Lathe Operations

Dr. N. VENKAIAH
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
NIT Warangal !" !!#

Disclaimer
The content presente$ here is not entirel% m% o&n. 'ome portions are ta(en from
$ifferent so)rces &ith great regar$. This content is solel% for class room teaching an$
not for an% commercial )se.
Straight Turning
FIGURE : Schematic illustration of a turning operation showing
depth of cut, d, and feed, f. cutting speed is the surface speed
of the workpiece at the tool tip.
Facing
Tool is fed radially inward
Contour Turning
Instead of feeding the tool parallel to the axis of rotation,
tool follows a contour, thus creating a contoured form
Chamfering
Cutting edge cuts an angle on the corner of the cylinder, forming
a "chamfer"
Cut-off
Tool is fed radially into the rotating work
to cut off the end of the part
Other Operations
Cutting with a form tool
Boring and internal grooving
Drilling
Taper turning Knurling
Thread Cutting
ointed form tool is fed linearly across surface of rotating
workpart parallel to axis of rotation at a large feed rate, thus
creating threads
Thread Cutting - Terminology
!ig" #lements of external threads
!ig" #lements of internal threads
It calls fairly high skill on the part of the
operator"
Threads are formed on the principle of
helix
Calculation of proper change gears is
crucial
Tool tip should have an included angle
corresponding to the included angle of the
thread to $e produced"
The chief elements of all the screw threads%
itch& 'a(or diameter& 'inor diameter& itch
diameter& Depth of threads& Thread angle
Thread Cutting Terminology
!ig" )ingle )tart
!ig" Dou$le )tart
'tart of threa$*
Denotes the num$er of separate thread groves
running parallel to each other along the surface of
the screw"
A$+antage m)ltiple start threa$s
To o$tain more axial advancement for the same
amount of rotation of the screw as compared to
single start threads without weakening the thread
If the pitch in $oth cases remains the same, the
axial advancement for the same amount of rotation
will $ecome as many times of the single start as
the num$er of starts"
The axial advancement in one rotation of the
screw is known as lea$ of the threa$. *hich is the
distance $etween two corresponding points on the
thread measured parallel to the axis,"
+ote% The lea$ scre& of a lathe is al&a%s single
starte$.
Lead
Pitch =
No. of Starts
Cutting R.H. and L.H. Threads
,
Right Hand threads:
-
hreads slope up to the right when
screw is held !erticall".
-
o cut R.H. hreads, headstock spindle
and the lead screw should rotate in the
same direction.
,
#eft Hand threads:
-
hreads slope up to the left when
screw is held !erticall".
-
he spindle and the lead screw will
rotate in opposite direction.
,
This change of direction of rotation on
lathe is effected by tumbler gears or by
using proper number of idlers.
!igure% ."/" Threads
!igure% 0"/" Threads
Left Hand thread - pplications
Thread Cutting
!igure% 1eneral set2up of lathe for screw cutting
.elation $etween movement
of saddle and the turns of
the work should $e carefully
controlled"
Change gears and lead
screw are used
If ratio is 343 5spindle
turns4lead screw turns6
*hen the spindle turns
through one rotation, the tool
moves through a distance of
one pitch of the lead screw,
and therefore cuts a thread of
identical pitch on the work"
If the ratio is 743 the carriage 5tool6 moves 3 pitch of the lead screw whilst the
work turns through two rotations, and the thread will have a pitch of one2half
that of the lead screw"
Thread Cutting - Change !ear Ratio
1ears range from 78T to 378T in steps of 9T"
In addition, a gear of 37: teeth is also provided which is known as translating gear"
Thread Cutting !ear Trains
)imple gear train
Compound gear train
Intermediate gear has no effect on the
change gear ratio" It simply acts as a
connection $etween the two, and
serves to keep the rotation of driver
and driven in the same direction"
In a compound gear train, the stud
carries two wheels which are keyed
together so that they rotate as a unit"
Compound gear train is employed
when the gear ratio is not possi$le to
o$tain with a simple gear train out of the
given set of change gears"
In modern lathes, ;uick change gears
are availa$le to o$tain the correct gear
ratio to cut a particular thread ;uickly
$y simply shifting the lever into different
positions which are marked on the
instruction plates of the machine"
Cutting metric thread on
"nglish standard lead scre#s or $ice $ersa
,
o cut metric threads on lathes ha!ing $ritish
standard lead screw:
,
o cut $ritish standard threads on a lathe
ha!ing lead screw of metric pitch:
E%ercise
&. 'alculate change gears for cutting R.H. threads of ( mm pitch
on a lathe ha!ing lead screw of ) mm pitch.
Soln.:
0ike this, we can have num$er of solutions
and every solution will give the desired result"
E%ercise *
(. 'alculate change gears for cutting #.H. threads of &.+ mm
pitch on a lathe ha!ing lead screw of ) mm pitch.
Soln.:
)imple train with two idlers
E%ercise *
,. 'alculate change gears for cutting R.H.$.S.-. ./0 threads of
&( 1I on a lathe ha!ing lead screw of 2 1I.
Soln.:
1
Driver
TPI of Screw to be cut
Change gear ratio = =
1
Driven
TPI of Lead screw
TPI of lead screw
=
TPI of screw to be cut
8
1 !
= =
E%ercise *
3. 'alculate change gears for cutting R.H. threads of & mm pitch
on a lathe ha!ing lead screw of 2 mm pitch.
Soln.:
)uch a ratio with a gear of 3<8 teeth is not availa$le in the set"
The maximum si=e is 378 only"
/ence, a compound train should $e tried"
Compound 1ear Train with no idler%
1ear > ? 78& 1ear B ? @8&
and
1ear C ? A8& 1ear D ? <8
E%ercise *
+. 'alculate change gears to cut #.H. threads of (+ 1I on a lathe
ha!ing lead screw of ) 1I.
Soln.:
Compound 1ear Train with one
idler%
1ear > ? B8& 1ear B ? 388&
and
1ear C ? B9& 1ear D ? :9
E%ercise *
). 'alculate change gears to cut R.H. single start threads of 4.(+0
pitch on a lathe ha!ing a lead screw of 2 mm lead.
Soln.:
Compound 1ear Train with no idler%
1ear > ? 37:& 1ear B ? @8&
and
1ear C ? 98& 1ear D ? 388
Setting of Tools for Threading
!ig" )etting threading tool
for internal threading
!ig" )etting threading tool for
external threading
Cutting tool should $e set exactly at
the height of centers and normal to the
work piece axis"
If it is incorrectly set, the thread angle
will not $e correct and the flanks formed
will not $e proper"
This setting is essential $oth for external
and internal threads"
> center ga)ge is always used for
setting the threading tool correctly as
shown in figures"
Feeding the Tool in Threading
!ig" a6 )traight Thread
!ig" $6 Inclined feed
!ig" c6 Inclined feed using a form tool
0arge amount of material is removed in the form of
chips and that leads to the (amming of the tool and
the flanks of the threads will $e rough"
0imit only to the finishing on coarse threads"
/owever, it can safely $e used for threads having
$elow 7 mm pitch"
In this method 5!ig" $6 tool is fed at an angle 5usually
half of the thread angle6 to the axis of the work"
The tool is set, as usual, s;uare with the work axis
and the re;uired inclination is o$tained $y swiveling
the compound rest"
'ost of the cutting is done $y the left edge and tip of
the tool"
*hen threading is to $e done on a large scale, the
tool form shown at !ig" 5c6 is preferred"
This tool is normally provided with the negative rake"
Conse;uently, the chips flow easily on the tool face
and the Cdigging2inD tendency of the tool is reduced"
%ro&iding undercut

Endercuts are necessary when

It allows for the overrun of the tool

In the a$sence of this undercut

The undercut should $e wide enough to give sufficient time to the

Its depth should always $e slightly more than the depth of the thread"
Cutting S'uare and cme Thread
!ig" Tool setting for s;uare threads
nce Circumfere
thread of Lead . .
tan =
Cutting (ultiple start threads
Turn)uc*le
Back
Lathe Operations
Figure: /arious cutting operations that can 5e performed on a lathe.
Lathe Operations
Figure: /arious cutting operations that can 5e performed on a
lathe.