Module 7 : Power System Structures

Lecture 32 : A vertically integrated utility

Objectives
In this lecture you will learn the following
What is a vertically integrated utility?


What are the conditions that have led to changes in the traditional power system structure ?
Power System Structure
Power systems traditionally have been what are known as "vertically integrated utilities". In this type of structure,
one utility handles the all functions of generation, transmission and distribution within a certain geographical area.
The operation and coordination of such a system is somewhat simple, since all functions are controllable by a
system operator. The operational objectives were to provide quality power (voltage and frequency nearly
constant) to a consumer, while ensuring reliability and overall economy (low cost).The price of power was
"regulated" and based on actual costs.
An alternative is to treat power as a tradeable commodity. The functions of generation and in many cases,
distribution, are open to private participation. While the "technical objectives" are similar to those in a vertically
integrated utility, the price is not regulated, but depends on market forces and competition between the
participants. In a generation deficit scenario, price may still need to be regulated. Alternatively, the amount of loads
should be price sensitive or else prices will spiral upwards. The cost of use of transmission lines (to which all players
will have "open access" subject to the transmission constraints) would also be regulated. Therefore a "regulator"
would still be required. However, a regulator would be an independent body. An independent system operator
would perform the co-ordination functions required to operate the system reliably and ensure that voltage and
frequency are within limits. The real and reactive power resources required to maintain voltage, frequency and
reliability may be "purchased" and charged to all the players in a fair manner.
We shall discuss these structures and their impact on power system operation in the following lectures. We begin by
considering in detail, a vertically integrated utility.
Structure of a traditional Vertically Integrated electric industry
The electric power industry has over the years been dominated by large utilities that had an overall authority over all
activities in generation, transmission and distribution of power within its domain of operation. Such utilities have
often been referred to as vertically integrated utilities. Such utilities served as the only electricity provider in a region
and were obliged to provide electricity to everyone in the region.
The typical structure of a vertically integrated electric utility is shown in figure below. In the figure, the money flow is
unidirectional, i.e. from the consumer to the electric company. Similarly, the information flow exists only between the
generators and the transmission systems.
In vertically integrated utilities , it was often difficult to segregate the costs involved in generation, transmission or
distribution. So, the utilities often charged their customers an average tariff rate depending on their aggregated cost
during a period.
The state electricity boards (SEB) in India were examples of a vertically integrated utility; they are now being re-
structured.
Characteristics of a traditional Vertically Integrated electric industry
Monopoly Franchise
Only the local electric utility can produce, move, or sell commercial
electric power within its service territory.
Obligation to serve
The utility must provide service to all electric consumers in its service
territory, not just those that would be profitable.
Regulatory Oversight
The utilitys business and operating practices must confirm to
guidelines and rules set down by government regulators. The utilitys
rates are set in accordance with government regulatory rules and
guidelines. The utility is assured a fair return on its investment, if it
confirms to the regulatory guidelines and practices.
Why was a traditional electric utility industry structured the way it was?
During early days of the electric power industry, governments favoured a regulated monopoly - vertically
integrated utility structure. The reasons are manifold:

This offered a risk free way to finance the creation of electric industry. Establishment of electric industry
required large capital for infrastructure building. Thus for the purpose of risk minimization, a local
monopoly and stable market was assured. The utility leaders could focus on building up their systems
without having to worry about the competitors undercutting the prices to gain market share etc.
To prevent exploitation of consumers due to monopoly, the government brought in regulation.
This legitimized the electric utility business. Government franchises and regulation clearly implied to a
possibly skeptical public that civic leaders thought electricity was a good thing.

It gave electric utilities recognition and support from the government, which was necessary to solve
problems like Right of Way (i.e. the "right" to an exclusive corridor to bulid a transmission line).
During the nineties, many electric utilities and power network companies world-wide have been forced to change
their way of operation and business, from vertically integrated mechanisms to open market systems. This can be
specifically observed in countries like UK, Sweden, Finland, Norway, US and some countries of South America. The
reasons for change have been many and have differed over regions and countries. We shall study of these
developments in the next lecture.
Conditions which are leading to changes in traditional power system structures
Basic motivation for changes in power industry scenario
There are many reasons that are leading to restructuring of power systems. One force was the change in
generation economies of scale that occurred throughout the 1980s. Traditionally, electric utility systems evolved
with the central station concept because of significant economy of scale in power generation. Very large
generators produced power at less than half the cost per kilowatt of small generator units, and the bigger the
generator, the more economical the power it produced. For the reasons stated below, the shift in economy of
scale was observed:

Technological innovation improved the efficiency of small units for gas turbines, combined cycle, hydro and
fuel cells over that of large ones.

Improvements in materials, including new high temperature metals, special lubricants, ceramics, and carbon
fiber, permit vastly stronger and less expensive small machinery to be built.

Computerized control systems have been developed that often reduce the number of on-sight personnel to
zero.

Data communications and off-site monitoring systems can control the units from remote operations centers,
where one central operator can monitor a dozen units at various sites, as if present at each.
Thus in some instances, it is possible to build new power plants that could provide energy at a lower price than
what customers were paying. It became possible for the industrial and commercial users of electricity to build and
operate their own plants also sell the excess power to small customers especially in generation deficit areas.
The reasons for restructuring
The reasons for initiating the idea of deregulation ( we will henceforth use the word deregulation to
describe changes in power system structures; however, it will be clear that these changes involve
changes in regulations rather than deregulation! In some countries, these changes are also described as
"liberalisation") in power industry are many.
Following are the main reasons:
1. The need for regulation changed.
More fundamental than any other reasons for change was the fact that the basic needs for regulation of electric
industry had died away before the end of 20 th century. First, the original need for regulation, which was to
provide risk free finance to build the infrastructure, did not exist anymore. Second, most of the the major electrical
infrastructure was paid for, decades ago. The revenues gained by the electric utilities was invested to renew their
system, and the level of risk in doing so was less as compared to that existed in the initial era. Being a proved
technology, the risk involved in investing money in such a technology was nullified. The electricity could now be
thought of as an essential commodity, which can be bought and sold in the marketplace in a competitive manner,
just like other commodities.
2. Ideological Reason : Privatization
Usually the motive was the governments firm conviction that private industry could do a better job of running the
power industry. This belief, of course came from better privatization experiences of the other industries.
Deregulation does not necessarily have to be a part of privatization efforts.
3. Cost is expected to drop
Competition is expected to bring innovation, efficiency, and lower costs.
contd ...
4. Customer focus will improve
Although monopoly franchise utilities have an obligation to serve all customers, that does not promote the pro-
active attention to customer needs. A monopoly franchise utility listens to its customers when they explain their
needs, and then responds. A competitive electric service company anticipates customers needs and responds in
advance. The technological advances that will be applied under deregulation, address customer service. More
important gain of competition in the electricity market is the customer value rather than lowering the cost.
5. Encouragement for innovation
The regulatory process and the lack of competition gave electric utilities no incentive to improve on yesterdays
performance or to take risks on new ideas that might increase customer value. If a new idea succeeded in cutting
costs, the utility still made only its regulated rate of return on investment; if it didnt work, the utility would usually
have to eat a good deal of the failed attempt, as imprudent expenses. Furthermore, why would a regulated utility
want to use new ideas to lower its costs under a regulated rate of return framework?
Under deregulated environment, it was felt that the electric utility will try to innovate something for the
betterment of service and in turn save its costs and maximize the profit. By means of this, the utility will try to
ensure that it will maintain its customer base in spite of competition.
Recap
In this lecture you have learnt the following
What is a vertically integrated utility
The structure of a vertically integrated utility

Both technological and economic reasons have lead to changes in the traditional power system
structure

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