Natural-gas condensate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Natural-gas condensate is a low-density mixture of hydrocarbon liquids that are present as
gaseous components in the raw natural gas produced from many natural gas fields. It condenses
out of the raw gas if the temperature is reduced to below the hydrocarbon dew point temperature
of the raw gas.
The natural gas condensate is also referred to as simply condensate, or gas condensate, or
sometimes natural gasoline because it contains hydrocarbons within the gasoline boiling range.
Raw natural gas may come from any one of three types of gas wells:
[1][2]

Crude oil wellsRaw natural gas that comes from crude oil wells is called associated
gas. This gas can exist separate from the crude oil in the underground formation, or
dissolved in the crude oil. Condensate produced from oil wells is often referred to as
lease condensate.
[3]

Dry gas wellsThese wells typically produce only raw natural gas that does not contain
any hydrocarbon liquids. Such gas is called non-associated gas. Condensate from dry gas
is extracted at gas processing plants and, hence, is often referred to as plant condensate.
[3]

Condensate wellsThese wells produce raw natural gas along with natural gas liquid.
Such gas is also non-associated gas and often referred to as wet gas.
Contents
1 Composition
2 Separating the condensate from the raw natural gas
3 Drip gas
4 Use as a diluent in heavy oil production
5 Historical use in vehicles
6 References
7 External links
Composition
There are many condensate sources worldwide and each has its own unique gas condensate
composition. However, in general, gas condensate has a specific gravity ranging from 0.5 to 0.8,
and is composed of hydrocarbons such as propane, butane, pentane, hexane, etc. Natural gas
compounds with more carbon atoms (e.g. pentane, or blends of butane, pentane and other
hydrocarbons with additional carbon atoms) exist as liquids at ambient temperatures.
[4]

Additionally, condensate may contain additional impurities such as:
[5][6][7][8]

Hydrogen sulfide (H
2S)
Thiols traditionally also called mercaptans (denoted as RSH, where R is an organic group
such as methyl, ethyl, etc.)
Carbon dioxide (CO
2)
Straight-chain alkanes having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms (denoted as C
2 to C
12)
Cyclohexane and perhaps other naphthenes
Aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylenes, and ethylbenzene)
Separating the condensate from the raw natural gas
Main article: Natural-gas processing


Schematic flow diagram of the separation of condensate from raw natural gas
There are literally hundreds of different equipment configurations for the processing required to
separate natural gas condensate from a raw natural gas. The schematic flow diagram to the right
depicts just one of the possible configurations.
[9]

The raw natural gas feedstock from a gas well or a group of wells is cooled to lower the gas
temperature to below its hydrocarbon dew point at the feedstock pressure and that condenses a
good part of the gas condensate hydrocarbons. The feedstock mixture of gas, liquid condensate
and water is then routed to a high pressure separator vessel where the water and the raw natural
gas are separated and removed. The raw natural gas from the high pressure separator is sent to
the main gas compressor.
The gas condensate from the high pressure separator flows through a throttling control valve to a
low pressure separator. The reduction in pressure across the control valve causes the condensate
to undergo a partial vaporization referred to as a flash vaporization. The raw natural gas from the
low pressure separator is sent to a "booster" compressor which raises the gas pressure and sends
it through a cooler and on to the main gas compressor. The main gas compressor raises the
pressure of the gases from the high and low pressure separators to whatever pressure is required
for the pipeline transportation of the gas to the raw natural gas processing plant. The main gas
compressor discharge pressure will depend upon the distance to the raw natural gas processing
plant and it may require that a multi-stage compressor be used.
At the raw natural gas processing plant, the gas will be dehydrated and acid gases and other
impurities will be removed from the gas. Then, the ethane (C
2), propane (C
3), butanes (C
4), and pentanes (C
5)plus higher molecular weight hydrocarbons referred to as C
5+
will also be removed and
recovered as byproducts.
The water removed from both the high and low pressure separators may need to be processed to
remove hydrogen sulfide (H
2S) before the water can be disposed of underground or reused in some fashion.
Some of the raw natural gas may be re-injected into the producing formation to help maintain the
reservoir pressure, or for storage pending later installation of a pipeline.
Drip gas
Drip gas is another name for natural-gas condensate, a naturally occurring form of gasoline
found near many oil and natural gas wells, in natural gas pipelines, and as a byproduct of natural
gas extraction. It is also known as "condensate", "natural gasoline", "casing head gas", "raw gas",
"white gas" and "liquid gold".
[10][11]
Drip gas is defined in the United States Code of Federal
Regulations as consisting of butane, pentane, and hexane hydrocarbons. Within set ranges of
distillation, drip gas may be extracted and used to denature fuel alcohol.
[12]
Drip gas is also used
as a cleaner and solvent as well as a lantern and stove fuel.
Use as a diluent in heavy oil production
Because condensate is typically liquid in ambient conditions and also has very low viscosity,
condensate is often used to dilute highly viscous heavier oils that cannot otherwise be efficiently
transported via pipelines. In particular, condensate is frequently mixed with bitumen from oil
sands to create dilbit. The increased use of condensate as diluent has significantly increased its
price in certain regions.
[13]

Historical use in vehicles

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and
do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and
discuss the issue on the talk page. (February 2013)
Some very early internal combustion enginessuch as the first types made by Karl Benz, and
early Wright brothers aircraft enginesused natural gasoline, which could be either drip gas or a
similar range of hydrocarbons distilled from crude oil. Natural gasoline has an octane rating of
about 30 to 50, sufficient for the low-compression engines of the early 20th century. By 1930,
improved engines and higher compression ratios required higher-octane, refined gasolines to
produce power without knocking or detonation.
Beginning in the Great Depression, drip gas was used as a replacement for commercial gasoline
by people in oil-producing areas. "In the days of simple engines in automobiles and farm tractors
it was not uncommon for anyone having access to a condensate well to fill his tank with 'drip,'"
according to the Oklahoma Historical Society. Sometimes it worked fine. "At other times it
might cause thundering backfires and clouds of foul-smelling smoke."
[14]

Woody Guthrie's autobiographical novel Seeds of Man begins with Woody and his uncle Jeff
tapping a natural gas pipeline for drip gas. The gas also has a mention in Badlands, the Terrence
Malick movie.
[15]

It was sold commercially at gas stations and hardware stores in North America until the early
1950s. The white gas sold today is a similar product but is produced at refineries with the
benzene removed.
[16]

In 1975, the New Mexico State Police's drip gas detail three men in pickup trucks began
patrolling oil and gas fields, catching thieves and recovering barrels of stolen gas. The detail
stopped its work in 1987.
[17]

The use of drip gas in cars and trucks is now illegal in many states. It is also harmful to modern
engines due to its low octane rating, high heat of combustion and lack of additives. It has a
distinctive smell when used as a fuel, which allowed police to catch people using drip gas
illegally.
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