05F15.

01
Steam-Bending
Instruction Booklet
Bending Solid Wood with Steam and
Compressive Force
There are three basic requirements for the successful
bending of solid wood using steam.
1. The wood must be plasticized. Although wood can
be plasticized chemically or even by microwaves
when in a green state, the most convenient way to
plasticize wood is with steam.
Wood cells are held together by a naturally occurring
substance in the wood called lignin. Imagine the wood
bers to be a bundle of rods with the space between
them lled with lignin. The strength of this lignin
bond between the rods can be decreased by subjecting
the wood to steam. With unpressurized steam at 212
Fahrenheit, steaming for one hour per inch of thickness
(regardless of the width) will soften the bond enough for
bending. Substantial oversteaming may cause the wood
to wrinkle on the concave face as the bend progresses.
2. Only air-dried wood of an appropriate species
should be used.
Kiln-dried wood must not be used; the lignin in the
wood has been permanently set during the hot, dry
kilning process. No amount of steaming or soaking
will weaken the lignin bond sufciently for successful
bending. The same applies to air-dried wood that has
been allowed to dry and stabilize below 10% moisture
content; the lignin will only partially plasticize with
steam, not enough for successful bending of anything
beyond a shallow curve.
3. Wood must be kept under compression during the
bending process.

Because of this third requirement, the Veritas line of
clamping equipment for steam bending was developed.
Wood bers will stretch only a small amount before they
fail, usually less than
1
/2 of 1%. If you think of bending
a stick over your knee, as the wood bends, it is the bers
on the outside of the bend that start to separate and break
rst. The drier the wood, the
easier it will break. However,
when well plasticized, wood
will compress to an amazing
degree. It is these two
properties of wood that we
avoid and exploit respectively
in the steam-bending process.
To stop the wood from stretching on the outside face
during the bending process, it must be restrained at
either end by stops securely attached to a metal backing
strap. The wood face in contact with the strap is not
allowed to stretch as the bend progresses; however, the
wood face against the form is subject to compression
exerted by the end stops.
For example, a straight piece of wood 1" thick and 18"
long bent to 90 around a 4" radius will remain 18"
along the outside (immediately next to the strap), but
will have the inside dimension reduced to almost 16".
Nearly two inches have virtually disappeared through
compression along the inside face!
Species for Steam Bending
To avoid a lengthy description of wood cell structure
here, we are providing general guidelines regarding
appropriate woods for compressive steam bending
using the Veritas Steam-Bending System.
Two rules of thumb are:
1. Exotic woods do not bend well.
2. Softwoods do not bend well and should be avoided.
Some common domestic hardwoods will bend with
great success. Based on air-dried 1" thick stock at 25%
moisture content going into the steam box, the smallest
bend radius you can achieve without risk of failure is
shown in the table below. You can get tighter radii but
at higher risks.
Figure 1
Convex (strap side)
remains the same
length.
Blank
18"
16"
Strap
18"
Bent
Blank
Concave (form side) is
compressed by the end stops.
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Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet

Bending Blanks
The stock itself should be the straightest grained,
knot-free material you can nd. The ends should be
square-cut and all sides planed smooth. Generally, we
recommend bending pieces only slightly larger in cross
section than the nished piece needed, just enough to
square up, sand, or scrape the surface down to clean
wood. The exception is if you are bending a wood that is
notoriously difcult or if you are bending to a very tight
radius. For example, cherry is prone to compression
failure so bend a piece
1
/8" or
1
/4" thicker than needed and
then bandsaw away the inside face marks. If the exact
curve is critical, you have to remember to accommodate
this difference on the bending form.
The discoloration caused by the metal strap in contact
with the wood may also require additional thickness.
Woods high in tannic acid such as red oak, white oak
and walnut will develop a
1
/16" deep purple stain if the
strap is left on as the piece dries on the form. Most
woods (ash, cherry, hickory, maple) do not develop this
stain to the same degree. Light stains can be removed
by sanding or scraping. Deep stains may be more easily
removed by bandsawing a thin slice off the stain area,
followed by sanding.
When bending tight radii, some reduction in stock thickness
will occur as a result of the wood being compressed
between the strap and the form, particularly right at the
corner of an "L" or "U" bend. Bending a piece of 1" thick
ash around a 2" radius form may reduce the thickness as
much as
3
/16". Backing off the end stop one turn, halfway
around the bend, will decrease this amount.
The grain of the blanks should be relatively straight.
The grain should not "run out" in less than 15" along
the blank, and preferably not where the bend is to take
place (see Figure 2). Knots should be avoided. However,
if there are small grain irregularities, then they should
be put next to the strap side of the blank; the wood
remains relatively neutral there, neither in tension nor
compression. Our tests have
not revealed any advantage
in bending wood with the
growth rings of the blanks
plane, rift or quartersawn face
against the form face. Never
attempt to bend a piece that is
thicker than its width, as it is
prone to collapsing. To obtain
such narrow pieces (e.g., a
boomerang), bend a square
cross section, and then bandsaw
it to the required width once it
is dry (see Figure 3).
When to Steam Bend
The ability to bend solid wood can give your projects
both a structural advantage and an aesthetic appeal. For
example, a sweeping curve on the back leg of a chair
can be very weak if it is cut from a wide solid board.
A portion of the leg will inevitably be short grain and
prone to failure if it is subject to any stress. That same
leg, if steam bent, will retain virtually all of the strength
of the original straight piece of wood. The grain will
also follow the curve and visually reinforce the shape
you have created.
Questions that you might want to ask yourself before
deciding to steam bend a curved part of your project are:
Is the curved part structurally important?
Is it visually important that the grain follow the
curved shape?
If both answers are "No", maybe a bandsawn shape will
do. From a design point of view, try to avoid steam-bent
parts that have unanchored ends that are not fastened
down. Humidity changes can cause the extended piece to
"wave" a bit.
Species Smallest Radii
Oak (red and white) 2"
Hickory 2"
Elm 2"
Walnut 3"
Ash 4.5"
Cherry* 6"
Maple** 8"
* Requires some experience to bend flawlessly. It is
prone to compression wrinkles on the inside face. These
can often be removed during shaping and sanding once
the bend is complete and cured.
** Can be difficult to bend. It requires more leverage to
put the blank into compression.
Figure 2
Figure 3: To achieve
narrow pieces.
Grain has run
off the side of
the blank.
(max. grain "run out")
Growth ring orientation
(see Bending Blanks)
15"
3
/4"
3
/4"
1
1
/2"
Bandsaw
Cut
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Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet

Will I be shaping the piece afterwards?
Laminating a curve from thin strips of wood may cause
problems when applying the nish. Any glue that is
exposed during shaping will not accept the nal nish
in the same way as the wood. Also, the laminates are
always under stress and, if some are cut away during
shaping, the curvature may change. Steam-bent parts,
on the other hand, have no memory of ever being any
other shape, unless immersed in water.
Making Forms for Wood Bending
The best bending forms are made of plywood stacked
slightly higher than the width of the blank to be formed.
Particleboard can also be used, but is lower in tensile
strength, so larger cross sections are necessary. When
bending to a tight radius (e.g., less than 4"), it is best to use
plywood for most of the form and insert a hardwood nose.
If bending on a bench, screw the form down to a larger
piece of particleboard and in turn secure that to your
work surface. If you are using a bending table, you will
have to drill holes in the form to match table holes.
Whenever possible, the back of the bending form should
be cut parallel to the face; it makes it much easier to
apply clamps as the bend progresses.
There are some exceptions to this practice. To minimize
clamp congestion, large holes (e.g., 1
1
/4") can be drilled in
the form to accommodate clamp heads (see Figure 5).
If you are using particleboard forms, it may be necessary
to use more holes because of the greater width of the
form. It might even be simpler to leave the form in its
basic rectangular shape and rely completely on clamp
holes and bar clamps.
The work surface should be attached to the oor (or
anchored to the wall or a post) if the blank is thicker
than
3
/4". Whenever possible, cut the back of the bending
form parallel to the face (see Figure 6 and Figure 18) so
that it is easy to clamp the part as the bend progresses.
When bending a piece narrower than the strap, it is
best to still have the part run down the center line of
the strap. This helps to keep the forces on the strap and
end stops balanced, which in turn reduce the possibility
of the workpiece skewing perpendicular to the bending
plane. Block the table up with spacer blocks 2" apart
along the face of the form so that the part can be tapped
down snugly to the blocks to keep it parallel to the table
during the bending process.
Springback, Close-In and Failures
It is difcult to give hard and fast rules in wood bending
because of the variability of the material. Not only do
you have to deal with differences between species but
even within species. There is even variation within a
single board due to the uneven grain. As with many
things, your own experience becomes your best guide.
But there are general precautions you can take that will
avoid many problems.
If all the main variables are under control: air-dried
domestic hardwood at the appropriate moisture content,
temperature in the box, steam time, bending radius not
too tight, correct end pressure (not so compressive as
to create wrinkles on the concave face nor so loose that
ber separation occurs on the outside of the bend) and
the form is cut to the exact shape you want, there are
still a few things to keep in mind.
Springback
Springback can occur when the curve is so shallow that
the lignin does not shift enough to hold the new shape,
the part is too dry (either from original moisture content
too low before steaming or insufcient steaming time),
the end pressure was not adequate, the part was not left
on the bending form until fully cooled, the part was
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Cut from
solid wood.
Weak Cross
Grain
Laminated from
thin strips.
Glue lines are
exposed with
shaping.
Steam bent from
solid wood uses
less wood.
Continual
Grain
Rectangular shape form
for particleboard.
OR
1
1
/4" dia. holes
for clamps.
Hardwood nose for
radii of less than 4".
Plywood
Bending Form
Strap
Bending Table or Bench
Parallel inside
clamping face.
1
1
/4" holes to
accept head
clamp.
Bending blank
narrower than
strap.
Spacer
Blocks
4"
min.
3
/4" dia.
holes to
secure form.
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Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet

allowed to straighten while being transferred to the
drying jig, or the part was not allowed to dry thoroughly
(less than 10% M.C.).
Close-In
Close-in can occur for several reasons. If the moisture
content of the wood is too high when bending (in excess
of 30%), the displaced and compressed wood bers
continue to contract as the bent wood dries out.
If the accumulated end pressure is too great during the
bending process, the overcompressed inner face of the
blank will contract as the wood dries out. On a "U"
shape, it is advisable to back off the thrust screw a couple
of turns halfway around the "U". (See Figure 24.) If a
part is bent to a radius smaller than the limiting radius
for that species, again the overcompressed face will
contract on drying.
Failures
Most bending failures happen when you step outside
the guidelines (e.g., you might be trying to bend kiln-
dried wood, or you forget to pre-tension the strap). But
if you follow the guidelines, you will have very few
failures. When you do, you will often nd that there
was a pin knot at a critical spot in the wood that you
did not notice or another abnormality at a point of high
compression. If you follow recommended practices,
your only bending failures will occur at some point of
inconsistency in the wood.
The Drying Process and Setting the Shape
The drying rack should be exactly the same shape as the
original bending form because, as the part dries, it takes
the shape of the drying rack. It is best to support the part
being dried over most of its length. For example, placing
a clamp diagonally across the legs of a 90 "L" bend
may stop the shape from opening, but it wont stop the
legs of the "L" from bowing (see Figure 7). It is better
to cut "L"s out of plywood and clamp the steam-bent
"L" shape to the drying rack at several points.
For one-offs, simply leave it on the bending form but
remember to take the strap off within an hour; otherwise,
the wood will discolor. For very small quantities of
relatively narrow stock, cut
3
/4" plywood drying racks.
Be sure to clamp the drying rack on the center line of
the bent part, as shown in Figure 8; otherwise, lateral
twisting may occur.
For wide bent parts or large
quantities of narrow parts,
constructed drying racks are
better. A bulkhead every 12"
will stop the cross members
from deecting. The cross
members should be closer
together at the curved portion
of the part.
There is an accumulation of stress as the parts are
loaded onto the drying rack; it must be strong enough
to withstand this. Whatever the drying rack used, it is
absolutely essential that the parts be moved quickly to
the drying rack from the bending form. Unless the parts
are left on the bending form for 8 hours before moving
to the drying rack, the parts will immediately start to
open up as you move them. Typically, the parts are
removed from the bending form after 20 to 40 minutes
and transferred quickly to the drying rack. This time can
be reduced to as little as 5 or 10 minutes if compressed
air is blown across the part to cool it quickly and thus
start the resetting of the lignin bond. Speed is of the
essence; otherwise, breakage will occur as the part is
rebent on the drying rack.
The ideal drying condition involves passage of lots of
dry, warm air over the parts. Pieces at 25%, 1" thick
will dry to 8% in as little as 96 hours. A danger in
drying too fast is surface checking and/or developing a
case-hardened outer shell on the blank. Once the parts
are mounted on the drying rack, put it aside for 12 hours
covered with a fabric blanket. This allows the surface
moisture from the steaming to evaporate slowly, thus
avoiding checks. Checking is particularly prevalent with
woods like oak with strong medullary rays. They tend
to open on the plane-sawn surface alongside the ray.
Figure 7: Method not recommended.
Figure 9: Parts are laid over drying jig and the free
end is clamped.
Figure 8: Part clamped
along drying jig will
not distort.
Flat spot
can bow.
Distance is fixed but
shape may distort.
4"
2"
3
/4" plywood
clamped to
center of
blank.
Good
circulation.
Clamping bar is
applied after
all parts are
installed.
Plywood
Fixed Cleat
Cross members (stiff enough
not to distort).
Plywood
Bulkhead
16" max.
(middle rib is
needed if longer).
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Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet

Once the blanket has been removed, blow air across the
parts with a household electric fan on a timer, one hour
on, one hour off. This draws the moisture out of the
wood by osmosis without undue damage to the parts.
The time lapse from 25% to 8% is approximately 5 to 7
days for 1" stock.
Moisture Content
Domestic hardwood species that are suitable for bending
typically have a moisture content of about 70% when
fresh sawn. Wood bends best between 20% and 30%. It
is best to catch this "on the way down" rather than to try
to remoisturize the wood once it has passed this point.
The proper moisture content is important if you are
bending to tight radii and less important when bending
shallow curves. Once the wood has air dried to 6% or
8% it may not be possible to bend it to small radii. The
lignin bond is only partially reversible at this moisture
content, particularly if the wood has been sitting for a year
or more in this dry state. It is not possible to gain all the
original elasticity back by remoisturizing the wood, even
by excessive steaming or soaking in water for extended
periods (days or weeks).
Moderate bends may still be possible with wood at 10%
to 20% moisture content, 10" to 12" radius on 1" stock
in ash, oak, etc., but not very tight radii of 1" or 2".
Remember, too much moisture (i.e., over 30%) extends
your drying time and may contribute to erratic curves
piece to piece once the parts are dry. At one end of the
scale, wood bent "green" using the compression method
may fail due to hydraulic rupturing of the wood cells.
Too little moisture makes the wood difcult to bend and
you run the risk of breaking your bending equipment.
Plasticizing the Wood with Steam
The general rule is one hour per inch of thickness
(regardless of width). Wood at 30% will require a little
less time, wood at 15% a little more. Oversteaming
is not recommended, as it may cause compression
wrinkles to develop as the bend progresses around the
form. Experience is the best teacher.
Try to get as close to 212F (boiling water at standard
atmospheric pressure) as possible inside the steam
chamber. We recommend drilling a few drain holes in the
bottom of the chamber, particularly at the extremities.
Drilling a hole at the top will allow you to insert a
thermometer to check for the correct temperature, if
you are concerned about the temperature. This hole can
be plugged with a cork, but leave the drain holes open.
If the temperature at the extremities in the chamber
falls below 200F (93C), insulate the outside of the
box with berglass (similar to what is used to wrap
water heaters).
BE VERY CAREFUL WHEN WORKING
AROUND STEAM it will scald skin on
contact. When you open the steam box a cloud
of steam will escape. Keep your face and any
other bare skin away. Use tongs to pull out the
blank. Wear work gloves when handling the
steamed bending blanks.
Under no circumstances should the steam
chamber be pressurized or allowed to
become pressurized should, for example, the
drain holes become clogged. It is actually
detrimental to successful wood bending and it
is extremely dangerous.
The Steam Chamber
"Keep it simple" is the rule here. Consider the size of
the blanks you will be bending. For walking sticks,
shelf brackets, small chair parts, etc., a chamber made
from commonly available ABS pipe will be sufcient
(Figure 10). However, a chamber made from plywood in
a straightforward manner will accommodate most needs.
There are a few points to consider when constructing
the box.
1. Use
3
/4" exterior-grade fir plywood; the glue is steam
resistant. (The glue line should be very dark brown.)
Do not attempt to use interior-grade poplar ply.
2. Tongue and groove the corners, silicone the joints
and use brass or stainless-steel screws every 6"
along the corners.
3. Do not paint or seal the box in any way. The steam
will eventually penetrate the finish and rot the box.
It is best to let the plywood absorb the steam and
then thoroughly dry out between uses.
Figure 10
2" or 4" Pipe Lifts off to fill.
Plywood
36"
18"
18"
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Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet

4. An interior end dimension of 6" square seems to
work well. With the use of an electric kettle, making
the length modular is also a good idea. Start with
a 4' section, then add 2' sections as necessary. A
dried bead of silicone makes an adequate gasket
between the sections. If only localized steaming
is necessary, then the open ends of the box can be
fitted with specially made baffles or simply stuffed
with rags. If the box is 6' or more, then two steam
sources should be used.
5. Install hinged doors on both ends of the 4' box and
one door on the shorter sections. The door should
be operable in as simple a way as possible. A
rubber band stretched over protruding screw heads
is fine. The screws on frequently used latches tend
to work loose in the hot, damp plywood.
6. The blanks should be supported off the bottom of
the box. Brass or copper rods or even
1
/2" dowels
through the sides are all effective. Do not pack the
blanks in the box tightly. Steam should be free to
circulate around all surfaces of each blank.
7. When set up, the box should slope to a drain hole
in one end to prevent condensation from collecting.
Do not reuse this water because it will have
contaminants that may damage your steam source.
Generating Steam
For blanks of smaller cross sections, up to 1" by 2", an
electric kettle is an excellent source of wet steam.
For volumes of steam beyond the capacity of a kettle,
commercial steam generators are available. Wallpaper
steamers can be purchased or rented. A simple source of
steam can be fashioned using an inexpensive electric hot
plate and a 1 or 2 gallon (4 to 8 litre) pot with a 1
1
/2"
diameter hose from the lid to the chamber. If your source
of heat is an open ame, then it must be used outdoors.
CAUTION: Be very careful when working
around boiling water and steam. It will scald skin
on contact. Under no circumstances should the
steam source be allowed to become pressurized.
The Steam-Bending Table
If you are going to be doing a large amount of steam
bending or bending pieces with large cross sections
(greater than 2
1
/2 square inches), you should construct
a steam-bending table. A bending table can be built
according to the sketch provided, using plywood and
24s. Clamped to the top of your existing bench, this
table is solid enough to counteract the bending forces
exerted. A substantial amount of weight should be put on
the base to counteract the force of bending your blanks,
or secure your bench to the oor if necessary.
Because all Veritas bench accessories (brass Bench Dogs,
Pups, Wonder Dog clamps, and Hold-Down) are based
on 0.740" diameter stock (slightly less than
3
/4"), we
strongly suggest drilling
3
/4" holes in your steam-bending
table to accommodate all these tools. Spacing these holes
in a matrix will also add to the versatility of the table.
If you know exactly where all the holes in the table are
before you make your forms, you can mark and drill your
restraining holes in your forms accordingly. Any
3
/4" steel
stock (e.g.,
3
/4" bolts) can also be used to hold your forms
in place. If you are bending small stock, under 1 square
inch in cross section,
3
/4" hardwood dowels could also be
used to hold your forms in place. You may want to hold
your forms down with several wood screws or bolts during
heavy bending so the forms do not lift off the surface of
your bending table.
Materials required: two 4' 4'
3
/4" thick plywood sheets,
24' of 2 4s, glue and #10 flat-head screws 2
1
/2" long

Figure 11: Exterior plywood sheathing (no finish).
Figure 12: Steam-bending table.
Rubber
Stoppers
Drain Holes
(3 or 4 holes
on bottom)
6" inside
dimension
Brass or
Stainless-Steel
Screws and
Silicone
4'
48"
41"
48"
24s flat
on their side
for all cross
members.
24s secured to bending table spaced to
straddle bench helps restrain the bench.
3
/4" dia. holes
drilled in an
equal matrix
(3
7
/8" apart,
typ.)
3
/4" plywood
sheet on top
and bottom.
4
5
/8"
4
5
/8"
1
1
/2"
3
1
/2"
3"
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Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet

The Block and Tackle
When bending wood with large cross sections (greater
than 2
1
/2 square inches), you may need the block and
tackle to help bend the blank around the form. As the
cross-sectional area increases, so does the force required
to bend the part. When using the block and tackle, it is
best to have it attached directly to your bending table,
and not to a structure nearby; otherwise, the pull of
the block and tackle will cause you to pull your work
around the shop. As shown in Figure 13, try to maintain
a 90 angle between the block and tackle and the lever
arm as the bend progresses. This exerts the maximum
pull on the lever arm at all times.
Introduction to Bend Types
The Veritas Steam-Bending System is very versatile in
the fact that an endless variety of shapes can be made
using the various components alone or in combination
with each other. From simple bends to "S" bends to
change-of-plane bends the same three components are
essential: an adjustable end stop, a xed end stop, and
a steel strap.
Simple Bends
The adjustable end stop, in conjunction with the strap,
and a xed end stop allow you to do simple bends as
shown below. All these bends are in one direction and
in one plane.
"S" Bends
The adjustable end stop, xed
end stop, and two steel straps
in conjunction with the S-bend
unit allow you to reverse the
direction of the bend to make
"S" bends as shown. All these
bends are in two directions but
in one plane.
Change-of-Plane Bends
Figure 13: Using the block and tackle.
Figure 14
Figure 15
Try to maintain
a perpendicular
relationship between
block and tackle and
lever arm.
Drop pegs in table holes to
restrain lever arm.
Cane/Sleigh
Runner
Picture Frame
90
Bend
180
Bend
Lacrosse Stick
Circle
Bend
Cheval Mirror
"U" Bend
3 simple
bends for
a plant
stand.
Back, seat
and leg of
chair.
Back, seat
and full leg
of chair.
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Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet

The adjustable end stop, xed
end stop, and two straps, in
conjunction with the change-
of-plane unit, allow you to
change the plane of the bend
to make the shapes shown. All
these bends are in two directions
and two different planes.
Combination of Bend Types
Each system can be used in
conjunction with each other to
give you an endless variety of
combinations of bends. Shown
are a couple of examples of
combinations that can be put
together to form more complex
designs. Your imagination is
the limit.
Single Bends
It is very important that the requirements for steam
bending air-dried hardwood be followed, as outlined in
the introduction. If you have not read the introduction,
do so before attempting to bend. Damage to your
equipment may result if the guidelines are not followed.
To simplify your introduction to steam bending wood,
we will rst walk you through the process of bending a
3
/4" 1
3
/4" 24" piece of air-dried hardwood (approx.
20% moisture content) around a 6" radius 90 bend. The
last section will provide some general information for
bending a wide variety of single-plane shapes.
Building the Bending Form and Drying Jigs
Laminate three pieces of
3
/4" 12" 12" plywood.
Mark off the radius, bandsaw the curve and prepare
the face so it is free of bandsaw marks. Mark out the
inside curve and bandsaw. This face does not have to
be nished in any way; it is just providing a clamping
face that is parallel to the form face. If you have built a
bending table, then the form can be secured to the table
with
3
/4" pins. Otherwise, the form can be screwed to
your work surface.
If you want to try more than one bend, the blanks can
be dried on individual jigs or frames as detailed in
the introduction.
Assembling the Strap and End Stops
In addition to the components
in the Veritas System, you
will need a wooden end stop
and a lever.
CAUTION: As it is
coiled, this strap is
under tension and care
must be taken when
cutting the restraints. First, cut the tape holding
the outside end down, and then clamp this end
to a xed surface. While holding the coil, cut the
remaining tape, and slowly unwind the rest of
the coil.
Attach the strap to the
adjustable end stop as
illustrated in Figure 20.
Adjust the end stop so that
there is at least
1
/2" between
the end stop and the thrust
plate. (This space will allow
you to back off the end stop in
certain applications.) Measure
off the length of the bending blank and mark the strap.
Because most bending situations involve blanks of
different lengths and cross sections, making a hardwood
xed end stop with a series of equally spaced holes is
recommended. Making the xed end stop (as shown in
Figure 21) will accommodate most conditions. However,
in some instances a custom-made xed end stop will have
to be made.
Figure 16
Figure 19
Figure 17: Two
combination bends.
Figure 18
Figure 20
Figure 21
Back & arm
of chair.
Banister &
Spiral
Back & arms of
Windsor chair.
Handle for
a push cart.
4"
6"R
Cut parallel to
form face.
2
1
/4"
2"R
Form face should
be smooth.
1. Cut first.
2. Clamp end to
fixed surface.
3. Hold coil,
cut remaining
tape and
slowly unwind.
Min.
1
/2"
depending
on severity
of bend.
Drill
13
/32" holes every 1
1
/2" for adjustability.
1
1
/4"
1
1
/4"
1
1
/2"
1"
1"
2"
2"
2"
7"
9"
Drill
13
/32" holes every 2" for adjustability.
Fixed end stop
for 1
1
/4" strap.
Fixed end stop
for 2" strap.
Lever Arm
Important
Extension 6" to 8"
1
3
/4"
1
3
/4"
The larger the bending
blank, the longer the
lever arm.
9
Veritas

Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet

The width of the xed stop should be equal to the strap
width and not less than the thickness of the blank to be
bent. For this specic bend, the xed end stop dimensions
are
7
/8" 2" 9". The position of the two
13
/32" holes is
measured from the mark on the strap to the center of the
rst hole that is at least
3
/4" away, then on center to the
next hole.
The bending lever is the next part required. This lever
will be 1
3
/4" 1
3
/4" 36". It is extremely important
that the lever extend past the xed end stop by at
least 4" on thin (<1"), narrow stock to as much as 8"
on thicker stock as shown in Figure 22. Drill the two
holes in the lever (remember to drill the rst hole back
far enough to accommodate the lever extension). Take
care to drill the holes perpendicular through both the
end stop and the lever for good hole alignment.
Assemble the xed end stop, strap and lever as illustrated
in Figure 22. By clamping this extension to the bending
blank, local compression at the xed end stop is eliminated.
Before steaming, lay a blank on the strap assembly and
bring the adjustable end stop to within
1
/8" of the blank.
Once the hot blank is removed from the steamer, you
will have to work quickly, so it is best to be prepared
beforehand. Remove the unsteamed blank and swing the
lever in the approximate path that it will travel as the wood
is bent. Clear any obstruction that will interfere.
The Bending Procedure
Before inserting the blank in the steam chamber, go
over the safety instructions in the introduction. After
the appropriate steaming time (in this case 45 to 60
minutes), remove the steamed blank. The blank will be
uncomfortably hot, so wear gloves. The strap clamp is
designed to lay on its side for easier handling. Install the
blank in the strap clamp and lightly clamp the blank to
the extended portion of the lever. The clamp should be
close to the extension end with the handle of the clamp
on the lever side of the strap as shown in Figure 22.
With the blank held tight to the strap, tighten the
adjustable end stop so that the blank is in contact with
both the xed and adjustable end stops. Continue
to tighten the adjustable end stop until the strap just
begins to arch away from the blank. Tighten the clamp
on the extension lever. The assembly should now be stiff
and can be put in place up against the bending form as
shown in Figure 23. Securely clamp the steamed blank
to the face of the form with the adjustable end stop up
against the end of the form.
Slowly bring the lever around, applying clamps as
necessary to keep the blank tight to the form. The very
rst clamp applied while the assembly was at on the
bench will soon come in contact with the form face.
This clamp can now be removed and the blank can be
brought tight to the form, secured and allowed to cool.
In other applications, if there is excessive compression
wrinkling on the inside face of the steamed blank, the
adjustable end stop can be backed off a turn or two
before continuing with the bending process. Back off
too much and the wood will tear on the outside face.
Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 24
Min.
1
/2" space between end
stop and thrust plate.
Clamp close to
lever end, with clamp
handle on lever side.
Fixed
End Stop
Blank
Bending Lever
6" to 8"
Strap
Coil up
excess
strap.
Important
Lever Extension
Min.
1
/2" space between end
stop and thrust plate.
Clamp close to
lever end, with clamp
handle on lever side.
Bending Lever
Apply clamps
as necessary.
Adjustable end
stop against
the form.
6" to 8"
Important
Lever Extension
End pressure can be backed off
to the original tension.
Adjust the end
pressure to control
the build-up of
compressive force.
Drop pins in table
holes to restrain lever arm.
10
Veritas

Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet

Removing the Bent Blank
If this is a one-off bend, then it can be left on the form;
however, it is best to remove the metal strap after an hour
or so. If a number of bends are to be completed one after
the other, then the bent parts have to be removed from
the strap. However, it is extremely important that the
individual bends be allowed to partially set until cool on
the bending form before being transferred. This allows
the lignin to begin to bond in its new position. The time
varies for this according to the mass of material and
the severity of the bend. The piece that has been bent
for this demonstration should be allowed to set for 20
minutes. The setting process (in this example) can be
reduced to 5 to 7 minutes if a jet of compressed air is
directed at the bent part. As with a lot of the elements of
wood bending, experience is the best teacher.
Once the blank is cool, the adjustable end stop can be
loosened and the clamps removed. One thing is certain
at this point, and that is the necessity for speed while
transferring the parts from the bending form to the
drying jigs. Failure may occur if the part is allowed to
straighten out too much while being transferred. The
wood bers may unsuccessfully attempt to stretch as
the part is reformed to the drying jig.
Once a bent part has dried thoroughly, a measurement
of the inside face will reveal the amount of compression
that has taken place. In this instance, the compression
will be approximately 1
1
/4", most of which has occurred
at the curved portion of the inside face.
Recurve or "S" Bends
The addition of the S-bend unit and a second strap to
the single bending strap assembly opens up a number
of design possibilities. You can either cut the 10' strap
included with the 2" Strap Clamp (will leave approx.
8' bending blank capacity), or purchase a second strap.
The purpose of this parallelogram assembly is to enable
you to transfer the strap (the restraining force) from one
side of a blank to the other, ensuring that a bend reversal
still keeps the entire blank under compression. The
maximum size of wood that
the S-bend unit is designed
for is 1
1
/4" thick 2" wide.
Although a thicker piece
can be placed within the
unit, doing so will position
the linkage in such a way
that the loads it experiences
rise dramatically and may
break the unit.
It is strongly recommended that the novice user gain some
experience in bending wood by completing a variety
of curved pieces with the single bend strap assembly
before attempting "S" bends. The bending forms and
compressive forces at work are more complicated when
using the recurve hardware.
As with the single bend hardware, it is easier to get the
basic information across if specic instruction is given
on completing a typical recurve using the parallelogram
hardware package.
Building the Bending Form and Drying Jigs
In this case, we will be bending a symmetrical "S" of
two 8" radii. The bending blank will be
3
/4" thick 1
1
/2"
wide 76" long. The bending table previously described
would come in handy; however, a piece of
3
/4" plywood
28" 36" can be used. Laminate
two three-piece stacks of
3
/4"
plywood 12" 16". Mark out
the 8" form face radius and 4"
inside clamping face radius on
both pieces, bandsaw to shape,
and smooth the outside face as
shown in Figure 25.
On your bending table or plywood, draw two centered
perpendicular pencil lines, as illustrated in Figure 26.
This forms an axis that will assist in keeping your two
forms in alignment when they are attached to the table.
Lag screw the parallelogram securing bracket to the
bending table (as shown in Figure 26) or, if you are using
a piece of plywood, the bracket should be bolted in place
using two
1
/4" 1
1
/2" at-head bolts. The head of the bolt
should be countersunk into the underside of the plywood
so that it can rest at on the work surface.
Figure 25
Figure 26
12"
4"
16"
4"R
8"R
28"
36"
5
/8"
Securing
Bracket
11
Veritas

Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet

Assembling the Strap
Attach the S-bend unit to the securing bracket with the
hex socket head cap screws and hex key provided. Attach
the two straps as shown in Figure 27 to the inside face
of the jaws of the parallelogram.
Mark off half the length (38" for this demonstration)
on an unsteamed blank and slide it into the S-bend unit
parallelogram until the halfway mark meets up with the
center of the xed jaw of the parallelogram. Lightly clamp
across the jaws to hold everything in place. Depending
on the size of your work surface, a stand or support at
either end will assist in keeping the long strap assembly
manageable while attaching the end stops.
On the strap that will bend to the left, attach the adjustable
end stop. The thrust screw will have to be adjusted until
the at-head machine screws line up with the holes in
the strap and square tube. In this and other applications,
always maintain the
1
/2" minimum space between the
adjustable end stop and the thrust plate. At the same
time, it is not recommended that the thrust screw be
extended out to the maximum. In some instances, the
length of the bending blank will have to be adjusted to
meet these requirements.
Before the square tube can be assembled, a predrilled
lever arm (as shown in Figure 28) must be inserted
into the square tube. The washers and nuts can then be
tightened in place. Temporarily clamp this assembly to
the blank.
The xed end stop is attached to the other strap next.
This end stop is brought up against the end of the
unsteamed bending blank and the corresponding strap
holes are marked on the xed end stop. The lever
arm is added next. Do not forget to accommodate the
extension part. Securely bolt this assembly together and
lightly clamp it to the bending blank. The S-bend strap
assembly should now be rigid and in line with the axis
previously laid out on the table.
The center line of the left form (or the beginning of the
curve) is positioned 1" from the end of the movable
parallelogram jaw as shown in Figure 29. This is a
minimum dimension; otherwise, the strap will pull
away from the inside of the jaw and damage the retaining
pins in the parallelogram.
The position of the right
bending form is also 1"
(minimum dimension from
the end of the xed parallel-
ogram jaw. Both forms must
be securely fastened to the
work surface, either using
3
/4" pins (at least two per
form) or several wood screws
per form. The adjustable end
stop should be backed off
1
/8"
to allow for easy installation
of the soon-to-be-hot blank.
The unsteamed blank can
now be unclamped, removed
from the set-up and put in the
steam box.
Figure 27: Close-up of "Nuts & Bolts".
Figure 28
Figure 29
Retaining Plate
and Pin
Block
Strap
Strap
Securing Bracket
Dowel
Pins
Retaining Nut
Center line of
fixed jaw.
Fixed
Jaw Movable
Jaw
Wood lever arm drilled and
shaped to fit into end
of adjustable end stop.
Flat-head machine screws
go through drilled holes
and capture the lever arm
inside the square tube.
Min.
1
/2"
Fixed End
Stop
Right
Left
Strap
Side
Strap
Side
Clamp
Clamp
Clamp across
parallelogram.
1"
1"
Adjustable
End Stop
12
Veritas

Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet

The Bending Procedure
After the appropriate steaming time (in this case 45 to 60
minutes), carefully remove the steamed blank. The blank
will be uncomfortably hot, so wear gloves. You have about
3 or 4 minutes to complete the bend before the wood cools
too much.
With the end stops resting on the supports and held
slightly to one side, slip the steamed blank through the
parallelogram assembly. Bring the strap into place and
lightly replace the three clamps from the earlier set-
up. Tighten the adjustable end stop thrust screw until
the steamed blank is in contact with both end stops,
then give it one more turn so that the whole assembly
is under slight tension. A bit of experience is useful at
this point. Too little tension and the wood bers next to
the strap will tear, too much and compression wrinkles
will occur along the inside face of the bends. The three
clamps can now be rmly tightened.
Start bending the side with the xed end stop rst. The
speed at which you should be bending is difcult to
describe; it is medium (steady, taking about 10 seconds to
go through 90). Once 90 has been reached, a judgment
call is made whether or not to back off the end stop thrust
screw a turn. This radius and wood thickness generally
do not require it at this point. However, a clamp or two
may be necessary to hold the blank tight to the form
face as the bend progresses. Extra pins can be dropped
in the appropriate table holes to restrain the lever while
the clamps are applied. Once the rst bend has been
completed, it is left clamped in place.
Whether or not you released any pressure in mid-bend,
for sure you will have increased end stop pressure
substantially by now and you should back off your end
stop thrust screw to a point that re-establishes the same
pressure as when you rst started to bend. Complete the
second half of the bend in the same manner as the rst
half, using the same speed and clamping methods.
The Drying Jig
The procedure for transferring the recurve bent part to
the drying jig is the same as for single bends, except the
part should be left on the bending form for 40 minutes
(without extra cooling) or 15 minutes if bathed in a jet
of compressed air. The recurve parts are more difcult
to handle during the transfer and thus require more
intermediate setting time.

To extract the bent part, the two upper bars across the
parallelogram jaws must be removed. Do not forget
to re-install them before the next bend. This xture
is subject to an incredible amount of stress during the
bending process and will fail if all four bars are not
in place.
The drying jig is exactly the
same shape as the bending
form; however, it can be a
single layer of plywood cut to
shape and screwed to a larger
backing sheet (see Figure 30).
Because it is against plywood,
it does not have to be centered.
This applies to most recurve
bending applications.
Change-of-Plane Bends
The addition of the change-
of-plane (C.O.P.) xture to
the Veritas Steam-Bending
System allows the user to
bend wood in two planes.
The purpose of the xture
is to transfer the strap (the
restraining force) from the
outside surface of one bend to the outside of another
bend in a different plane. This keeps the wood under
compression at all times. For example, the back rail of
a chair might continue into the armrest and on to form
the front leg. By using two 90 transition xtures on one
strap assembly, both front legs, both arms, and the back
rail could be bent at one time.
The freedom gained by being able to bend in two
planes is only compromised by the necessity to build
somewhat more complicated bending forms that will
both accommodate the shapes you wish to create and
withstand the considerable forces that come into play as
the bending blank is compressed around the form.
As with S-bends, C.O.P. bends require two straps. You
can either cut the 10' strap included with the 2" strap
clamp or purchase a second strap.
It is strongly recommended that the user rst gain some
experience in bending wood by completing a variety of
pieces with the single strap assembly before attempting
C.O.P. bends.
As with the single bend hardware, it is easier to get the
basic information across if specic instruction is given
on how to complete a typical two-plane bend using the
C.O.P. xture.
Building the Bending Form and Drying Jigs
A typical two-plane bend would have one bend in the
horizontal plane and one in the vertical plane. In this
example, we will make each bend 90 at a 6" radius.
This is half of the chair back-to-arm bend sequence
mentioned earlier.
Figure 30: "S" bend
drying jig.
36" 16"
3
/4" Plywood
Form
3
/4" Plywood Base
13
Veritas

Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet

The bending blank will be 1
1
/8" 1
1
/8" 42". Air-dried
ash or oak (at 25% moisture content) is a good choice for
a novice steam bender. The bending blank, at 1
1
/8" sq.,
is narrower than the 2" wide strap. This is often the case,
so the following form construction instructions will tell
you how to accommodate such a difference.
Because of the three-dimensional nature of this bend
and the orientation of the curves, it is easier to assemble
the bending jig on the right-hand front corner of the
work surface.
A piece of plywood
3
/4" thick and 15
3
/4" square will form
the base on which to fasten the various components of
the bending form. In this case, as in most cases involving
two-plane bends, the bending form is also the drying
jig. (If multiple bent parts are required, then enough
bending/drying jigs have to be constructed to allow the
individual bent parts to set before removal.)
Two bending forms (12" 15" 2" thick) will be
required. Due to the nature of the transition xture, your
forms must always be 2" thick. Two pieces of
3
/4" ply
and one piece of
1
/2" will provide the correct thickness.
The inside and outside radii and the two different corner
cut-outs should be carefully marked out.
The two forms must be screwed and glued in position to
the plywood base, as shown in Figure 31. The transition
portion joining the two curved forms must be a minimum
of 7" long. There must be at least 1" on either side of
the transition xture before the curves begin; otherwise,
there is a risk that the strap will pull away from the xture
and ruin the locating pins on the xture.
Glue and screw the two
7
/8" 1
1
/8" spacer bars to the
inside corner of the straight portions of the upper bending
form, followed by the four smaller spacer blocks that t
around the curved portion of the form.
For simple bends and "S" bends, keeping the blank
centered on the strap was emphasized. That can only
be done with change-of-plane bends when the blank is
the same width as the strap. When a blank is narrower
than the strap, it has to be blocked up so that it ts
snugly in the corner of the change-of-plane xture.
Otherwise, part of the blank would inadvertently be put
under tension during the transition from one plane to
the other.
Attach "fence posts" (as shown in Figure 31) to the side
of the lower bending form. These should protrude above
the surface of the form by a little over the thickness of
the blank being bent; 1
1
/4" projection here is about right.
If the blank being bent is less than half the width of the
strap, the stop may show a tendency to slip off of the
blank. Small blocks the same thickness as the bending
blank should be attached to the face of the bending
form. This will support the edge of the strap that is not
over the blank.
Once the bending form is complete, it can be attached
to the right-hand corner of the work surface. If clamps
are used, they have to be located where they wont
interfere with the bending blank or lever as it is pulled
into position. Sandpaper glued to the underside of the
base (grit out) will stop it from slipping as leverage is
applied to the steamed blank.
Assembling the Straps to the Transition Fixture
Assemble the two straps to the transition xture as
shown in Figure 33. Place the center mark (23") of the
46" long unsteamed blank on the center of the transition
xture. Snug the blank into the inside corner of the
xture (as shown in Figure 32) and temporarily clamp
it in place.
Figure 31
Figure 32: Two-plane bend.
4" Fence
Posts
1
5
/8"
12"
15
3
/4" 15
3
/4"
Base
6"R
6"R
2
1
/2"
"L" Bracket
Horizontal
Plane
1"
7
/8" 1" 1"
Spacer Blocks
1"R
1"
1"
1"R
Fixture
Position
15"
Vertical
Plane 7
/8" 1
1
/8"
Spacer Bars
Blank up in
corner so straps
are always on
the outside of
the bend.
Retaining
Plate
Retaining
Plate
Retaining Nut
Securing
Bracket
Plywood
Form
Strap
Retaining Pin
Spacer
Block
Transition
Fixture
Strap
2"
14
Veritas

Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet

On the strap that bends around the vertical form, attach
the xed end stop up against the end of the bending
blank. Do not forget about the extension on the lever
when locating the position of the xed end stop. The
length of the lever extension in these applications should
be about 6" to 8".
Temporarily clamp this to the blank (the handle of the
clamp should be on the strap side).
Follow the same procedure for the adjustable end stop.
The thrust screw will have to be adjusted until the bolts
line up with the holes in the strap. However, before
assembling, the adjustable end lever with predrilled
holes should be inserted into the square tube. Once
assembled, lightly tighten the thrust screw so that the
whole assembly is in tension. Temporarily clamp this
end to the blank.
To become familiar with the placement of the clamps, a
dry run is in order.
Remove the rst clamp holding the transition xture and
place the entire assembly into position on the bending
form as illustrated in Figure 34. A stand can be used to
support the portion of the assembly that is extending off
the work surface.
The transition xture should be clamped to one or both
forms. (In some applications the securing bracket will
sufce here and can be attached to the table with lag
screws or bolts, with the machine screws being used to
mount or unmount the strap assembly.) The blank should
be shifted in the strap so that it runs along the outside edge
of the straps. Several small clamps can be applied along
the strap to stop it from "snaking" during the bending
process. The handles should be on the strap side.
Remove the clamps and the unsteamed blank and
lay the strap assembly out at on a surface that will
accommodate the length.
The Bending Procedure
After the appropriate steaming time (in this case, 80 to
90 minutes), carefully remove the steamed blank. The
blank will be uncomfortably hot, so wear gloves. You
have about 3 or 4 minutes to complete the bend before
the wood cools down.
The strap should easily receive the steamed blank
(positioned as in the dry run) and the thrust screw
tightened until the blank is pressed up against both end
stops. Give the thrust screw an additional
1
/2 turn or until
the assembly just begins to arch under compression.
The clamps at hand should be placed on the strap as
in the dry run. Place the assembly on the form and
securely clamp the transition xture in place as shown
in Figure 34.
The table top bend (horizontal) should be completed
rst. As the bend progresses, replace the small clamps
spaced along the strap with the larger clamps to secure
the blank to the form. The adjustable end stop should
not have to be backed off until the rst bend is done. The
thrust screw should then be backed off to the original
tension level and the second bend completed.
The blank can be tapped or clamped to the spacer
blocks to keep it true during and immediately after the
bend. The strap can be removed after 20 minutes of
intermediate setting or 7 minutes if the form is bathed
in compressed air. Watch for wood bers that lift off the
surface, apply a clamp as necessary and leave the blank
to set a little longer before removing the strap. Once the
strap is removed, immediately reclamp the bent blank to
the forms/drying jig for full setting.
Figure 33: Change-of-plane strap assembly.
Figure 34: Ensure the length of the lever is such
that vertical bend can be completed without lever
contacting floor.
Retaining Nut
Retaining
Plate
Securing
Bracket
Retaining Nuts
Strap
Transition
Fixture
Transition
Fixture
Retaining
Pins
Retaining Plate
and Pins
Strap
Securing
Bracket
Strap
Lever
Horizontal
Form
Clamps may be applied
along assembly to keep
it from "snaking".
Strap
Vertical
Form
Blank
Adjustable
End Lever
Clamp
Blank
7
/8" 1
1
/8"
Spacer Bars
Strap
Transition
Fixture
Securing
Bracket
Fixed
End Stop
Adjustable
End Stop
15
Veritas

Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet

Veritas

Steam-Bending Equipment
Strap Clamps
For simple bends. Strap clamps are available for material up
to 1
1
/4" square and up to 2" square. Each strap clamp includes
10' of steel strap, an adjustable end stop, a ratchet wrench,
and a socket. Bolts are also provided for the xed end stop.
Extra lengths of steel strap are available.
05F10.01 1
1
/4" Strap Clamp
05F11.01 2" Strap Clamp
05F10.04 1
1
/4" 10' Strap
05F10.06 1
1
/4" 20' Strap
05F11.04 2" 10' Strap
05F11.06 2" 20' Strap
S-Bend Unit & Change-of-Plane (C.O.P.) Unit
The S-bend unit lets you strap opposite sides of the wood up
to a maximum of 1
1
/4" thick by 2" wide. The change-of-plane
unit lets you strap adjacent surfaces
to bend wood in two planes. Both
units can be used only with 2"
strap clamp. Since a length of
strap must be clamped on both
sides, you will need to either cut
the 10' strap included in the 2"
strap clamp or purchase a second
length of strap.
05F12.01 "S" Bend Unit
05F12.02 C.O.P. Bend Unit
Block & Tackle System
Fits only the 2" strap clamp. For
large cross sections, the block and
tackle system with custom ttings
helps bend the wood.
05F13.01 Block & Tackle System
Veritas

Bench Pin
A necessity in steam bending where you have to hold forms
in place, these are equally useful for general shop activities.
For some purposes, it is easier to drop a bench pin through
something into a bench dog hole (it is the same diameter,
0.010" under
3
/4") than to use a
bench dog. Pins are 6" long and
have an "O" ring stop
1
/2" from
one end. Zinc plated.
05F16.01 Bench Pin, each
Sources of Air-Dried Wood
If you do not have a known source for air-dried wood, you
could try any of the small bandsaw mill operators that dot the
landscape from coast to coast. Since most of these operators
have no drying kiln, any wood they have would be air dried.
Remember, you do not want wood that has been dried below
10% moisture content and, preferably, you should get wood
that has about 20% moisture content.
S-Bend
Unit
C.O.P.
Unit
814 Proctor Avenue
Ogdensburg, New York
13669-2205 USA
1090 Morrison Drive
Ottawa, Ontario
K2H 1C2 Canada
[email protected]
www.veritastools.com
221
Veritas Tools Inc. 2011
INS-093 Rev. E
Printed in Canada