APUSH Notes Chapter 2

The Invasion and Settlement of North America 1550-1700

1. The Rival Imperial Models of Spain, France, and Holland:
Spanish seized land, convert to Catholicism, made dig for gold and farm large
estates.
Eastern region French and Dutch merchants created fur-trading colonies and
natives keep land and political autonomy.
1540s Francisco Vasquez de Coronado failed to find seven golden cities of
Cibola, but he discovered the Grand Canyon, Pueblo people of the Southwest, and
the grasslands of Kansas.
Hernan de Soto and six hundred went to the Southeast, fought the Apalachees (N
Florida) and the Coosas (N Alabama), but found no gold.
1560s Spanish officials gave up on search for Indian gold and focused on defense
of empire.
King ordered to protect empire and destroy those entering its land like the French
1565 Spain made St. Augustine fort, the first permanent European settlement in
US
Raids by the Calusas and Timucuas wiped out a dozen Spanish military outposts
in Florida, and Algonquins destroyed Jesuit religious missions along east coast
one as far north as Chesapeake Bay
The Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries in 1573 ordered missionaries be
put in charge of colonies called Franciscan Missions
Some friars learned the languages, but most were still violent against Native
Americans and mocked their culture
Spanish soldiers whipped Indians who practiced polygamy, broke religious idols,
and punished those who worshiped traditional gods.
Spaniards ignored laws that protected the native peoples, and allowed privileged
Spanish landowners in New Mexico to take goods and get workers from the
native populations missions depended on Indians working
Eventually relationships became sour and 1598 five hundred Spanish soldiers led
by Juan de Onate seized corn and clothing from Pueblo people and
murdered/raped those who resisted. This hostility got many settlers out of New
Mexico
1610 Spanish returned, found town of Santa Fe, and reestablished missions and
forced labor.
Pope of pueblos in 1680 attacked Spaniards and forced them to flee 300 miles into
El Paso, they destroyed churches, missions and brought back their old life
Spaniards came in a decade later, but Natives rebelled in 1696 comprise reached
Natives could be free, but had to help Spaniards defend the settlement
French also tried to convert Native Americans into Catholicism
1530s Jacques Cartier claimed land bordered by Gulf of St. Lawrence for France
and in 1580s hundreds of ships from many nations arrived off the coast of
Newfoundland to catch aquatic animals
First permanent settlement came in 1608 when Samuel de Champlain founded
Quebec this fur-trading post struggled in 1627 when King Louis XIII transferred
control of the region to the Company of One Hundred Associates company failed
so 1662 King Louis XIV turned it into a royal colony and began subsidizing the
migration of indentured servants there.
Those who signed indentures served a term of 36 months, was paid a yearly
salary, and eventually received a lease-hold farm, these were much more generous
than for the English colonies.
Few French migrated to New France (Canada) because laws deterred them from
going and it was a horrible place to be, more than 2/3
rd
of the migrants moved
back
Jacques Marquette searched for furs and reached Mississippi River in Wisconsin
in 1673, traveled south to Arkansas
1681 Robert de La Salle traveled down majestic river to Gulf of Mexico and
traded as he went taking all the furs he could and founded Louisiana and later
New Orleans on the Gulf of Mexico was established in 1718 and would a be a
thriving port.
Due to French trading guns with Indians cause Five Iroquois Nations to rise up
from New York and could get goods/guns from the Dutch
In 1600 there were 30,000 Iroquois that lived in large towns of 500 to 2,000
inhabitants later they became a confederation of Five Nations: Senecas, Cayugas,
Onondagas, Oneidas, and Mohawks. Somewhat in response to the smallpox
epidemic in 1633 they fought the Hurons (1649), Neutrals (1651), Eries (1657)
and Susquehannocks
Survivors of battles moved westward to form new tribe, Wyandots
Iroquois controlled fur trade and by 1657 their society changed with half of pop.
made up of prisoners eventually they made peace with French, but soon there
became bitter religious rivalry so they split up into either the French missionaries
or stayed with the Iroquois
1670s those loyal to the Iroquois made alliance, Covenant Chain, with the English
In the Iroquois beaver wars they pushed those allied with the French to the
North, but there was a high death toll, so they made treaties with the French and
English in 1701.
Jesuits (French priests of Society of Jesus that was made to stop Protestant
Reformation) between 1625 and 1763 went to live in Indian camps and tried to
understand their culture and showed them their Christian God and were nicer than
the Spaniards, but when their prayers didnt work they were expelled.
1600 Holland became financial and commercial hub of N Europe. And controlled
all the trade practically everywhere
1609 Dutch merchants sent Englishman Henry Hudson to locate supplies in
America and he set up a fur-trading post at Fort Orange (Albany)
1621 Dutch government chartered West India Company and gave it a monopoly
over American fur trade and West African slave trade. 3 years later company
founded town of New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island and made it capital of
New Netherland
Holland was small so colony didnt thrive so company gave huge estates to the
rich who could get 50 tenants within 4 years by 1646 only Kiliaen Van Rensselaer
had succeeded. In 1664 the colony had only 5000 residents and less than half
were Dutch
Although it didnt bring in settlers trade thrived
The Dutch were nice except for those near New Amsterdam who stole the
Algonquians prime farming land and in the 1640s a 2 year war broke out and the
Dutch allied the Mohawks and won and the Mohawk dialect became the language
of business in the small fur-trading outpost.
Dutch officials declined a representative government in New Amsterdam, even
though it was very diverse.
West India Company eventually ignored North America and looked for profit by
importing African slaves into Brazilian sugarcane plantations.
2. The English Arrive: The Chesapeake Experience
English founded populous colonies and those in Chesapeake bay used forced to
create a tobacco economy
English settlements first organized by minor nobles in 1580s and merchants and
religious dissidents after 1600.
With a lack of direct support from England at first the colonies failed
Eventually merchants took over an in 1606 King James I granted Virginia
Company of London all lands stretching from North Carolina to southern New
York
First expedition in 1607 limited to only male traders and some were either friends
of stockholders or those looking for a quick buck
Jamestown was a swampy unhealthy peninsula they lacked access to fresh water
and refused to plant crops so only 38 of the 120 traders survived nine-months later
At first the Indians were skeptical of the English, but Powhatan, chief of the
Algonquian people of the region treated them well and saw them as potential
allies and source of goods.
Eventually the English started making tobacco and the Indians accused them of
coming to their land to invade them
In 1617 the Virginia Company allowed individual settlers to own land giving 100
acres to every freeman and allowing those who imported servants to claim an
additional fifty acres for each one it also made the greate Charter that was a
representative government called the House of Burgesses and it first convened in
1619, all acts made could be vetoed by England. This change brought 4500 more
people to America
Opechancanough was Powhatans brother and successor led attacks against the
English. Some think that he was taken to Spain first converted into Catholicism
and brought back to America and killed the missionaries. In 1609 he did confront
the invaders and captured Captain John Smith but spared his life. He would not
appeal to any treaties by the English and when he came the main chief in 1621 he
changed his name to Massatamohtnock.
1622 Indians rebelled, but the English dominated them and took control and in
1624 James I made Virginia a royal colony and revoked the charter of the
Virginia Company
House of Burgesses stayed, but his Privy Council had to ratify all legislation and
the king also decreed the legal establishment of the Church of England, so all land
owners had to pay taxes to the church
King Charles I in 1632 granted Lord Baltimore lordship over the land bordering
Chesapeake Bay, known as Maryland
Baltimore wanted Maryland to become a refuge for Catholics, who were
persecuted. In 1634 St. Marys City, which overlooked the mouth of the Potomac
River was established. The governor was ordered to not persecute any Protestant
and to do Catholic acts in as much privacy as possible.
Eventually the governor was kicked out and a representative government was
made and Lord Baltimore made the Toleration Act in 1649 to allow all Christians
the right to follow their own sect so that the co religious state could continue.
By 1620s English were addicted to tobacco and at first King James I condemned
tobacco, but eventually liked it after seeing the profit
Families were scarce in the Chesapeake colonies because most of the land were
plantations and there werent that many women settlers and many women died
young, while pregnant, or after giving birth to one or two children
By 1700 more than 100,000 Englishmen and women came to Virginia and
Maryland most as indentured servants. The men came to work and were sucked in
by merchants and sea captains to sign labor contracts, which made them work for
a master in the Chesapeake area for four or five years and after that they would be
free to marry and work for themselves
Servants paid for themselves, but were abused
African slaves had to serve their masters for life, but English common law did not
acknowledge chattel slavery, so many of them found freedom and assimilated
normal life
This ended in the 1660s as the tobacco boom ended and it was more economical
to use African slaves than English ones. By 1671 African slaves lost everything
When the boom died there was political tension
The reason for this bust was due to the rapid increase in production with limited
demand and it was also the Parliaments decision in 1651 to pass the Act of Trade
and Navigation and to add new provisions in 1660 and 1663
The Navigation Act allowed only English or colonial owned ships into the ports,
which excluded the prosperous Dutch, and they required the colonists to ship
tobacco and other enumerated articles only to England where monarchs raised
import duties, stopping the profitability of the market By the 1670s planters only
made a penny a pound
Without another cash crop many people could not make any money so they either
had to become servants again or becoming wage workers
The only people that prospered were the elite of planter-merchants that
Between 1642-52 William Berkeley was the first governor of Virginia and played
a key role in stopping a second major Indian uprising in 1644 he was appointed
again in 1660 and gave large land grants to members of the council Eventually
only land owners could vote, which left either unsuccessful farmers and the land
owning elite able to vote
Fighting broke out in 1675 between the English and Indians, but Berkeley
prevented a war, also settlers deemed Berkeleys defensive strategy as useless and
accused of him of using it as a plot to impose high taxes and take the peoples
tobacco into their hands
Bacon became the leader of the rebellion and was a guy who was a part of the
governors council. Bacon was denied an attack against the Indians, but did it
anyway, so Berkeley had him jailed and revoked from the council, but his men
eventually got him released and legislative elections and allowing landless
freemen to vote were reinstated
This reform came too late and resentments were still made, so Bacon issued a
Manifest and Declaration of the People that demanded the death or removal of
all Indians and end to the rule of wealthy parasites and Bacon destroyed
Jamestown and the plantations of Berkeleys allies
When Bacon died of dysentery in October 1676 the governor got his revenge and
dispersed the rebel army and seizing the estates of them, and hanging 23 men
After that rebellion caused the landed planters to curb corruption and appoint
ambitious yeomen to public office
In 1705 the use of indentured servants stopped and chattel slavery was legal so
African slaves were imported in mass
3. Puritan New England
Puritan settlers settled in the north and came between 1620 and 1640 to preserve
the pure Christian faith and to keep a society of independent farm families and to
establish a holy commonwealth in America to reform the Church of England their
colony was New England
At first Puritans fled to Holland to live among the Dutch Calvinists, but they
wanted to keep their English identity, so led by William Bradford and joined by
67 migrants from England, they sailed to America in 1620 aboard the Mayflower
and settled near Cape Cod in southeastern Massachusetts.
Without a royal charter they had to make their own covenant of government, the
Mayflower Compact
Pilgrims faced few threats because the winter inhibited mosquitoes from
prospering and the smallpox epidemic in 1618 killed most of the local
Wampanoag and by 1640 their population was 3,000
There was much religious turmoil in England at the time because King Charles I
was accused of being to Catholic by the Parliament so he dissolved them and had
the head of the Church of England dismiss all Puritan ministers
John Winthrop led the departure with 900 Puritans in 1630 to America and he
became the governor of the Massachusetts Bay
They transformed their joint-stock corporation, General Court of shareholders,
into a rep. political system with a governor, council, and assembly. To ensure that
only holy ones could vote, voting was limited to those only a part of the church,
Puritanism was made the official religion and others were barred from practice
The New England Puritan church eliminated bishops and put the power in the
members of the ordinary people of the congregation (Congregationalists) they
also followed John Calvin and his idea of predestination
To deal with this Puritans stressed the conversion experience, the intense spiritual
sensation of being born again and receiving Gods grace. Others focused on
preparation and were confident that they would be saved, and others believed that
God considered the Puritans his chosen people, the new Israelites, who would be
saved if they obeyed his laws
Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1636 for
speaking out against them, so he and his followers went south and founded Rhode
Island and the city of Providence
Anne Hutchinson was a woman called a heretic for accusing Boston clergymen of
emphasizing good behavior too much, when God saves people through the
covenant of grace not work and that divine truth is shown to the individual
believer. 1637 she was put on trial for her teachings and she defended her views
with great skill, but was found guilty and was banished into exile in Rhode Island
These corrupt policies caused some Puritans to migrate to the Connecticut River
Valley and in 1636 pastor Thomas Hooker and his congregation established the
town of Hartford and other Puritans settled along the river at Wethersfield and
Windsor and in 1662 they secured a charter from King Charles II and were
allowed to be self-governed. Voting rights were given to land owning men as
well.
A war broke out in England between the Scots and the Puritans and parliamentary
forces joined them and won under leadership of Oliver Cromwell and in 1649
King Charles I was executed a republic commonwealth was made and bishops
were banished along with elaborate rituals from the Church of England. This was
short lived because Cromwell became a dictator in 1653, died in 1658, and the
Protestant aristocracy restored the monarchy and put Charles II into power and
was labeled the antichrist by Puritans
The Puritans were very superstitious over the Devil and witchcraft and between
1647 and 1662 14 people were hung for being double tongued or having an unruly
spirit. This became an epidemic in Salem in 1692 when young girls experienced
seizures and began accusing people of bewitching and the authority tried and
arrested 175 people and executed 19 of them.
This eventually died down mostly due to influence from the European
Enlightenment that began in 1675 and promoted rational thinking and the laws of
nature were finally being referred to.
New England Puritans did not practice feudalism, so as new communities were
built the General Courts of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut gave the title of
each township to a group of settlers who could distribute the land to the male
heads of each family, however, this did not mean equality of wealth or status.
This style of government gave much more rights to ordinary people and made
New England to be the promised land
4. The Eastern Indians New World
Puritans questioned if they should invade Native American land, but Winthrop
said they could because God sent them the smallpox epidemic and if he didnt
want the Puritans to have the land, then he wouldnt have killed the natives.
Due to this thinking the Puritans treated the Native Americans like dirt
Puritans believed they needed to convert the Indians so John Eliot translated the
bible into Algonquian and tried to convert them, although only a few joined him.
The Puritans also created praying towns where by 1670 1000 Indians lived in
fourteen of these towns.
Metacom (aka King Philip) the chief of the Wampnaoags in 1675 led attacks
against New England, but it ended in 1676 when the warriors ran out of guns and
ammunition and the Massachusetts Bay colony hired Mohawk and Mohegan
warriors to kill Metacom. These attacks destroyed 20 percent of English towns
and 1000 settles about 5% of the adult population.
Native Americans traded with the Dutch and English in Albany and tried to get
the best possible price, but they didnt know what it was in Europe, so they didnt
get the highest price
Indians eventually had to depend on the whites and were diminishing due to
European guns, diseases, and rum.
Young warriors became the leaders of tribes and the role of womens power
changed because the influx of European goods undermined the economic basis of
them, but they did increase in Iroquois tribes for cultural assimilation of hundreds
of captives
Animal populations diminished, the streams ran faster due to a lack of beaver
dams and vegetation grew due to a lack of deer

UNIT ONE: Terms and Concepts

Chapter 2

Definition

New Spain

New Spain mostly covered southern America and they
consisted of Spanish conquistadors who conquered the
people of Pueblos and natives for slaves.

Franciscans

Franciscans were priests who set up missions to tame the
native people and convert them into Catholicism. They
attempted to understand their culture, but mostly they
whipped the natives and smashed their idols.

New France

New France consisted mostly of Northern America and
Canada and they based their economy on the fur trade, which
caused them to interact a lot with Indians. Settlements in
these areas had few people because it was such a horrible
place to live in and France deterred people from migrating.

Samuel de Champlain

He is the man who founded the first New France permanent
settlement in 1608 and he called it Quebec and it was mostly
a fur trading settlement.

Iroquois

The Iroquois was a tribe of Indians that had been devastated
by the French and decided to retaliate. They had bartered
guns and powder from Dutch merchants. The Iroquois were
made up of Five Nations: Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas,
Oneidas, and Mohawks. They waged war against their
enemies including the Hurons, Neutrals, Eries, and
Susquehannocks. With these victories they had control of the
fur trade with the French and Dutch. The French came in and
converted some Indians and eventually two sides formed
within the Iroquois and they were bitter at each other, so
they separated and battles broke out. Those that stayed with
their traditional roots allied with the English and their alliance
is called the Covenant Chain. Now the two parties fought each
other and the traditional Iroquois won and to end the
bloodshed in 1701 they made a treaty with both the French
and English.

Hurons

This was a tribe of Native American that controlled trade
north of the Great Lakes and had good relationships with the
French, but they were later wiped out by the Iroquois.

Jesuits

These are French priests who sought to convert people and
were part of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order
created to stop the Protestant Reformation. These priests
were, at first, accepted by the Native Americans, but once
they released that praying to their Christian god did not
protect them from evil they stopped believing in the Jesuits.

New Netherlands
New Netherlands mostly consisted of the lands in New York
and was founded by Henry Hudson due to the need for Dutch
merchants to find a new source for furs. Fort Orange was the
first fur-trading post set up by the Dutch. In 1621 the Dutch
government gave power to the West India Company and gave
it a monopoly over American fur trade and the West African
slave trade. Eventually war broke out between them and the
Native Americans and the West India Company abandoned
the land, so the Dutch government took over.

Roanoke

Roanoke was a colony set up by minor nobles in the 1980s but
due to a lack of support from England the colony vanished
without a trace and is referred to as the lost colony.

Jamestown

Jamestown was established in a swampy area with a lack of
access to fresh water. It was first a commerce town that
housed merchants. The town had survived thanks to the help
given by Powhatan and his tribe. Later these Indians would
accuse the English of invading their lands and exploiting them.
Also once Jamestown was able to survive it expanded and
starting growing tobacco.

John Rolfe

He is the man that married Pocahontas, but later deceived
Powhatan by importing tobacco seed from the West Indies
and started growing it in Jamestown.

Powhatan

He was the chief of the Algonquian-speaking people of the
region near Jamestown. He had helped the people survive
and even married his daughter to John Rolfe in hopes that
they could be allies. He was later deceived by the English and
accused them of coming to the land to not trade but to invade
his people and take over his country.

House of Burgesses

This was the representative government created from the
greate Charter given by the Virginia company. It could pass
laws and control taxes, but all laws could be vetoed by the
English.

Opechancanough
He led an Indian attack against the English and killed
hundreds of them, but was later brutally destroyed and
caused the charter to be revoked from the Virginia Company
and for the English government to take over.

Lord Baltimore

He was a Catholic man put in charge of Maryland and tried to
make the land a place of refuge for those who have received
persecution in England. Eventually religious tension broke out
and in order for Lord Baltimore to allow the religions to
coexist he passed the Toleration Act.

Toleration Act (1649)

This Act allows Christians to practice their own religious
beliefs and hold church services.

Vile Weed

This is the phrase that King James I used to describe tobacco
because it was disgusting to smoke and was harmful to ones
health, but he later overcame it once he saw the money that
it brought in.

Indentured Servants

These were white people that wanted to come to America for
work and were persuaded by merchants or sea captains to
sign labor contracts and work for a master in the Chesapeake
colonies for four or five years and after that they would be
free to marry and work for themselves.

William Berkeley

He was the first governor of Virginia. He gave large amounts
of land to those in government to stop anyone from stopping
his rule. He also took away the right to vote from landless
freemen, which took out half of the adult population.
Nathaniel Bacon rose up and rebelled, but once he died
Berkeley took revenge, but after that the landed planters
curbed corruption and appointed ambitious yeomen to public
office.

Freeholders

A freeholder is a man who owned property without feudal
dues or landlord obligations and have the legal right to
improve, transfer, or sell their property.
He led the rebellion against Governor William Berkeley and
although he was jailed for going against Berkeley in
Nathaniel Bacon

government he was soon released and he and his followers
forced the governor to hold legislative elections and the new
House of Burgesses made political reforms that curbed the
powers of the governor and the council and gave voting rights
back to landless freemen. He later burned down Jamestown
and Berkeleys allies plantations. He died October 1976 from
dysentery.

Pilgrims

The Pilgrims were a group of Puritans seeking a place of
refuge from England, so they first went to Holland, but they
wanted to keep their English identity so William Bradford led
67 migrants to America and they founded Plymouth. They
setup a self-governing religious structure and were tolerant of
all. They were able to survive because the winter inhibited
mosquitoes and the smallpox epidemic wiped out most of the
local Wampanoag. They grew rapidly and established
themselves as a farming town.

Mayflower Compact

This was the charter created by the Pilgrims that set up their
own government.

William Bradford

He was the man that led the 67 migrants to America and
founded Plymouth.

Congregationalists

These were ordinary members of the church that were given
power since bishops were banished and they followed the
teachings of John Calvin and predestination.

Massachusetts Bay
Colony

This was a colony founded by John Winthrop and 900 other
Puritans that were dismissed from England and they wanted
to create a land that was pure and would eventually bring
reform to the Church of England.
He was the man who led the Puritans from England to the
John Winthrop

Massachusetts Bay colony. He became the governor of it and
set up its representative political system with a governor,
council, and assembly and made the Bible a legal guide.

Roger Williams

He was banished by the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay
colony for speaking out against the church and its seizure of
Indian lands, so he migrated south to form Rhode Island. He
allowed everyone to worship God as they pleased.

Anne Hutchinson


She was exiled by the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay
colony to Rhode Island for holding meetings that accused
clergymen of emphasizing good works too much and that God
saved people by the covenant of grace not of works. She
made a good defense, but the colony still exiled her.

Archbishop William Laud
He is the man that imposed a Church of England prayer book
on Presbyterian Scotland and caused a war.

English Civil War

The Scottish came in and invaded England and the
parliamentary forces of England also went against the king
and once they achieved victory Oliver Cromwell created a
republican commonwealth and banished bishops and
elaborate rituals from the Church of England.

Salem Witch Trials

This was caused by the mass hysteria over witches and these
witch trials occurred from girls who had seizures and accused
others in town for bewitching them. In total the
Massachusetts Bay authority arrested and tried 175 people
and 19 of those were executed.

Proprietors

These were groups of settlers who were given the title of
township by the Massachusetts Bay colony and Connecticut
to build new communities. This title allowed them to
distribute land among the male heads of each family.

Metacoms War

He was a leader of the Wampanoags and in 1675 he decided
that military action was the only method feasible to save
Indian land and culture. He was , at first, successful, but by
1676 he started losing because his warriors ran out of guns
and ammunition and the Massachusetts Bay colony hired
Mohawks and Mohegan warriors to ambush and kill Metacom
and stop the rebellion. This war destroyed 20 percent of
English towns and killed 1000 settlers, which was almost 5
percent of the adult population.