Lecture Notes Trigonometric Identities 1 page 1

Sample Problems
Prove each of the following identities.
1. tan x sin x + cos x = sec x
2.
1
tan x
+ tan x =
1
sin x cos x
3. sin x sin x cos
2
x = sin
3
x
4.
cos
1 + sin
+
1 + sin
cos
= 2 sec
5.
cos x
1 sin x

cos x
1 + sin x
= 2 tan x
6. cos
2
x =
csc x cos x
tan x + cot x
7.
sin
4
x cos
4
x
sin
2
x cos
2
x
= 1
8.
tan
2
x
tan
2
x + 1
= sin
2
x
9.
1 sin x
cos x
=
cos x
1 + sin x
10. 1 2 cos
2
x =
tan
2
x 1
tan
2
x + 1
11. tan
2
= sec
2
cot
2
1
12. sec x + tan x =
cos x
1 sin x
13.
csc
sin

cot
tan
= 1
14. sin
4
x cos
4
x = 1 2 cos
2
x
15. (sin x cos x)
2
+ (sin x + cos x)
2
= 2
16.
sin
2
x + 4 sin x + 3
cos
2
x
=
3 + sin x
1 sin x
17.
cos x
1 sin x
tan x = sec x
18. tan
2
x + 1 + tan x sec x =
1 + sin x
cos
2
x
c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: January 6, 2013
Lecture Notes Trigonometric Identities 1 page 2
Practice Problems
Prove each of the following identities.
1. tan x +
cos x
1 + sin x
=
1
cos x
2. tan
2
x + 1 = sec
2
x
3.
1
1 sin x

1
1 + sin x
= 2 tan x sec x
4. tan x + cot x = sec x csc x
5.
1 + tan
2
x
1 tan
2
x
=
1
cos
2
x sin
2
x
6. tan
2
x sin
2
x = tan
2
x sin
2
x
7.
1 cos x
sin x
+
sin x
1 cos x
= 2 csc x
8.
sec x 1
sec x + 1
=
1 cos x
1 + cos x
9. 1 + cot
2
x = csc
2
x
10.
csc
2
x 1
csc
2
x
= cos
2
x
11.
cot x 1
cot x + 1
=
1 tan x
1 + tan x
12. (sin x + cos x) (tan x + cot x) = sec x + csc x
13.
sin
3
x + cos
3
x
sin x + cos x
= 1 sin x cos x
14.
cos x + 1
sin
3
x
=
csc x
1 cos x
15.
1 + sin x
1 sin x

1 sin x
1 + sin x
= 4 tan x sec x
16. csc
4
x cot
4
x = csc
2
x + cot
2
x
17.
sin
2
x
cos
2
x + 3 cos x + 2
=
1 cos x
2 + cos x
18.
tan x + tan y
cot x + cot y
= tan x tan y
19.
1 + tan x
1 tan x
=
cos x + sin x
cos x sin x
20. (sin x tan x) (cos x cot x) = (sin x 1) (cos x 1)
c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: January 6, 2013
Lecture Notes Trigonometric Identities 1 page 3
Sample Problems - Solutions
1. tan x sin x + cos x = sec x
Solution: We will only use the fact that sin
2
x + cos
2
x = 1 for all values of x.
LHS = tan x sin x + cos x =
sin x
cos x
sin x + cos x =
sin
2
x
cos x
+ cos x =
sin
2
x
cos x
+
cos
2
x
cos x
=
sin
2
x + cos
2
x
cos x
=
1
cos x
= RHS
2.
1
tan x
+ tan x =
1
sin x cos x
Solution: We will only use the fact that sin
2
x + cos
2
x = 1 for all values of x.
LHS =
1
tan x
+ tan x =
cos x
sin x
+
sin x
cos x
=
cos
2
x + sin
2
x
sin x cos x
=
1
sin x cos x
= RHS
3. sin x sin x cos
2
x = sin
3
x
Solution: We will only use the fact that sin
2
x + cos
2
x = 1 for all values of x.
LHS = sin x sin x cos
2
x = sin x

1 cos
2
x

= sin x sin
2
x = RHS
4.
cos
1 + sin
+
1 + sin
cos
= 2 sec
Solution: We will only use the fact that sin
2
x + cos
2
x = 1 for all values of x.
LHS =
cos
1 + sin
+
1 + sin
cos
=
cos
2

(1 + sin ) cos
+
(1 + sin )
2
(1 + sin ) cos
=
cos
2
+ (1 + sin )
2
(1 + sin ) cos
=
cos
2
+ 1 + 2 sin + sin
2

(1 + sin ) cos
=
cos
2
+ sin
2
+ 1 + 2 sin
(1 + sin ) cos
=
2 + 2 sin
(1 + sin ) cos
=
2 (1 + sin )
(1 + sin ) cos
=
2
cos
= 2
1
cos
= 2 sec = RHS
5.
cos x
1 sin x

cos x
1 + sin x
= 2 tan x
Solution: We will start with the left-hand side. First we bring the fractions to the common
denominator. Recall that sin
2
x + cos
2
x = 1 for all values of x.
LHS =
cos x
1 sin x

cos x
1 + sin x
=
cos x (1 + sin x)
(1 sin x) (1 + sin x)

cos x (1 sin x)
(1 sin x) (1 + sin x)
=
cos x (1 + sin x) cos x (1 sin x)
(1 sin x) (1 + sin x)
=
cos x + cos x sin x cos x + cos x sin x
1 sin
2
x
=
2 sin x cos x
cos
2
x
=
2 sin x
cos x
= 2 tan x = RHS
c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: January 6, 2013
Lecture Notes Trigonometric Identities 1 page 4
6. cos
2
x =
csc x cos x
tan x + cot x
Solution: We will start with the right-hand side. We will re-write everything in terms of sin x and
cos x and simplify. We will again run into the Pythagorean identity, sin
2
x + cos
2
x = 1.
RHS =
csc x cos x
tan x + cot x
=
1
sin x
cos x
sin x
cos x
+
cos x
sin x
=
1
sin x

cos x
1
sin
2
x
sin x cos x
+
cos
2
x
sin x cos x
=
cos x
sin x
sin
2
x + cos
2
x
sin x cos x
=
cos x
sin x
1
sin x cos x
=
cos x
sin x

cos x sin x
1
=
cos
2
x
1
= cos
2
x = LHS
7.
sin
4
x cos
4
x
sin
2
x cos
2
x
= 1
Solution: We can factor the numerator via the dierence of squares theorem.
LHS =
sin
4
x cos
4
x
sin
2
x cos
2
x
=

sin
2
x

2
(cos
2
x)
2
sin
2
x cos
2
x
=

sin
2
x + cos
2
x

sin
2
x cos
2
x

sin
2
x cos
2
x
= sin
2
x + cos
2
x = 1 = RHS
8.
tan
2
x
tan
2
x + 1
= sin
2
x
Solution:
LHS =
tan
2
x
tan
2
x + 1
=

sin x
cos x

sin x
cos x

2
+ 1
=
sin
2
x
cos
2
x
sin
2
x
cos
2
x
+ 1
=
sin
2
x
cos
2
x
sin
2
x
cos
2
x
+
cos
2
x
cos
2
x
=
sin
2
x
cos
2
x
sin
2
x + cos
2
x
cos
2
x
=
sin
2
x
cos
2
x
1
cos
2
x
=
sin
2
x
cos
2
x

cos
2
x
1
= sin
2
x = RHS
9.
1 sin x
cos x
=
cos x
1 + sin x
Solution:
LHS =
1 sin x
cos x
=
1 sin x
cos x
1 =
1 sin x
cos x

1 + sin x
1 + sin x
=
(1 sin x) (1 + sin x)
cos x (1 + sin x)
=
1 sin
2
x
cos x (1 + sin x)
=
cos
2
x
cos x (1 + sin x)
=
cos x
1 + sin x
= RHS
c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: January 6, 2013
Lecture Notes Trigonometric Identities 1 page 5
10. 1 2 cos
2
x =
tan
2
x 1
tan
2
x + 1
Solution:
RHS =
tan
2
x 1
tan
2
x + 1
=
sin
2
x
cos
2
x
1
sin
2
x
cos
2
x
+ 1
=
sin
2
x
cos
2
x

cos
2
x
cos
2
x
sin
2
x
cos
2
x
+
cos
2
x
cos
2
x
=
sin
2
x cos
2
x
cos
2
x
sin
2
x + cos
2
x
cos
2
x
=
sin
2
x cos
2
x
cos
2
x

cos
2
x
sin
2
x + cos
2
x
=
sin
2
x cos
2
x
sin
2
x + cos
2
x
=
sin
2
x cos
2
x
1
= sin
2
x cos
2
x
=

1 cos
2
x

cos
2
x = 1 2 cos
2
x = LHS
11. tan
2
= sec
2
cot
2
1
RHS = sec
2
cot
2
1 =
1
cos
2

cos
sin

2
1 =
1
cos
2

cos
2

sin
2

1 =
1
sin
2

1
=
1
sin
2

sin
2

sin
2

=
1 sin
2

sin
2

=
1 sin
2

sin
2

=
cos
2

sin
2

=

cos
sin

2
= tan
2
= LHS
12. sec x + tan x =
cos x
1 sin x
Solution:
RHS =
cos x
1 sin x
=
cos x
1 sin x
1 =
cos x
1 sin x

1 + sin x
1 + sin x
=
cos x (1 + sin x)
(1 sin x) (1 + sin x)
=
cos x (1 + sin x)
1 sin
2
x
=
cos x (1 + sin x)
cos
2
x
=
1 + sin x
cos x
=
1
cos x
+
sin x
cos x
= LHS
13.
csc
sin

cot
tan
= 1
Solution: We will start with the left-hand side. We will re-write everything in terms of sin and
cos and simplify. We will again run into the Pythagorean identity, sin
2
x+cos
2
x = 1 for all angles
x.
LHS =
csc
sin

cot
tan
=
1
sin
sin
1

cos
sin
sin
cos
=
1
sin

1
sin

cos
sin

cos
sin
=
1
sin
2

cos
2

sin
2

=
1 cos
2

sin
2

sin
2
+ cos
2

cos
2

sin
2

=
sin
2

sin
2

= 1 = RHS
14. sin
4
x cos
4
x = 1 2 cos
2
x
Solution:
LHS = sin
4
x cos
4
x =

sin
2
x

cos
2
x

2
=

sin
2
x + cos
2
x

sin
2
x cos
2
x

= 1

sin
2
x cos
2
x

=

1 cos
2
x

cos
2
x = 1 2 cos
2
x = RHS
c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: January 6, 2013
Lecture Notes Trigonometric Identities 1 page 6
15. (sin x cos x)
2
+ (sin x + cos x)
2
= 2
Solution:
LHS = (sin x cos x)
2
+ (sin x + cos x)
2
=

sin
2
x + cos
2
x 2 sin x cos x

+

sin
2
x + cos
2
x + 2 sin x cos x

= 2 sin
2
x + 2 cos
2
x
= 2

sin
2
x + cos
2
x

= 2 1 = 2 = RHS
16.
sin
2
x + 4 sin x + 3
cos
2
x
=
3 + sin x
1 sin x
Solution:
LHS =
sin
2
x + 4 sin x + 3
cos
2
x
=
(sin x + 1) (sin x + 3)
1 sin
2
x
=
(sin x + 1) (sin x + 3)
(1 + sin x) (1 sin x)
=
sin x + 3
1 sin x
= RHS
17.
cos x
1 sin x
tan x = sec x
Solution:
LHS =
cos x
1 sin x
tan x =
cos x
1 sin x

sin x
cos x
=
cos
2
x sin x (1 sin x)
cos x (1 sin x)
=
cos
2
x sin x + sin
2
x
cos x (1 sin x)
=

cos
2
x + sin
2
x

sin x
cos x (1 sin x)
=
1 sin x
cos x (1 sin x)
=
1
cos x
= RHS
18. tan
2
x + 1 + tan x sec x =
1 + sin x
cos
2
x
Solution:
LHS = tan
2
x + 1 + tan x sec x =
sin
2
x
cos
2
x
+ 1 +
sin x
cos x

1
cos x
=
sin
2
x
cos
2
x
+
cos
2
x
cos
2
x
+
sin x
cos
2
x
=
sin
2
x + cos
2
x + sin x
cos
2
x
=
1 + sin x
cos
2
x
= RHS
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c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: January 6, 2013