Instructions to Authors

Science
May 2002

We are very pleased to welcome you as an author at Springer-Verlag. These instructi-
ons are designed to speed up the production of your manuscript, to save you time on
proofreading, and to avoid the unnecessary costs that are incurred by misunderstandings
and typesetting errors.
Information is given below concerning

Author Tools 2
Disks and Printouts 2
Length 2
Writing Your Text 2
Type 3
Emphasis 3
Headings and Table of Contents 3
Technical Terms, Abbreviations 3
Tables 4
Equations 4
Literal Text 5
References 5
Sources 6
Index 6
Figures and Illustration Data 6
Digital Illustrations 6
Print Masters 7
Figure Legends and Numbering 7
Checklist 8

If you have any questions on how to prepare your manuscript, please do not hesitate
to call us to clarify problems at an early stage and to agree on any additions or changes
that may be necessary. We have had experience with some of these points and have
marked them in the following with .
You can reach us at the following number/address:

Tel.:
Fax:
e-mail:
If you require further information or wish to create a finished typesetting copy, we
will be pleased to send you more detailed information.
2 Instructions to Authors
Author Tools
All authors who work with Word 6, 7, 97, or 2000 are provided with a template. This
means that you can use a keystroke to insert all the necessary formatting in your ma-
nuscript.
Please read the Readme file on the enclosed disk. If you have not yet received the
document template:
Disks and Printouts
Please send us your manuscript as a printout and as a text file.
The text elements should appear in the following order:
Title page with author name/s, current address, phone, fax, and e-mail
Table of contents
Text
Reference list
Figures legends
Tables
Please use 3.5" disks, zip disks, or a CD-ROM.
Alternatively, you can use our FTP server. To do so, save your manuscript data in a
zip archive and send it to ftp.springer.de (log-in: "anonymous", password: your e-
mail address). Please send us an e-mail to let us know that you have put your data on
the FTP server.
Save each chapter or contribution, including the accompanying references, figu-
res legends, and tables, in a separate file in both your program format and in RTF
(rich text format). Give each individual file your own name (or an abbreviation), the
chapter number, and the format suffix.
Example: Miller3.doc or Miller3.rtf
Save the figures separately; on no account should they be embedded in the text file.
Label each disk with the names of the files saved on it and the operating system and
program versions that have been used.
Enclose the final printout (1 line spacing) and a list of all the files with your disk. If
there are any discrepancies, we will assume that the electronic version is the correct
one.
Keep personal copies of the files and the printout.
Length
Please keep to the manuscript length agreed on with the publisher. If you need help in
estimating the length:
Writing Your Text
Please use our template for Word 7, 97, 2000, or Macintosh to prepare your text. All
the necessary formatting is already preset in the template.

Technical Terms, Abbreviations 3
You can basically use all the functions in Word, particularly displayed lists, type sty-
les such as bold or italics, and the indexing function.
If you use a different word-processing program:
Only use the return key at the end of a paragraph or after headings, displayed lists,
and the like. Do not insert manual hyphenation and do not use formats such as fra-
ming, centering, or shading.
Please avoid using footnotes. If a footnote cannot be avoided, use the footnote func-
tion in Word.
Type
Use a single main font for the entire text. We recommend Times Roman.
For special characters, please use Symbol and/or ZapfDingbats. If these fonts do not
contain the special characters you need:
Emphasis
In running text, please set emphasized words or phrases in italic type.
You can use Springer's document template to mark sentences or passages to be gi-
ven special emphasis and quotations or case reports that are to be set in small type.
If you wish to use further means of emphasis:
Headings and Table of Contents
A well-structured text and meaningful headings make it easier for the reader to get a
general idea of the text.
Please use the decimal system of headings with no more than four levels.
1 Chapter
1.1 Section
1.1.1 Subsection
1.1.1.1 Sub-Subsection
Additional levels of unnumbered headings can be marked using Springer's docu-
ment template.
Please list only the top three levels of heading in the table of contents.
In cross-references, please give the chapter or section number (e.g., see Sect. 3.5.1).
Technical Terms, Abbreviations
Ensure that the spelling of names, terms, and abbreviations is consistent, including
in tables and figure legends.
Abbreviations, except for very commonly ones, must be defined the first time they
are used and a list supplied with the manuscript.
Please always use internationally accepted signs and symbols for units, so-called SI
units. Use positive and negative exponents, e.g., g L
-1
instead of g/l.
Chemical compounds should be named according to the systematic rules of the
IUPAC or Chemical Abstracts.
Please also note the following:

4 Instructions to Authors
Species and genus names, mathematical/physical variables, and prefixes in chemical
compounds should be set in italic type (cis/trans, d/l, E/Z, o/m/p, R/S, t-Bu, tert-
butyl).
L and D indicating optical activity should be set in SMALL CAPITALS (D- and L-dopa).
Tables
Number the tables consecutively using the chapter number (e.g., Table 1.1) and ensu-
re that all the tables are cited in the text in the correct order.
Give each table a heading.
To format the table columns, use the table function in your word-processing pro-
gram or the relevant function in Springer's document template.
Do not use the space bar to separate columns, and do not use Excel to create tables.
If a table cell is to be left empty, please type a hyphen ( - ) in it.
Please do not treat simple, one-column lists as tables, but instead set them as part of
the running text. Use the displayed list function in your word-processing program or
in Springer's document template.
Save the tables in the same file as the text, references, and figure legends.
Equations
Equations of the type a
2
+b
2
=c
2
can be written as normal text.
For all other equations, please use MathType or the Microsoft equation editor, and
insert the graphic into your text file as an object. Prepare the whole equation in this
way and not just part of it.
Please ensure the different styles are defined in the program itself:

Style Font Bold Italic
Text Times
Function Times
Variable Times

L.C.Greek Symbol

U.C.Greek Symbol
Symbol Symbol
Vector-Matrix Times


Number Times

When entering your equation, select the appropriate style for each character from the
menu. Do not change the style settings in Style/Define. "Math" in the Style Menu co-
vers the entries Function, Variable and Number in the above table; the program will
automatically style the character according to one of these styles.
Do not insert the equation number from the equations editor.
Please do not insert symbols or special characters that are not part of equations as
graphics or using the formula editor if they are available in the Symbol or ZapfDing-
bats fonts.
Formulas/equations should appear on separate lines. Formulas are numbered chap-
terwise (1.1-n.n). The formula number is given in parentheses as right aligned text
next to the formula

References 5
(a+b)
2
= a
2
+2ab+b
2
(3.1)
If the equation is part of a sentence, the equation itself should end with a punctuation
mark (not after the equation number).
Literal Text
In order to distinguish the literal text of computer programs from running text, we re-
commend using a font such as Arial or Helvetica.
If you need a font for your programs in which every character has the same width,
please use Courier.
References
References may be cited in the text in two different ways:
Author name/s and year of publication in parentheses:
one author: (Miller 1991),
two authors: (Miller and Smith 1994),
three authors or more: (Miller et al. 1995);
Reference numbers in square brackets:
[3, 7, 12].
The reference list should be alphabetical (even if reference numbers are used). If there
are several works by the same author, the following order should be used:
first, all works by the author alone, ordered chronologically by year of publication,
next, all works by the author with a coauthor, ordered alphabetically by coauthor,
finally, all works by the author with several coauthors, ordered chronologically by
year of publication.
Examples:
Monographs:
Snider T, Grand L (1982) Air pollution by nitrogen oxides. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Anthologies and proceedings:
Noller C, Smith VR (1987) Ultraviolet selection pressure on earliest organisms. In: Kingston H, Fulling CP
(eds) Natural environment background analysis. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 211-219
Journals:
Meltzoff AN, Moore MK (1977) Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science
198:75-78
Please use the following abbreviations:
vol (volume)
edn (edition)
ed/eds (editor/s)
p/pp (page/s)
Please do not put commas between names and initials, and do not put periods after
initials or abbreviations.

6 Instructions to Authors
Sources
If you copy text passages, figures, or tables from other works, you must obtain permis-
sion from the copyright holder (usually the original publisher). To do so, please use the
enclosed release forms. Enclose a copy of the signed release form with the manuscript.
The source must be acknowledged in the legend or table heading. If the source is in a
foreign language, please provide a translation.
Index
Please indicate one or two keywords per manuscript page to be included in the index.
Mark the relevant terms on the printout or use the indexing function in Word.
Figures and Illustration Data
Digital Illustrations
If you can supply illustration material (photos and drawings) in digital form, this will
simplify production, providing that you follow a few basic rules.
If you have any questions on how to compile the illustrations or problems comply-
ing with these specifications, please contact us for advice.
Scanning
Please scan all the illustrations in the same size that they are to appear in print
Height:
Width:
The minimum resolution for scanned line figures is 600 dpi.
For scanned photos, 300 dpi is sufficient.
Image Processing
Please use illustration programs such as Adobe Illustrator, Macromedia Freehand, or
Corel Draw to produce graphics.
Adobe Photoshop or Corel Photopaint are suitable for processing and retouching
scanned photos.
Programs such as MS Excel, MS Powerpoint, Designer, Harvard Graphics, Visio,
MS Word-Graph, or MS Graph are not suitable.
For chemical structural formulas and reaction diagrams, it is best to use
ChemDraw (http://www.camsoft.com) or in some cases ISIS/draw
(http://www.mdli.com). Save the files both in the original format (e.g., *.cdx for
ChemDraw) and in EPS format.
If illustrations are to appear in black and white, do not produce them in color. Instead
of color, use dot patterns with a maximum of three gray tones of 12%, 25%, and 40%
(ensure that there is a clear contrast to the text).
The lowest line weight is 0.4 pt in the final size (approx. 0.15 mm).

Checklist 7
Lettering
To add lettering, it is best to use Helvetica or Arial. The font size should be approx.
2-3 mm (8-10 pt).
Avoid effects such as shading, outline letters etc.
Lettering should not be added until after scanning, i.e. to the graphics file.
Please do not insert any figure legends or figure headings in your illustration file.
Saving and Printout
On no account should graphic data be saved as part of the text file; instead, each illust-
ration should be submitted as a separate file:
Save each illustration individually, in the same size as it is to appear in print.
Check that all the details, including any lettering, are clearly visible, and enclose a
printout. (If there are any discrepancies, we will assume that the electronic version is
the correct one.)
To name the graphics file, please use the chapter and figure number (e.g.,
Fig6_10.eps)
Suitable data formats are TIFF and EPS (remember to include any fonts used). Da-
ta for color illustrations should, if possible, be compiled in four-color (CMYK)
mode.
Large volumes of data may also be submitted in compressed form in zip, gzip, tar,
or sit format.
In addition to your name and the title of the work, please label the disk with the file
name and the operating system and program versions (including the compression
program) that have been used.
Print Masters
If you do not compile your illustrations on a PC, please send us good-contrast black and
white prints or transparencies or the original drawings.
Laser printouts of graphics produced using Excel, Powerpoint, or Harvard Graphics
are also suitable for reproduction, whereas the files often cannot be used for printing.
Figure Legends and Numbering
Number the figures consecutively using the chapter number (e.g., Fig. 1.1), and put
the legends at the end of the chapter in the text file.
Ensure that all the figures are cited in the text in the correct order, and use Sprin-
ger's document template to indicate where they should be inserted in the text.

8 Instructions to Authors
Checklist

Title page Title

Name(s) of author(s)

Mailing address(es)

e-mail address(es)

Table of contents Decimal numbers

Headings the same as in text

Text Only left justification, no hyphenation at the end of li-
nes

Text in Times New Roman, special characters in Symbol
oder ZapfDingbats

References Citations in text agree with the reference list

All entries in the reference list mentioned in the text

References follow the guidelines

Journals abbreviated according to Index Medicus
Abbreviations List of abbreviations on paper and disk

Figures All figures mentioned in text enclosed, complete and on
separate sheets and as separate files

Consecutively numbered within a chapter

Consecutively cited in text

Legends separate, after the references

Tables Prepared with the table function

Placed at the end of the text after the reference list and
figure and scheme captions

Consecutively numbered within a chapter

Consecutively cited in text

Printout All pages printed on one side only

Electronic manusc-
ript
Hard copy and disk version identical

Title of the book and authors name noted on disk label

Text files saved on disk in original format and as RTF

Each chapter saved als separate file
Graphics saved as separate files on disk in original for-
mat and in EPS or TIFF format



http://www.springer.com/series/102