E-Learning course Material on

Engineering Mechanics
Introduction
PPT 1
Dr. Vela Murali,Ph.D.,
Head& Professor i/c Engineering Design Div.,
Mechanical Engineering Department,
College of Engineering, Guindy,
Anna University, Chennai 600 025
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By
Mechanics (in general means Physical phenomena)
Popular practicing engineers, scientists/academicians -
after Newton (1642 1727) established his 3
fundamental principles/laws - many of the problems
both statics and dynamics of bodies fit in.
Any physical phenomena - balance of force/balance of
moment/balance of energy and balance of momentum
etc that satisfies the conservation principles can be
analyzed or modeled according to the laws/principles of
Mechanics.
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Course on Engineering Mechanics by Dr. Vela Murali
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Design of any component or a structure or a system
which may be subjected to static and dynamic loads
require thorough knowledge in the subject of
Engineering Mechanics.
Many problems in the universe are of simple
Engineering common sense - Engineering Mechanics.
Course on Engineering Mechanics by Dr. Vela Murali
Standard Text Books Engineering Mechanics by Beer &
Jhonston and Many books by Local Authors/Publishers
Still Students difficult understand/assimilate the
concepts firm foundation w.r.to fundamental concepts -
to be taught -simple manner .
A Book titled ENGINEERING MECHANICS
By Dr. Vela Murali,
Published by Oxford University Press, 2010
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Course on Engineering Mechanics by Dr. Vela Murali
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Many simple methods -introduced Novel
Quadrant approach to resolve forces
All Equilibrium/Principles - Equations represented
with notation in suffix to rightly take the signs for
forces/moments
For example
F
along Motion
= ma
The notation along motion - direction of the force
In the direction of the motion - positive force
Opposite to the direction of the motion - negative
force - algebraic sum is made.
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1.1 Mechanics-Physical Phenomenon
Example: Any Phenomenon- Visible-
Static/Dynamic
(i) Fan rotating/at constant speed
(ii) Black board sticking to the wall
with nails
(iii) A body of mass moving with
constant velocity
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Sensible
(iv) Heat Transfer from High Temp to
Lower Temp
(v) Sound etc.
Which may not be Sensible/visible
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1.2 Classification
(i) Mechanics of Rigid body:
No deformation-Study-external behavior
of the body w.r.to the Forces/Moments
due to the forces
Forces/Moments relating to its geometrical
behavior studied in terms Energy-
KE/PE- Conservation Energy etc.
(OR)
(a) Statics
(b) Dynamics
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(a)Statics:
(OR)
at Just start of the motion
0;
Z
M 0;
Y
M 0;
X
M
0;
Z
F 0;
Y
F 0;
X
F
=

RB applied with external forces which

are balanced-Causing no motion
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(b) Dynamics:
Kinematics/Kinetics
Kinematics: Geometry of the motion
irrespective of the cause of the motion
Different Motions
URM: Uniform Rectilinear Motion
External Forces/Moments applied
on the body causes the motion
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Curvilinear motion: A body moving
on a curve
UARM/UDRM/URRM:
Uniform Accelerated/Decelerated/
Retarded Rectilinear Motion
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Angular motion: A body moving
about a fixed axis
UAM: Uniform Angular Motion
UAAM/UDAM/URAM: Uniform
Accelerated/Decelerated/Retarded
Angular Motion
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; ; ;
; ; ;
o o o
ZZ Z YY Y XX X
Z Z Y Y X X
I M I M I M
ma F ma F ma F
= = =
= = =
Force Methods
(Newton's second Law/Dynamic
Equilibrium/D-Alemberts Principle)
Kinetics:
w.r.to the cause (Force/Moment due to
the force) of the motion
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Energy Methods
Work-Energy principle/Impulse Moment
Principles etc.
(a)Statics (b) Dynamics :
Particle/Rigid body Mechanics
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Assumed as All external forces applied
on the body passes thru the Single
Point about which the whole body is
supported
Study of Concurrent-Coplanar forces
OR
Study of Concurrent-Noncoplanar
forces
Study of the external behavior of the
body w.r.to only forces
Particle M/C:
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Rigid body M/C
Forces applied any where on the body
Study of System of Non concurrent-
Coplanar forces
OR
Study of System of Non Concurrent-
Non coplanar forces
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F
1
F
2
F
3
F
4
i.e. Study of external behavior of
the body w.r.to
Both forces &Moment due to the
forces
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Other Mechanics:
Mechanics of Rigid body to get the
desired motion by transmitting forces
Mechanics of Machines-
Kinematics/Dynamics
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Mechanics of Deformable body
Under Statics:
Strength of Materials/Theory of Elasticity
Under Dynamics:
Theory of vibrations
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Mechanics of Fluids
Without heat
study of both static/dynamic
behavior of the fluids
With heat
study of the behavior of fluids with
response of the heat
Thermo Dynamics
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Particle Statics
No Moment due to the forces w.r.to. the
point of support/Centroid. The body is
under static equilibrium.
External behavior of the body w.r.to.
Forces (i.e. Forces applied on the body,
all passes thru the point, where the body
is supported/centroid).
Study of the Concurrent Forces
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Force: Ability to translate the body
Different Forces:
Concurrent forces
Co-planar forces
Concurrent Coplanar forces
Non Coplanar forces
Concurrent Non coplanar forces etc.
Parallel forces
Non concurrent forces
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Force in Cartesian Coordinate system
x
y
z
Force along line x (or) y
(or) z is called as 1D Force
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2D Force-Force in a Plane
x
y
F
u
F=F Cos (u) i + F Sin (u) j
F
x
= F Cos (u); F
y
= F Sin (u)
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Always resolve 2D Force equivalent
to 1D forces
F Sin (u)
F Cos (u)
F
u
Resolving of Forces along the
edges of the quadrant
F
F Cos (u)
F Sin (u)
u
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u
F
1
F
2
Finding the resultant of two
perpendicular forces/on the plane
F=\F
1
2
+ F
2
2
u = Tan
-1
(F
2
/F
1
)
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Resolving of Forces along the edges
of the Inclined quadrant
Resolve 2D Force on inclined Plane equivalent
to 1D forces along & Perpendicular plane
u
F
F Sin (u)
F Cos (u)
u
An inclined Plane
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Representation of Force
Units (SI) for the Force N (kg-m-s
-2
)
F = 10 N
Example
u
F= 20 N
F = 10 N
u
F = 10 N
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3D Force
Cos (u
x
), Cos (u
y
), Cos (u
z
)
are directional cosines also
represented as l, m, n
F=(F Cos u
x
) i + (F Cos u
y
) j +(F Cos u
z
) k
u
x
u
y
u
z
F
z
x
y
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Equilibrium of the Particle:
; 0 ; 0 ; 0 = = =
Z Y X
F F F
After resolving the forces-apply
Equilibrium Equations
F
1
F
2
F
3
F
6
F
5
F
4
F
x
= F
1
+ F
3
F
2
=0
F
y
= F
4
F
5
F
6
=0
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Free body diagram
Showing the Magnitude/directions of the
Various Forces on the body including the
weight of the body
W
A
B
u
1
u
2
O
Actual Body
Free Body diagram
u
1
u
2
W
T
OA
T
OB
=
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Principle of transmissibility
Force acting on the body at point is altered
to another point on the same body in the
same line of action has same effect on the
body.
=
P
P
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Lames Theorem
If three forces acting at a point,
the ratios of each force to Sin of its
opposite angle are equal.
P/Sin (o) = Q/Sin (|) = R/Sin (v)
where o, | and v are angles
opposite to P, Q and R forces
respectively
Q
R
v
|
o
P
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Rigid body-statics
Forces applied on the body externally
at any point on the rigid body
Force effect and Moment due the forces.
Force System containing Non concurrent
forces.
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Conditions for equilibrium in 2D
0
; 0 ; 0
) (C Support
Y X
M
F F
F
2
F
1
F
3
F
4
R
x
R
y
R
x
, R
y
are support reactions
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Example
A
B W
R
A
R
B
l/2 l/2
From which the reactions can be found
EF
y
= 0; EM
about the point A
= 0 (or)
EM
about the point B
= 0
The 2D Rigid body Should satisfy
the Equilibrium conditions
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Representation of the Moment in vector form
M
x
= y F
z
z F
y
M
y
= z F
x
x F
z
M
z
= x F
y
y F
x
M
o
= M
x
i + M
y
j + M
z
k
M
o
= r x F =
i j k
x y z
F
x
F
y
F
z
y
x
z
F
y
r
A (x, y, z)
o
F
z
F
x
M
o
= \ M
x
2
+ M
y
2
+ M
z
2
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F
1
u
1
F
1
Cos (u
1
)
F
1
Sin (u
1
)
u
2
F
2
Cos (u
2
)
F
2
Sin (u
2
)
F
2
O
x
1
x
2
y
2
y
1
Moment about a point on the plane
(Equilibrium conditions)
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EF
x
= 0
F
1
Cos (u
1
) + F
2
Cos (u
2
) = 0
EF
y
= 0
F
1
Sin (u
1
) - F
2
Sin (u
2
) = 0
EM
about point O
=
(F
1
Sin (u
1
)) x
1
- (F
1
Cos (u
1
)) y
1
- (F
2
Cos (u
2
)) y
2
- (F
2
Sin (u
2
)) x
2
= 0
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Different types of support
F
R
y
No reaction in
x direction
F
R
x
No reaction in
y direction
Roller support
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No reaction in
this direction
F
R
x
R
y
Hinged support has both
x and y reactions
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Types of loads
(i) Point load (N)
(ii) UDL - (N/m) - Equivalent point load
UDL X length of UDL, which acts
at the center of UDL
(iii) Moment load
M
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75 KN
2 m
1 m
50 KN/span
3 m
=
C
E
D
(iv) Varying load (N/span)
Example:
Area = (1/2) CE x CD = (1/2) x 50 x 3 = 75 KN
acts at the centroid of the triangle
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problems of Rigid Body subjected to
co-planar force system-of different
types of loads- with different types of
supports can be solved
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Application-Example-I
Design of I-section beam-
Static-Forces/Moments
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Application-Example-II -Light House
structure-Static-Forces/Moments
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Application-Example-III
Heavy duty vehicle Chase beam
Design-Forces/Moments on
Horizontal/Inclined planes
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Forces/Tensions in the transmission
lines
Cable car/driven by the tension in the
Developed in the cable
Application-Example-IV
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Friction Problem-Design of Ladder
Application-Example-V
Friction Problem-Design of Wedges
Friction Problem-Design of ropes
Friction Problem-Belt Friction
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Application-Example-VI
Approaching Traffic signal-
Kinematics-UDRM/URRM
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Application-Example-VII
Bomb released from an aero plane
Projectile
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Application-Example-VIII
Aero plane taking a turn
Curvilinear Motion
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Application-Example-IX
Two vehicles moving on with different
velocities-Relative motion
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Application-Example-X
Newton's II-for Rectilinear motion-
Inertia Force
Traveling in the lift with
acceleration/Upwards-downwards
Deceleration while applying brakes-
Inertia force
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Application-Example-XI
Wind Mill shaft rotating about
fixed axis/Inertia torque
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Application-Example-XII
Foot Ball/Tennis ball- targeting to Goal
Impulse Moment principle-
Conservation of Momentum
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Review
1. What is Mechanics?
2. How is it classified?
3. Differentiate between Rigid body,
deformable body and fluid.
4. What is the sequence of the course on
Engineering Mechanics (Rigid body
Mechanics)?
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5. How can you treat a problem as static?
6. Differentiate between particle
mechanics and Rigid body mechanics
Course on Engineering Mechanics by Dr. Vela Murali