the Jordan, Branee
and Dicke Theories," Referauvnvy Zhumal, Fnzika, No 9, 28, 1977
40. Buchbinder, I. L., et al., "Quantum Electrodynamics in Curved Space-Time," Foruchritte der Physik 29, 1981.
41 Oolgov, A. D , et al., "Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in a Gravitational Field," Sov Phys. J ETP 58 (4), October 1983.
42. Gorodinskii, G. V, "The Radiation Reaction For Longitudinal Waves," Izvestiya VL'Z, Radiofizika. Vol. 8. No. 1, 1963.
43. Klimenko, Yu. I., et al., "Induced Radiation of a Scalar Particle in a Field of Two Bucking Electromagnetic Waves," I rv estiva Vysshikh
Uchebnykh Zavedemy, Fizika. No. 10, 1975.
44 Kozlov, I. P., "Diffraction of Electromagnetic Waves bv Two Spheres," Izesnva Vysshikh L'chebnvkh Zavedcniv, Radiofriztki. Vol. 18. No.
7, 1975
45 Kuznetsov, G L., et al.. "Helicitv and Unitary Representations of the Lorentz Group," Yad. Fnz. 10. September 1969.
46. Linde, A. D , "Chaotic Inflation." Physics Letters, Vol. 129B, No. 3, 4, 22 September 1983.
47. Goncharov, A. S. and Linde, A. D , "Chaotic Inflation in Supcrgravity," Physics Letters. Vol. 139B, No. I. 2, 3 May 1984.
48. Goncharov. A. S , and Linde. A. D. "A Simple Realization of the Inflationary Universe Scenario in SL' U.I) Supergravicy," The American
Institute of Physics. 1984.
49. Linde. A. D , "Recent Proguss in the Inflationary Universe Scenario," Nud. Phys B252, I9S5.
50. K of man. L. A. and Linde. A D , et al., "Inflationary Universe Generated by the Combined Action Of a Scalar Field and Gravitational Vacuum
Polarization," Physics Letters. Vol I57B . No. 5, 6. 25 July 1985
51 Linde. A D . "Initial Conditions for Inflation." PhvsKS Letters. Vol. I62B. No 4. 5. 6, 14 November 1985
52. Mankin, R.. et al., "The Expansion of Scalar Spherical Waves to the Second Order Approximation in a Gravitational Field with Quadrupole
Structure," Astronomische Nachnchten. Vol 103. No. 3. 1982.
53 Mankin, R . et al , "Scalar Wave Equation in A Weak Gravitational Field." Announcements of the Academv of Sciences of Estona SSR., Vol.
12. No 2, 1983
10