J 7evel c .

p
m
ent
-441-411-
222

CHAPTER6

Devel opment of Rei nf orcement
L 1 =AB. I f u, i s the f ai l ure s tres s agai ns t s l i ppage acti ng over the nomi nal s ur-
f ace area - rrd, , L, , then
or
Onthe other hand, i f ub i s the f ai l ure
s tres s agai ns t s pl i tti ng and Ab,
i s
the aver-
agebeari ng area per
uni t l ength, then
or
L =f '
db
(6 . 2. 2)
Ahr 4
Thes ames i tuati on
exi s ts i nf reebodyBCas s howni nFi g.
6. 2
. 1 (c) . Thus the
maxi mumtens i l ef orce at
Bhas todevel opbyembedment i nbothdi recti ons f rom
B; that i s ,
both
the ABand BCdi s tances . Wheres pace l i mi tati ons prevent pro
vi di ng the proper amount of s trai ght embedment, s uch bars maybetermi nated
bys tandard hooks (as def i ned i n ACI - 7. 1 ) . As tandard hook i s permi tted to be
cons i dered as contri buti ng to an equi val ent devel opment l ength bymechani cal
acti on (ACI - 1 2. 5) , thus reduci ng the total embedment di mens i on requi red . Sec-
ti on 6. 1 1 provi des treatment of
devel opment l ength
wi ths tandard hooks
.
Adequatedevel opment l ength
mus t
beprovi ded f or a rei nf orci ng bar
i ncom-
pres s i onas wel l as i n
tens i on.
r' LLL_
z
u, 7r dbL, =
fy,
7r
db
ubAb, Ll =
T
- _
7rdb
4

f
r
T
L
2
=
f v
d, ,

(6. 2. 1 )
4u,
L,
7
A

B

B

C
(b)

(c)
Fi gure 6. 2. 1

Devel opment of rei nf orcement .
224

CHAPTER6

Devel opment of
Rei nf orcement
6. 4 Fai l ure
Modes
The
term" _bondfai l ure" hasbeengi vento
themechani smbywhi chf ai l ureoccurs
wheni nadequate devel opment
l engthi s provi ded. Years ago, whenpl ai n bars
( rel ati vel ysmooth bars wi thout l ug
def ormati ons) were used, sl i p resi stance
( " bond" ) wasthought of as adhesi on
betweenconcrete paste andthe surf ace of
the bar. Yet evenwi thl owtensi l e
stress i nthe rei nf orcement, therewassuf f i ci ent
sl i p i mmedi atel y adj acent to a
f l exural crack i n the concrete to break the adhe-
si on, l eavi ng onl yf ri cti ontoresi st
bar movement rel ati ve tothesurroundi ng con-
crete over thesl i p l ength.
Shri nkage can al so cause
f ri cti onal drag agai nst the bars. Typi cal l y, a
hot-
rol l edpl ai nbar may
pul l l oose byl ongi tudi nal spl i tti ng whenthe
adhesi onand
f ri cti on resi stances are
hi gh, or j ust pul l out l eavi ng a cyl i ndri cal hol e
whenadhe-
si on andf ri cti on
resi stances are l ow.
Def ormed_bars
were createdto change t he
behavi
or
pattern so that there
woul d
_be
l ess_rel i anceonf ri cti on andadhesi on
( thoughtheyst i l l exi st) and. more
rel i ance
on_the beari ngof the l ugsagai nst
the concrete. Thebeari ngf orces act at
an angl e to the axi s of the bar, causi ng
radi al outwardcomponents agai nst the
concrete, as showni n Fi g. 6. 4. 1 .
When i nadequate devel opment l engthi s pro-
vi ded, def ormedbars i n
normal -wei ght concrete gi ve ri se to a spl i tti ng_modeof
f ai l ure ( i . e. , " bondf ai l ure" ) [ 6
. 1, 6
. 5,
6
. 71 .
Aspl i tti ng f ai l ure occurs when
the
wedgi ng acti on of the
steel l ugs on a def ormedbar causes cracks i n the
sur-
roundi ng concreteparal l el
tothebar . Thesecracksoccur betweenthebar
andthe
nearest concrete
f ace, as showni n Fi g. 6. 4. 2( a, b), or over the short
di stance
betweenbars
whenbars are cl osel y spaced, as
i n Fi g.
6. 4
. 2( c) .
Whensmal l si ze bars are usedwi th
l arge
cover,
the l ugs maycrushthe con-
crete bybeari ngandresul t i n a pul l out
f ai l urewi thout spl i tti ng the concrete. Thi s
nonspl i tti ng f ai l ure hasal sobeen
reportedf or l arger barsi nstructural l i ghtwei ght
concrete [ 6. 11 .
Al thoughspl i tti ng i s the
usual f ai l ure mode, ani ni ti al spl i tti ng crack on one
f aceof a beami s not
consi deredf ai l ure. Thedi stress si gni ndi cati ng f ai l ure
i s pro-
gressi vespl i tti ng.
Conf i nement of tensi on steel bysti rrups, ti es, or spi ral s
usual l y
wi l l del aycol l apse
( commonl ydef i nedasani ncrease i nl oadi ng
that resul ts i nno
i ncrease i n resi stance)
unti l several spl i tti ng cracks havef ormed.
Ori gi nal l y, devel opment l engthrequi rements
werebasedonpul l out tests [ 6. 81
of pl ai n bars, f ol l owedbypul l out tests [ 6. 9-6. 151
of def ormedbars, i ncl udi ng the
rel atedl oad-sl i pdata. Si nce
conf i nement exi sts i npul l out tests, theearl yworkdi d
not gi ve suf f i ci ent emphasi s to the
spl i tti ng modeof f ai l ure. Spl i tti ng has been
emphasi zedi n the more
recent studi es byOrangun, J i rsa, andBreen [ 6. 3,
6. 41,
( a) Onbar
( b)
On
concrete

( c) Components
Fi gure 6. 4
. 1

Forces
betweenbar andsurroundi ng concrete.
Fi nal spl i t t i ng f ai l ur e
Cb >Cs,
- . - C
=CS
( a
Fi r st spl i t t i ng
' /
( b)

( c )
Fi gur e 6. 4 . 2

Spl i t t i ng c r ac ks and
ul t i mat e spl i t t i ng f ai l ur e modes ( f r om
ACI
Commi t t ee 408
[ 6- 11) .
Unt r auer
and War r en [ 6. 16] , Kemp
and Wi l hel m [ 6. 171,
Mor i t a and Kaku
[ 6
. 18] ,
J i menez,
Whi t e, and Ger gel y [ 6. 191,
Kemp
[ 6. 71,
Mi r za [ 6. 20] ,
Moehl e, Wal l ac e, and
Hwang [ 6. 21] , Dar wi n, Mc Cabe,
I dun, Sc hoenekase
[ 6. 221, Lut z, Mi r za, andGosai n
[ 6
. 23] , and Hwang, Leu, and
Hwang [ 6. 241 .
The st udi es of Or angun,
J i r sa, and Br een [ 6. 31
andUnt r auer and War r en [ 6. 161
have hypot hesi zed t hat
t he ac t i on of spl i t t i ng
ar i ses f r oma st r ess c ondi t i on
anal -
ogous t o a c onc r et e
c yl i nder sur r oundi ng
a r ei nf or c i ng bar and ac t ed upon by
t he
out war d r adi al c omponent s
[ Fi g . 6. 4. 1( c ) ]
of t he bear i ng f or c es f r omt he
bar . The
c yl i nder woul d
have an i nner di amet er
equal t o t he bar di amet er c l h
and a t hi c k-
ness Cequal t o
t he smal l er of CF, , t he
c l ear bot t omc over , or C,
hal f of t he c l ear
spac i ng t o
t he next adj ac ent bar ( see
Fi g . 6. 4 . 3) . The t ensi l e
st r engt h of t hi s c on-
c r et e c yl i nder
det er mi nes t he
r esi st anc e agai nst spl i t t i ng.
I f
CS
<Cb, a si de- spl i t
t ype
of f ai l ur e oc c ur s [ Fi g. 6. 4
. 2( c ) ] . When C>
Ch,
l ongi t udi nal c r ac ks t hr ough
t he
bot t omc over f or mf i r st
[ f i r st spl i t t i ng c r ac ks
i n Fi g . 6. 4 . 2( a) , ( b) ] . I f Ci s
onl y
nomi nal l y gr eat er t han
C, , , t he sec ondar y spl i t t i ng
wi l l be si de spl i t t i ng al ong
t he
pl ane of t he bar s . I f CS i s
si gni f i c ant l y gr eat er
t han
Cb,
t he sec ondar y
spl i t t i ng wi l l
al so be t hr ough t he
bot t omc over t o c r eat e a
V- not c h f ai l ur e [ Fi g. 6. 4. 2( b) ] .
The pr oposal Hf
ACI Commi t t ee 408 [ 6. 5,
6
. 251
r ec ogni zes
t he c yl i nder
hypot hesi s
f or spl i t t i ng f ai l ur e . The
por t i on of t he pr oposal r el at i ng
t o hooks ( see
Sec t i on 6. 11)
was adopt ed f or t he 1983
ACI Code, and t he
por t i on r el at i ng t o
st r ai ght bar devel opment l engt h
f or med t he basi s f or
t he r el at i vel y c ompl ex
6. 4 Fai l ur e Modes

225
Whol e l ayer suddenl y
spl i t s
af t er
i ni t i al
hor i zont al spl i t s at si des
Cyl i nder of c onc r et e
t r i bu
t ar y t o bar
Fi gur e 6. 4. 3

Conc r et e
c yl i nder hypot hesi s
f or spl i t t i ng f ai l ur e ( f r om
Or angun,
J i r sa, and Br een [ 6. 3] ) .
6 6

1, 1cment Capaci t y Dagrarn-Bar Bends and Cut of f s

227
Thus, t he l ocal i zed si t uat i on, rel at i ng t o rat e of change i n moment , does not
di rect l y correl at e wi t h t he devel opment -l engt h-rel at ed st rengt h of t he member.
When t he bars are properl y anchored, t hat i s, t hey have adequat e devel opment
l engt h provi ded and cont i nue t o carry- t hei r requi red t ensi l e f orce, t he l ocal i zed
st ress condi t i on i s not of concern.

'
6. 6 Moment Capaci t y
Di agram-Bar Bends
and Cut of f s
As st at ed i n Sect i on 6. 2, t he moment capaci t y of a beamat any sect i on al ong i t s
l engt h i s a f unct i on of i t s cr oss-sect i on and t he act ual embedment l engt h of _ i t s
_ rei nf orcement . The concept of a di agramshowi ng t hi s t hree-di mensi onal rel a-
t i onshi p can be a val uabl e ai d i n det ermi ni ng cut of f or bendpoi nt s of l ongi t udi -
nal rei nf orcement . I t may be recal l ed f romChapt er 3 t hat i n t erms of t he cross
sect i on, t he moment capaci t y ( i . e . , st rengt h) f or a
si ngl y
rei nf orced rect angul ar
may be expressed
NI =A, f , ( d - a/ 2)

[ 3. 8. 11
Equat i on ( 3 . 8 . 1) assumes t hat t he st eel rei nf orcement compri si ng A, i s ade-
quat el y embedded i n each di rect i on by t he requi red devel opment l engt h Ldf rom
t he sect i on where 1111 i s comput ed such t hat t he st ress f , , i s reached.
" EXAMPLE 6. 6. 1 Comput e anddrawt he moment capaci t y di agramqual i t at i ve-
l y f or t he beamof Fi g. 6. 6. 1 .
Sol ut i on:

The procedure
i s
basi cal l y t he same whet her st rengt h ( M, or OMn) or
worki ng st ress moment capaci t y i s desi red.
The maxi mumcapaci t y i n each regi on i s represent ed by t he hori zont al por-
t i ons of t he di agrami n Fi g. 6. 6. 1 . I n t hi s exampl e, t here are f i ve bars of one si ze
i n sect i on C-C; t hus t he maxi mummoment capaci t y represent ed by each
bar i s
i n t hi s case approxi mat el y one-f i f t h of t he t ot al capaci t y
. Act ual l y, t he
sect i ons
wi t h f our and t wo bars wi l l have a
l i t t l e more t han f our-f i f t hs and t wo-f i f t hs,
respect i vel y, of t he t ot al capaci t y of
t he sect i on cont ai ni ng f i ve bars, due t o
t he sl i ght
i ncrease
i n moment armwhen t he number of bars i n t he sect i on
decreases.
At poi nt a, t he l ocat i on where t he f i f t h bar t ermi nat es, t hi s bar has zero
embedment l engt h t o t he l ef t andt hus has zero capaci t y. Proceedi ng t o t he ri ght
f rompoi nt a, t he bar may be count ed on t o
carry
a t ensi l e f orce proport i onal
t o
i t s embedment f rompoi nt a up t o t he devel opment
l engt h L, l .
Thus,
i n
Fi g. 6. 6
. 1,
poi nt brepresent s t he poi nt where t he
f i f t h bar i s f ul l y devel opedt hrough t he di s-
t ance L< < and can t heref ore
carry i t s
f ul l
t ensi l e capaci t y. The ot her cut of f poi nt s
are
t reat ed
i n t he
same
way.
" EXAMPLE 6. 6. 2 Demonst rat e
qual i t at i vel y t he pract i cal
use
of t he moment
capaci t y OM, di agramf or veri f i cat i on of
t he l ocat i ons of cut of f
or bend
poi nt s i n
a desi gn.
Assume t hat t he mai n
cross-sect i on wi t h f i ve equal -si zed bars provi des
exact l y t he requi red st rengt h at mi dspan f or t hi s si mpl y support edbeamwi t h uni -
f orml oad, as shown i n Fi g. 6. 6. 2.
228

CHAPTER6

Devel opment
of Rei nf orcement
Fi gure
6. 6. 1

Moment capaci ty
di agram.
2bars

,4bars

Poi nt a,

,5bars
L . ' 3
L _C
Note: Showi ngthe ti p of a
bar bent upi s a schemeusedthroughout
thi s text to
showthe bar termi nati on. Thebars are actual l y
strai ght and l i e i n a
commonpl ane.
Secti onA-A

Secti onB-B

Secti on C: -C
i
( ~ of span
Sol uti on:

( a) Compute
the actual OAI
f or eachpotenti al
bar groupi ngthat may
be
used; i nthe present
case, f or f i ve
bars, f our bars, and
twobars.
( b) Deci de whi chbars
must extend
enti rel y across the span
and i nto the
support
. ACI -12. 11 . 1 states
that " At l east
one-thi rd the posi ti ve
moment rei n-
f orcement i n si mpl e
members . . . shal l
extendal ong the same
f ace of member
i nto the support . " I n
beams, the
rei nf orcement must
extendi nto the support
at
l east 6 i n. I n thi s
case, twobars
shoul dextendi nto the
support .
( c) Deci de onthe order
of cutti ng or
bendi ng the
remai ni ng bars. The
l east
amount of l ongi tudi nal
rei nf orcement
wi l l be obtai ned
when the resul ti ng
moment capaci ty
O/ 1, di agrami s
cl osest to the f actored
moment M
di agram.
Wi ththat thought
i nmi nd, and
proceedi ngf rom
maxi mummoment regi on
tothe
support, cut of f
onebar as soonas
permi ssi bl e.
~-
At endof bar :

no capaci ty; devel ops
f ul l strength
by "bond" i n
l ength Ld
6. 6

Moment Capaci ty Di agram, -Bar
Bends and Cutof f s

229
M
i s zero at centerl i ne of si mpl e support
dor 12di am

Theoreti cal
cut-of f poi nt
Actual f actored moment di agram,
M
( desi gn moment)
Fi gure
6. 6. 2

Veri f i cati on of bar cutof f s wi th the moment capaci ty di agram.
( d) Cutof f restri cti ons. Poi nt Aof Fi g. 6. 6. 2i s thetheoreti cal l ocati onto thel ef t
of whi ch thecapaci ty representedby the
remai ni ng f our
bars
i s adequate. Topro-
vi de f or a saf ety f actor agai nst shi f ti ng of the moment
I I , , di agram( especi al l y i n
conti nuous spans) andto provi de
parti al l y f or thecompl exi ty ari si ng f roma poten-
ti al di agonal crack, theACI Codeprovi des
that_ there_ must beanextensi onbeyond
the poi nt wherea bar theoreti cal l y maybetermi nated, or i t maybebent i nto the
compressi on
f ace.
I n
ACI
12. 10
. 3 _
i s the statement, "Rei nf orcement shal l extend
beyondthe poi nt at whi ch i t i s no l onger requi red to resi st f l exure f or
a
di stance
equal _ to the ef f ecti ve depth-of - the member_ or 12bar, di ameters, whi chever i s
greater, except at supports of si mpl espans andat f reeendof canti l evers . "
( e)
Oncecutof f or bend
poi nts are l ocated, a check i s madeby drawi ng the
moment capaci ty 0 M, , di agramto ensure no encroachment on the
f actored
moment M, di agram.
( f ) Other restri cti ons
.
Si ncepoi nts BandCof Fi g. 6. 6. 2arebar termi nati ons
i n a tensi on zone,
the
stress concentrati ons descri bed i n Secti on 6
. 5
are present,
r~
ti ~
230

CHAPTER6

Devel opment
of
Rei nf orcement
ef f ecti vel y reduci ng the
shear strength of the beam[ 6. 26,
6. 27] .
Thus, one
of
the
three
speci al
condi ti ons of ACI - 12. 10
. 5
must besati sf i ed f or cutof f s to beaccept-
abl e.
However,
i f these
bars were bent up and anchored i n the compressi on
zone, no
f urther i nvesti gati on woul d benecessary.
6. 7 Devel opment Length f or Tensi onRei nf orcement
- ACI Code
The term"devel opment l ength" has been
def i ned i n Sec.
6. 2 as
the l ength of
embedment needed todevel opthe
yi el d
stress
i ntherei nf orcement
. As
descri bed
i nSecti on 6. 4 , the devel opment
l ength requi rement i s pri mari l y a f uncti on of the
spl i tti ng resi stance of the
concrete surroundi ng the bars rather than a f ri cti onal -
adhesi onal
pul l out resi stance
. The spl i tti ng resi stance i s roughl y proporti onal to
the
bar area,
i ndi cated by
Eq. ( 6. 2. 2) ; whereas the pul l out resi stance i s roughl y
proporti onal tothe bar di ameter, i ndi cated by Eq. ( 6. 2. 1) .
I n the 1989 ACI Code, compl etel y newbar devel opment provi si ons were
adopted ( ACI - 12. 2) , recogni zi ng the ef f ects of ( a) l ateral spaci ng of bars bei ng
devel oped, ( b) cl ear cover over bars bei ng devel oped, and ( c) conf i nement, i f
any, by sti rrups, ti es, or spi ral s aroundthebars bei ng devel oped. Those
provi si ons
are descri bed i n detai l i n the 5th edi ti on of thi s text, and are not repeated
here.
Because of the seemi ng
compl exi ty of the 1989 provi si ons f or bar devel op-
ment, and i n response to strong
encouragement f romthe prof essi on, ACI Com-
mi ttee 318 revi sed the
requi rements f or the 1995 ACI Code.
The 1995 Code provi si ons
are based on the same basi c rel ati onshi p devel -
oped by Orangun, J i rsa, and Breen[ 6. 3, 6. 4 ] that f ormed the basi s f or the 1989
Codeprovi si ons. The 1995 provi si ons areal so i nf l uenced by a morerecent study
Sozenand Moehl e[ 6. 281.
The general equati on, af ter some tamperi ng wi th the Orangun, J i rsa, and
Breen[ 6. 3, 6. 4 ] f ormat, i s gi ven i n
ACI - 12. 2. 3
as
ACI Formul a ( 12- 1) ,
where
L~l
=
~n =
C=
devel opment l ength
L, t -
_3
f , ,

4 YA
d
n
4 0~

C
+
Ktr~
nomi nal di ameter of bar or wi re
cover or spaci ng di mensi on
the smal l er of ( 1) di stance f rom
center of ba_r bei ng devel oped to the
nearest concrete surf ace,
and ( 2)
one- hal f
the center- to- center spaci ng
of bars bei ng
devel oped

-
For SI , wi th
A,
and J ' , ' i n MPa,
L< < _
15 _J w

aPyA
db

16N/ f ~'
l G+K, rl
( 6. 7. 1) *
where
Thet ransverse
rei nf orcement t erm
K,
i s def i ned as f ol l ows :
At ,
=t ot al cross- sect i onal
area of al l t ransverserei nf orcement whi chi s
wi t hi n t hespaci ng s and whi chcrosses t he pot ent i al pl ane of
spl i t t i ng
t hrought he
rei nf orcement bei ng devel oped
fyt =speci f i ed yi el d st rengt hof t ransverse
rei nf orcement , psi
s =maxi mumcent er- t o- cent er
spaci ng of t ransverse rei nf orcement wi t hi n
devel opment l engt h
L d
n =
number of
bars bei ng devel oped al ong t he pl ane of
spl i t t i ng
I n t he use of Eq. ( 6 . 7 . 1) , t he
cover and t ransverse rei nf orcement t ermcannot be
t aken great er t han 2
. 5 ;
t hus,
Thesymbol s a, ( 3 , y and
A i n Eq. ( 6
. 7
. 1) represent t hef ol l owi ng modi f i cat i on
f act ors :
a =modi f i cat i on f act or
f or rei nf orcement l ocat i on
=
1 . 3
f or
t op
bars t
=1 . 0 f or ot her bars
modi f i cat i on f act or f or epoxy- coat ed
rei nf orcement
=1
. 5
when cover
<3 d, , or cl ear spaci ng
<
6d, ,
=1 . 2
ot her
epoxy- coat ed rei nf orcement
=1 . 0 non- epoxy- coat ed rei nf orcement
a( 3 =need not exceed 1 . 7
y =modi f i cat i on f act or f or bar si ze
=0 . 8 f or #6 and
smal l er
bars
and def ormed wi re
=1
. 0
f or
#7
and l arger bars
A =
modi f i cat i on
f act or f or l i ght wei ght aggregat e concret e
1 . 3 f or l i ght wei ght aggregat e concret e
' For SI , wi t h
f r
i n MPa,
6. 7

Devel opment Lengt h f or Tensi on Rei nf orcement - ACI Code

23 1
( or 6. 7~/
,
f ,
>_
l . p
when f t i s speci f i ed)
1 . 0 f or
normal - wei ght concret e
Kt ,
1500s' n
,

( 6
. 7
. 2) "
c
+
Kt >-
d

<_
2
. 5
n
( 6. 7
. 3 )
Kt ,
=At rf
t

( 6. 7 . 2)
260sn
' Top bars are def i ned i n ACI - 12
. 2 . 4 as "Hori zont al rei nf orcement so pl aced t hat more
t han 12 i n. of
f resh concret e i s cast i n t he member bel ow
t hedevel opment l engt h or spl i ce. "
232

CHAPTER6

Devel opment of
Rei nf orcement
Si mpl i f i ed Equati ons of
ACI - 12. 2. 2.

Theuse of Eq. ( 6. 7 . 1) i s
cl earl y a com-
pl i cated way of determi ni ng
devel opment l ength L d . For most
practi cal si tuati ons
the
si mpl i f i ed expressi on of
ACI - 12. 2. 2 can be used. The
si mpl i f i ed equati ons
di vi de i nto twocategori es, as
f ol l ows :
Category A.

Ei ther one
of the f ol l owi ng two
condi ti ons wi l l sati sf y thi s most
f avorabl e si tuati on:
r
1. ( a) Cl ear l ateral
spaci ng betweenbars atl eas
db,
ands

`i
( b) Cl ear cover
at l east db, and - . - '
( c) mi ni mum
sti rrups or ti es al ong the
devel opment l ength ( as per
ACI - 7 . 10 . 5
f or ti es, or ACI - 11. 5 . 4
combi ned wi th ACI - 11. 5 . 5
. 3
f or
sti rrups)
or 2. ( a) cl ear l ateral
spaci ng between
bars at l east 2d, , , and
( b)
cl ear cover not l ess than d
o
The Ld/db si mpl i f i cati on
of Eq. ( 6. 7 . 1) af ter
substi tuti ng ( c +K, , ) /db =1. 5
becomes :
For #6and smal l er bars:
For #7 and
l arger bars:
Category B.

Anythi ng
not i nCategory Ai s
i n Category B. TheLd/ d
b
si mpl i f i ca-
ti on of Eq. ( 6. 7
. 1) af ter substi tuti ng ( c
+
Kt) l dh
=1. 0

becomes
For #6and smal l er bars:
For #7 and l arger bars :
d
b
50
' For SI , wi th
f ,
and f f i i n
MPa, f or #20M( see Tabl e 1
. 12. 2) and smal l er :
tFor
SI , wi th
f ,
and f '
c
i n MPa, f or #25M( see
Tabl e 1. 12. 2) and l arger:
For SI , wi th
f ,
and
J
.
.
. i n
MPa, f or #20Mand smal l er :
Ld
=

f V ,

a, l 3' l

( 6. 7
. 4) *
d
o
25
d, =20 f ~~
a
J 3
. L

( 6
. 7- 5) '
Ld
=

3f , ,

a/3, l

( 6
. 7
. 6)
$
Ld
=

f l
apA

( 6. 7 . 4)
d, , 2
La
-

Sf ' '
aPA

( 6
. 7. 5)
do
8
L~J =
3f
aj 3A

( 6. 7. 6)
dh 4
Usef ul Tabl es .

Devel opment l ength f or common
val ues of
f ,
and f ar e
showni n Tabl es 6
. 7 . 1
to 6
. 7 . 4
f or al l bar si zes . Nbte the descr i pti ve headi ng on
the top
of
these tabl es, especi al l y the r ef er ence to apA.
Tabl e 6. 7 . 1

Devel opment Length f or Categor y
A* ,
Eqs . ( 6 . 7 . 4) and ( 6 . 7 . 5) wi th a8A=1 . 0
INCH-POUNDBARSWITH
6. 7

Devel opment Length f or Tensi on Rei nf or cement-ACI
Code

233
Ld ININCHES
CANADIANMETRIC BARSWITHL, i INCENTIMETERS
* ( a)
Cl ear spaci ng andcl ear cover
L` t
=

3f ,

a0A

( 6
. 7 . 7) '
d, , 40
( b)
cl ear spaci ng
>_
2dh
and cl ear
cover
~d, ,
d, ,
and mi ni mumsti r r ups, or
Conti nued Use of 1 989ACI Code Pr ocedur e.

Because the 1 995 Code pr o-
cedur e i s basedonthe same r esear ch backgr oundas f or the 1 989Code pr ocedur e,
the ACI Commentar y ( ACI-R1 2. 2) states "Thus, desi gnai ds andcomputer pr ogr ams
t For SI, wi th
f
v
and f '
c
i n MPa, f or #25Mand l ar ger :
=
40, 000
f "
( psi )
psi
f
Y
=60, 000
f '
( psi )
psi
BAR 3000 4000 5000 3000 4000 5000
#3
1 2. 0 1 2. 0 1 2. 0 1 6 . 4 1 4
. 2
1 2. 7
#4 1 4 . 6 1 2. 6 1 2. 0 21 . 9 1 9. 0
1 7 . 0
#5
1 8. 3
1 5 . 8
1 4 . 1 27 . 4 23. 7 21 . 2
#6 21 . 9 1 9. 0 1 7 . 0
32. 9
28. 5
25
. 5
#7
32. 0
27 . 7
24
. 7
47 . 9 41
. 5 37 . 1
#8
36 . 5 31 . 6
28
. 3
54 . 8 47 . 4 42. 4
#9
41 . 2
35
. 7
31 . 9
61 . 8 53. 5 47 . 9
t
#1 0 46 . 4 40. 2 35 . 9
69. 6 6o. 2 53. 9
#1 1
51 . 5
44 . 6 39. 9 77 . 2 66. 9
59. 8
#1 4 61 . 8
53. 5
47 . 9
92
. 7 80. 3 71 . 8
#1 8
82
. 4
71
. 4
63. 8
1 24 1 07
95 . 8
f ; . =300
MPa f , =
400
MPa
f , ' QvIPa)
f ~
( MPa)
BAR
25 30 35 25
30
35
#1 0M
33. 9
30. 9 30. 0 45 . 2 41 . 3
38
. 2
#1 5M 48. 0 43. 8 40. 6 64 . 0
58. 4 54 . 1
#20M 58
. 5 53. 4
49. 4
78
. 0 71 . 2
65 . 9
#25M 94
. 5
86. 3 79. 9 1 26 1 1 5 1 06
#30M 1 1 2
1 02 94 . 8
1 50 1 36 1 26
#35M
1 34 1 22 1 1 3 1 79 1 63 1 51
#45M 1 64 1 50 1 38 21 9 1 99 1 85
#55M
21 2
1 93 1 79
282 257 238
234

CHAPTER6

Devel opment of
Rei nf orcement
Tabl e
6. 7 . 2 Devel opment Length f or Category B* ,
Eqs. ( 6 . 7 . 6) and ( 6. 7 . 7) wi th aPA=1 . 0
I NCH-POUNDBARS
WI THLd I NI NCHES
CANADI ANMETRI CBARSWI TH
L, t
I NCENTI METERS
* Everythi ng not i n Category A.
basedonSecti on1 2. 2of
ACT
31 8-89
canbeusedf or compl yi ngwi th the1 995ACT
Bui l di ng
Code. " Theauthors of
thi s text havenot i ncl uded those
1 989
provi si ons
( they are i n
the
5th edi ti on) bel i evi ng that theabovesi mpl i f i ed equati ons, al ong
wi th anopti onal more" exact" equati on, wi l l bestrongl y pref erredby most users.
I nbri ef , the 1 989 Code( ACI -1 2. 2) requi redcomputati onof a basi c devel op-
ment l ength basedonspl i tti ng strength. Thebasi c devel opment was modi f i ed by
mul ti pl yi ng by 1 . 0, 1 . 4, or 2. 0; thel arger val uef or themost unf avorabl ebar spac
i ng andcover condi ti on. That modi f i ed basi c l ength coul d not be l ess thanthe
mi ni mumdevel opment l ength based on
pul l out,
0. 03dbfy/N1 f _, ' .
That gave the
" f i rst-l evel
L~i " ; i t was then
mul ti pl i ed
by
" second-l evel " modi f i cati ons ( 1 ) af or top
bars, ( 2) j 9 f or epoxy-coated bars, ( 3) Af or l i ghtwei ght aggregate concrete, and
( 4) a, XS f or excess rei nf orcement. Fi nal resul t coul d not bel ess than1 2i n.
The maxi mumval ue on the cover and transverse rei nf orcement term,
( c
+
Ktr) l db,
of 2
. 5
i n the 1 995 ACT Code i s i ntended to mai ntai n the same
mi ni mumdevel opment l ength as prescri bed i n the 1 989 ACTCodebased on
a
pul l out f ai l ure mode.
=
40, 000
psi f , =60, 000 psi
f ,
( psi )
. f
( psi )
BAR 3000 4000 5000
3000 4000 5000
#3 1 6. 4
1 4. 2 1 2
. 7
24. 6 21 . 3 1 9. 1
#4 21 . 9 1 9. 0 1 7. 0
32
. 9 28. 5 25. 5
#5
27. 4 23. 7 21
. 2 41 . 1
35. 6
31 . 8
#6
32
. 9 28. 5 25. 5
49. 3 42
. 7 38
. 2
#7 47. 9
41
. 5 37
. 1 71 . 9 62. 3 55. 7
#8
54
. 8 47. 4 42
. 4 82. 2
71
. 2 63. 6
#9
61 . 8
53. 5
47
. 9 92
. 7
80
. 3
71 . 8
#1 0 69. 6
60
. 2
53. 9
1 04 90 . 4 80. 8
#1 1 77. 2 66. 9 59. 8 1 1 6 1 00 89. 7
#1 4 92
. 7 80
. 3
71
. 8 1 39 1 20 1 08
#1 8 1 24 1 07
95. 8
1 85 1 61 1 44
#1 0M
50
. 9 46. 4 43. 0 67. 8 61 . 9 57 . 3
#1 5M 72. 0 65. 7 60 . 9 96. 0 87. 6 81
. 1
#20M 87
. 8 80
. 1
74. 2
1 1 7 1 07
98
. 9
-25M 1 42 1 29 1 20 1 89 1 73 1 60
#30M 1 35 1 54 1 42 224 205 1 90
#35M
1 61
1 83
1 70 268 244 226
#45M 1 97 224 208 328 299 277
#55M 254 . : , 290 268
423
386 358
Tabl e 6. 7. 3

Devel opment Length f or Categor y
A*,
Eqs. ( 6. 7 . 4) and ( 6. 7 . 5)
wi th a/ 6A =1 . 0
1996
ASTMMETRI CBARSWI THLd
I NCENTI METERS
*( a) Cl ear spaci ngand
cl ear cover ?do andmi ni mum
sti r r ups, or
( b) cl ear spaci ng
?
2d, ,
andcl ear cover ?d, ,
6. 7

Devel opment Length
f or Tensi onRei nf or cement- ACI Code

235
Tabl e6. 7. 4

Devel opment
Length f or Categor y
B*, Eqs.
( 6. 7 . 6) and( 6
. 7 . 7) wi th aPA =1 . 0
1996ASTMMETRI C
BARSWI THLdI NC
ENTI METERS
*Ever ythi ng not i nCategor yA.
Pr acti cal
Appl i cati on of ACI - 12. 2 Devel opment
Length Rul es.

The
pr acti -
cal i ty f or
appl yi ng the r ul es i n or di nar y
r ei nf or ced concr ete constr ucti on
i s that
most
beams wi l l contai nat l east
ACI Code- speci f i ed mi ni mumsti r r ups
( ther eby
sati sf yi ng Categor y A, i teml c) ,
cl ear spaci ng must sati sf y
the l ar ger of the bar
di ameter dbor 1 i n. ( ACI - 7. 6. 1) ,
andcover must sati sf y the
mi ni mumspeci f i edi n
ACI - 7
. 7
. 1 i n any case. Usi ng
the mi ni mum1 . 5 i n.
of cover onbeams wi l l
com-
monl y pr ovi de the Categor y
A mi ni mumof db.
For sl ab- l i ke el ements
wi thout
shear r ei nf or cement,
cl ear spaci ng wi l l
usual l y sati sf y the Categor y
A, i tem2a,
f ,
=3
00 MPa
f
( NI Pa)
f , =420 MPa
f , '
( MPa)
BAR 1
25 30
35
25 30 35
#I OM
42
. 8 39. 0 36. 1
59. 9 54
. 6
50
. 6
#13M
57
. 2
52
. 2 48 . 3
80 . 0
73. 0
67. 6
#16M 71 . 6 65 . 3
60
. 5
100 91 . 4
84
. 7
#19M 86
. 0 78
. 5
72 . 6
120 110 102
#22M 125 114 106
175 160
148
#25M 143
130
121 200 183
169
#29M 161 147 136
226 206 191
#32M 182 166
154 254 232
215
#36M 201
184 170 282 257
238
#43M
242 221 204 339
309 286
#57M 322 294
272 451 412
381
BAR
f v
25
=300 MPa
f ,
( Nl Pa)
30
35
f
v
25
=420 MPa
f ,
( MPa)
30 35
#10M
30
. 0 30 . 0
30 . 0
39. 9
36. 4 33. 7
#13M 38 . 1
34. 8
32
. 2 53. 3
48 . 7
45
. 1
#16M 47
. 7
43
. 5
40
. 3
66. 8 61 . 0 56. 4
#19M 57
. 3
52. 3 48 . 4
80 . 2
73
. 2 67. 8
#22M
83. 3
76
. 0 70 . 4 117
1o6 98
. 5
#25M
95 . 3
87. 0 80 . 5 133
122 113
#29M 108 98 . 2 91
. 0 151 138
127
#32M
121 111 102 170
155 143
#36M 134 123 113
188 172 159
#43M 161 147 136
226 206
191
#57M 215
196 182 301 275
254
"EXAMPLE6. 8. 1
Det ermi ne t he devel opment
l engt h Ld requi red f or t he
*9
epoxy- coat ed
bars Aon t he t op of a 15- i n. sl ab,
as shown i n Fi g. 6. 8. 1 . Use
f , .
=60, 000
psi , and
f '
=4000 psi wi t h l i ght wei ght
aggregat e concret e.
Sol ut i on: ( a) Det ermi ne
t he devel opment l engt h Ld
usi ng t he si mpl i f i ed equa-
t i ons . Si nce cover
of 1. . 5 i n. exceeds d
o
of 1 . 128
i n. , and t he 8 i n. bar spaci ng
exceeds cl ear
spaci ng of 2dn ( i . e. , 2
. 3
i n. ) , t he
si t uat i on i s Cat egory A, i t em2, and
f or
*9
bars
Eq. ( 6. 7 . 5) appl i es,
Not e t hat
53 . 5
i n. agrees wi t h t he val ue
i n Tabl e 6. 7 . 1 .
Ref erri ng t o Fi g. 6. 8. 1, whenchecki ng t he
bar spaci ng, bars A
are devel oped
over di st ance 1- 2, whi l e bars Bare
devel opedover t he di st ance
2- 3 .
Thespaci ng
60, 000
=

a~A=
47 . 4af l A
204000
L, , =47 . 4db ai GA=47 . 4( 1 . 128) aj 8A
=
53- 50A
238

CHAPTER6

Devel opment of Rei nf orcement
Pl anvi ew

J _ L "
Cl ear

#
9@
8, l ong (bars B)
'

15"
Fi gure 6.8.1

Topbars f or Exampl e
6.8
.1 .
(e)
Fi nal devel opment l ength Ld.
#
9@8, short (bars A)
al ternatewi th
#
9@8, l ong (bars B)
f
111,
2
_Ld
- _ _ 3

.fy

apy k
db

40

C
+
Kt,
db
cl ear
tobeusedf or bars
Ai s thespaci ngof the
cl osest bars that termi nateat
the
same
poi nt. I n other words,
the spaci ng f or both
bars Aand B i s 8i n
.
(b) Modi f i cati on
af or top bars. Si nce the
negati ve moment regi on bars
are
cast wi th morethan
12i n. of f resh concretebel ow
them, they
are
topbars
accord-
i ng to ACI - 12
.2.4 ; thus a =1.3.
(c) Modi f i cati on ) 3
f or epoxy - coated bars.
Checkcl ear cover,
Cl ear cover =
d5
=
1
1.5
128
-
1
.341,
<
3db
b
Si nce cl ear cover i s l ess than3dh,

8
=1
.5.
Themaxi mumval ueof a(3=1
.7 .
(d)
Modi f i cati onJ 1 f or l i ghtwei ght aggregateconcrete. Thel i ghtwei ght aggre-
gate concrete mul ti pl i er J t =1
.3.
L ' , =
53
.5aBA=
53.50.7) 1
.3=
118i n
.
(f ) Computedevel opment l ength L d. Usi ngthe general equati on, Eq. (6.7 .1) .
Cover =1.5 +1.128/ 2=2.06 i n.
(Center- to- center spaci ng) / 2=8/ 2=4 i n.
Thereare nosti rrups; thus Kt , =0. Theval ueof c f or Eq. (6
.7
.1) i s the smal l er of
the cover (i .e., the di stance f romthe center of the bar to the nearest concrete
f ace) or one- hal f the center- to- center spaci ng of the bars bei ngdevel oped. I nthi s
case,
Thus,
L d
- 3

f ,

ap
y
A
db -
40Vf c
~C+K
t r )
6. 9

Devel opment Lengt h f or
Cor ncr essl on Rei nf or cement

239
f c+Kt , _2. 06+0
I
\
db

1
. 128
=1 . 83
db
<
7 . 7
_3 60, 000 0. 7) ( 1
. 01 . 3

( 1
. 7) ( 1
. 0) 1 . 3
=
40

4000

1 . 83

=
71 . 1

1 . 83

85. 9
I n t he ab ove cal cul at i on, a/ 3 =1 . 7, t he
upper
l i mi t of t hat pr oduct , whi ch
exceeds t he act ual a/ 3 =1 . 3( 1 . 5) =1 . 95. The b ar si ze f act or A =1 . 0 f or #7 b ar s
and l ar ger . Thus,
L, , =85. 9db =85. 9( 1
. 128) =
96. 9 i n
.
The si mpl i f i ed met hod
gave L, , =118 i n. That f or mul a used
( c
+
Kt , ) / db
=1 . 5,
wher eas
Eq.
( 6. 7 . 3)
gave 1 . 83, t hus gi vi ng t he mor e accur at e L, , as 82%of t he
val ue f r omt he
si mpl i f i ed equat i on.
6. 9 Devel opment Lengt h
f or Compr essi on
Rei nf or cement
[ 6. 7
. 3]
Rel at i vel yl ess i s
knownab out t he devel opment l engt h f or compr essi on b ar s t han
f or
t ensi on b ar s, except t hat t he weakeni ng ef f ect of f l exur al t ensi on cr acks i s not
pr esent and t her e i s b enef i ci al ef f ect of t he end b ear i ng of t he b ar s on t he con-
cr et e. ACI -12. 3 gi ves as t he b asi c devel opment l engt h L, , b ,
t , .
L, a,
=0. 02611, 1
( 6. 9
. 1) *
whi ch i s b asi cal l y t wo-t hi r ds
of t he mi ni mumdevel opment l engt h f or t ensi on
r ei nf or cement t o pr event
a "pul l out " mode of f ai l ur e. ACI -12. 3 al so st at es t hat L, ,
must not b e l ess t han
L, , b
=-~! : 0-0003d
1, f ,

( 6. 9 . 2) *
whi ch means t hat onl y
f ' up
t o
ab out 4400psi may
b e count ed
upon. Thus t he
b asi c devel opment l engt h
L, , b
i s
t o b e t akenas t he l ar ger
of
Eqs.
( 6. 9
. 1) and ( 6. 9 . 2) .
Whenexcess b ar
ar eai s pr ovi ded such t hat pr ovi ded A, exceeds r equi r ed A, ,
Eqs . ( 6. 9 . 1) or ( 6. 9
. 2) , whi chever cont r ol s, mayb e r educed b yappl yi ng t he mul -
t i pl i er ( r equi r ed A, / pr ovi ded A) .
Reduct i on
i n devel opment l engt h i s per mi t t ed when r ei nf or cement i s
encl osed b yspi r al s or cl osel y spaced t i es ( t ypi cal l y i n col umns ; see Chapt er 13)
whi ch ar e not l ess t han 4-i n. di amet er f or
spi r al s
( ACI -7 . 10
. 4) ,
or #4b ar s
f or
t i es
( ACI -7 . 10
. 5) ,
and havi ng a pi t ch
( f or spi r al s)
or cent er -t o-cent er spaci ng
( f or t i es)
not exceedi ng 4i n. Under t hese
conf i nement condi t i ons, L, , b
mayb e
r educed 25%.
' For SI ,
ACI 318--95M,
f or L, , n and d, , i n mm, and J ~. ' and f y i n MPa, gi ves
L,
1,
=
2461, ,
f ,

( 6. 9 . 1)
L , =0. 044 cl , , f ,

( 6. 9
. 2)
240

CHAPTER6

Devel opment
of Rei nf orcement
Af ter
a l l modi f i ca ti ons, the
devel opment l ength Ld i s not permi tted tobel ess tha n
8 i n. ( 200 mm). Thus,
i n genera l ,
f or compressi onrei nf orcement .
_

Eqs
. ( 6. 9
. 1)

requi red A

F 0
. 75
f or encl osure
L 1

~ >8 i n.

( 6. 9
. 3)
or ( 6. 9 . 2)

11
Provi ded A
s
[by spi ra l s or ti es
"EXAMPLE6. 14. 1 F or the ca nti l ever bea mshown
i n F i g. 6. 14. 2 determi ne the
di sta nce L1 f romthesupport to the poi nt where2- #8 ba rs
ma y becut of f . Assume
the #4 sti rrups shown ( sol i d, not the da shed ones)
ha ve been prel i mi na ri l y
desi gned. Assumetherewi l l bea t l ea st L, , embedment of
theba rs i ntothesupport
.
Dra wthe resul ti ng moment ca pa ci ty OM, di a gra mf or the
enti re bea m. Use
3000psi a nd fy =60, 000psi .
Sol uti on:

( a ) Computethe ma xi mummoment ca pa ci ty
- ONI ,
z
of the secti on
.
0. 75p, , ( Ta bl e 3. 6. 1) =0. 0160
_ 3( 1 . 27) +
2( 0. 79)
p

16( 28)

=
00120 <0
. 75pb
OK
C=0. 85( 3)16a =40
. 8a
T=
13( 1 . 27) +
2( 0. 79)160 =( 3 . 81 +1
. 58)60 =323 ki ps
a =323 =7
. 92 i n.
40. 8
NT
E
+
00
E~
ti
CL,J
Y
CD
+
~>o
0' -
U
I I
r
Revi sed sti r r up spaci ng
to
sati sf y cutof f i n
tensi on zone
Ll =4' - 0"
590' k
~,- - -
L =3 . 6'
~
147. 5k

d
L
81
. 1 k
6 . 14

Bar Cutof f s i n Uni f or ml y
Loaded Canti l ever Beams

251
8'
-
0"
73. 2k
Fi gur e 6 . 14. 2

Beam
of Exampl e 6 . 14. 1 .
Cut 2- #8 bar s
7@4"
#4sti r r ups
Gi ven
spa
ci ng
3 @14"

#
4
4@5"

3 @8"

mar "

.
1
Usti r r ups
2"
I
CO
L
8 CC'
Factor ed moment M.
"

-

capaci ty di agr am, OM,,
Extensi on
to pr ovi de adequate
capaci ty
at suppor t
Ldn =
2. 32'
Extensi on
to
sati sf y ACI - 12. 10. 5. 1
( i ncr eased sl i ghtl y f r om
r equi r ed to use L~=4f t)
7
M,1 =
323[28
- 0. 5( 7. 92) ] 12
=
647 f t- ki ps
C=
40. 8a
T=3 . 81( 60) =
229 ki ps
a =
229
40. 8
=5. 61
i n.
( ~Mn =0. 90( 229) [28 -
0
. 5( 5
. 61) 1
;2 =
433
f t- ki ps
I mpr obabl e that
hook devel ops
capaci ty i n a
l i near manner
Devel opment l ength
f or #10hooked bar
( Ldn
=
27. 8")
~r ,t
=0. 90( 647)
=
582f t- ki ps - ==M,{ =
590
f t- ki ps

OK
( b) Deter mi ne the theor eti cal cutof f poi nt f or 2- #8 bar s. The moment capac-
i ty OM,, r emai ni ng wi th 3- #10bar s i s
252

CHAPTER6

Devel opment of Rei nf orcement
Pl ot on the
f actored moment M, , di agramand l ocate the theoreti cal cutof f poi nt
A. Extend to
the ri ght 12 bar di ameters ( of the=8 bars that are to becut) or the
ef f ecti ve
depth
of
the member, whi chever i s greater, to arri ve at poi nt B.
d =28 i n. ( 2. 33
f t) >[ 12db =
12( 1 . 0) =12 i n. ]
( c) Use
the si mpl i f i ed equati ons to determi nethe devel opment l ength Ld f or
#8
bars .
CanCategory A, the moref avorabl e one, beused? Check the cl ear spac-
i ng
of bars
. Assumi ngthe bars, though unequal i n si z e, areuni f orml y spaced, the
cl ear spaci ng betweenthemi s
16 - 2( 1. 5) -
2( 0
. 5) - 3( 1. 27) - 2( 1. 0)
cl ear spaci ng =

4

=
1
. 55
i n
Si nce
onl y the 2- #8 bars are bei ng devel oped, and the
3- #10
arepresumed to
conti nue
beyond the#8 cutof f l ocati on, i t i s the spaci ng betweenthetwo#8 that
determi nes the Category. Thef ai l ure modewoul d havespl i tti ng f roma #8 bar to
the
si de
or topf aceof themember, or betweenthetwo#8 bars . TheACI Coderul es
consi der a bar ( or bars) as essenti al l y i nert wheni t i s not bei ng devel oped wi thi n
the devel opment regi on of other bars. Thus, whenthe#10 bars of thi s exampl e
have a devel opment l ength
f romthei r
termi nati on near the f ree end of the can-
ti l ever that i s l ess thanthedi stance
to
the#8 bar cut, the#10 bars areconsi dered to
havenoi nf l uenceon
L. , f or the#8 bars . I t i s a matter of opi ni onwhether or not the
#10 i tsel f shoul d betreated
as concrete. That i s, i nthi s
case
whether to usethef ul l
spaci ng between
the#8 bars, 2( 1
. 55)
+1 . 27 di am. of #10 =4. 37 i n. Theauthors
bel i eve i t
appropri ate i n thi s case toconsi der the spaci ng of the #8 tobe4 . 37 i n.
f or the purpose of sati sf yi ng a Category Arequi rement, assumi ng L, , J or the=- 10
does
not overl aptheL, , f or the#8b( rs.
Even i f the concrete wi dth between #8 bars were taken as 2( 1
. 55) =3
. 10
i n. , i t sti l l exceeds the 2db f or the#8 bar to sati sf y Category A, i tem2( a) , gi ven i n
Secti on 6. 7 ( ACI - 12. 2. 2) , as
wel l as i tem
2( b) , becausecover tothe
top
f aceof the
beami s 2 i n. , whi ch
exceeds db needed f or that i tem
.
Thus, Category A
appl i es! Usi ng si mpl i f i ed Eq. ( 6
. 7 . 5) f or #7
and l arger bars
L, 1
=

f y
db 20~
a

[ 6
. 7. 5)
For the modi f i cati on f actors a) 3A, onl y the top bar f actor a =1 . 3 appl i es . The
epoxy- coated bar f actor
j G
and the l i ghtwei ght aggregate concrete f actor Aare
both 1 . 0 becausethose f actors donot appl y. Thus, Eq. ( 6. 7
. 5)
gi ves
d
bf
y
1. 0( 60, 000)
Ld =

a, 8A =

a, 8A
20~20 00
=54 . 8a, 8A =
54
. 8( 1. 3) ( 1 . 0) 1
. 0 =71
. 2 i n.
The54. 8
i n. canbeveri f i ed f romTabl e 6
. 7
. 1 . Thus,
L, , ( f or
#8) =71
. 2 i n.
( 5. 9 f t)
Thi s
devel opment l ength i s 58%l onger than the L, , of
3. 75
f t obtai ned under the
1989 ACI Code, wherethe most f avorabl econdi ti ons appl i ed.
( d)
Use t he gener al equat i on, Eq. ( 6 . 7 . 1) ,
t o det er mi ne t he
devel opment
l engt h Ld f or
=8 bar s. That equat i on i s
Eval uat i ng
Eq. ( 6 . 7
. 3) ,
Thus,
( c
+
K
t
, ) / d, , =2
. 5 .
Eval uat e Eq. ( 6 . 7 . 1) ,
_ _3 dnf , a, 3yl
L` '
40
c +Kt ,
6 . 14

Bar Cut of f s i n Uni f or ml y
Loaded Cant i l ever
Beams

253
_Ld _
_
3_

. f v

ag
yA
do 40

c +
Kr ,
d
o
The
cover or spaci ng di mensi on c i s t he smal l er
of ( 1) di st ance f r om
cent er
of bar bei ng devel oped
t o near est concr et e sur f ace,
and ( 2) one- hal f cent er - t o-
cent er spaci ng
( cl ear spaci ng comput ed as 1 . 55 i n. i n
par t a) of bar s bei ng
devel -
oped. The di st ance c i s t he smal l er
of t he f ol l owi ng t wo
val ues:
t op and si de cover =1
. 5( i . e. , cl ear )
+
0. 50. e. , st i r r up) +
0
. 5( i
. e. , bar
r adi us) =2 . 5 i n.
one- hal f
cent er - t o- cent er spaci ng =1
. 55 +
0
. 5( i . e. , bar r adi us) =2
. 05
i n.
Thus, c =2 . 05 i n.
For t he st i r r ups i n t he devel opment r egi on,
uset he 8 i n . spaci ng
f or compu-
t at i on
. Use Eq. ( 6. 7 . 2) ,
K
_ At r f ' t
` r
1500sn
The number n of bar s bei ng
devel oped i s 2, and At , i s t he
t ot al ar ea of st i r r ups
sur r oundi ng t he bar s bei ng
devel oped, i n t hi s case, f or
#4 st i r r ups i t i s 2( 0. 2)
t i mes
8 st i r r ups. Thus, eval uat i on of Eq.
( 6 . 7 . 2) gi ves
_
At , 4, _ 8( 2) ( 0
. 20) 60, 000 _
K` r
1500sn
1500( 8) 2
8
-
C
c
+
Kt r
-
2. o6 +8. o
10. 1 >2. 5 max
3 ( l . 0) 6o, ooo a, 8yA

1 . 3( 1
. 0) ( 1 . 0) 1 . 0
40

=82. 2

2
. 5

=42 . 7 i n. ( 3 . 6 f t )
3000 2 . 5
[ 6. 7
. 2)
The 42. 7 i n. compar es f avor abl ywi t h
t he 1989 ACI Codeval ue
of 45 . 0 i n. , and
si gni f i cant l y l ower t han t he
71
. 2 i n.
f r omt he 1995 si mpl i f i ed
equat i on
.
Use
Ld =
42 . 7 i n. f or t he moment capaci t y di agr am
i n Fi g. 6 . 14. 2 .
Si nce poi nt B, t he pr oposed cut of f poi nt ,
l i es onl yabout 3 . 5 f t f r omt he sup-
por t , t he
#8 bar s woul d not have f ul l capaci t y at
t he suppor t . Ther ef or e, ext end
t he
pr oposed cut of f t o poi nt C whi ch i s l ocat ed
at L, , ( f or #8) =3 . 6 f t f r omt he
suppor t .
i s
254

CHAPTER6

Devel opment of
Rei nf orcement
(e)
Check ACI - 12. 10. 5 f or cutti ng bars at poi nt Ci n the tensi on zone. The
shear strength, i ncl udi ng contri buti onof sti rrups, i s f i rst computed. Usi ng thesi m-
pl i f i ed method of constant V,
V, =2~b, , d =2V-3000
(16)(28)
i ooo
=49
. 1
ki ps
For the 14- i n. spaced
#4sti rrups i n the vi ci ni ty of the potenti al cut poi nt C
Theshear strength OV, at poi nt Ci s
V
-
A, 4, d
-
2(0
. 20)(60)28
=
48. 0 ki ps
s
s . 14
OV =O(Vc
+
V, . ) =0 . 85(49. 1
+
48. 0) =82
. 5
ki ps
percent stressed i nshear =

Vn
=
81. 1
=98%>
75%

NG
Even whenonl y 50%of the
moment strength OM
i s used by Mt
the percent
stressed i nshear cannot exceed75%
(seeCondi ti on
3,
Eqs .
6. 12
. 3 and
6
. 12. 4) . Try
usi ng onemore8- i n
. sti rrup spaci ng to cover thepotenti al cut at poi nt Candsee
whether or not Condi ti on
1, Eq. (6. 12. 1), i s sati sf i ed .
V, =
48. 0
g
)
=
84. 0 ki ps
81. 1
percent stressed i n shear
=

=
71%
0
. 85(49. 1
+84)
Thi s i s
borderl i ne to sati sf y the two- thi rds l i mi t of ACI - 12. 10
. 5. 1
(Eq. 6. 12. 1) .
Extend the #8 bars to poi nt C'
4
f t
f rom
f aceof support .
(f ) Checkwhether theconti nui ng #10 bars haveadequatedevel opment l ength
to the ri ght of poi nt C. Thecl ear spaci ng betweenthe conti nui ng three
#10 bars i s
16- 2(1
. 5) -
2(0
. 5) - 3(1. 27)
cl ear spaci ng -

2

=4. 1 i n.
whi chexceeds the 2d, , of
2
. 54 i n
.
requi red f or Category A, i tem
2(a). Topcover
of 2. 64 i n. [ i . e. , 1. 5 +0. 5 +
1. 27/ 2) =2
. 64 i n. ] to the center of
the #10 bars
exceeds the
dh requi rement of Category A, i tem2(b) . Thus, the si mpl i f i ed equa-
ti on, Eq
.
(6. 7. 5)
f or
#7
and l arger bars,
1. 27(60, 000)
01
L, , (f or #10) =
20

a(3A
=

20

3000
apA
=69. 6aPA=69. 6(1. 3)(1 . 0)1. 0 =90
. 5
i n.
(7. 5
f t)
For the modi f i cati on f actors a/ 3A, onl y the top bar f actor a =1. 3 appl i es .
Cal cul atethedevel opment
l ength Ld
based
onthe
general
equati on, Eq. (6. 7. 1) .
Thedi stance c i s the
smal l er of the f ol l owi ng
two
val ues
:
top and si de
cover =1
. 5(i
. e. , cl ear)
+0
. 5(i
. e. , sti rrup) +
0. 635(i . e. ,
bar radi us) =2. 6 i n.
one- hal f center- to- center
spaci ng =4. 12 +0
. 635(i . e
. , bar radi us) =2. 7 i n.
Thus c =2. 6 i n.
Eval uat i ng
Eq. ( 6 . 7 . 3) ,
614

Bar Cut of f s i n Uni f orml y LoadedCant i l ever Beams

255
For
t he st i rrups i n t he devel opment regi on, use t he gi ven
14i n. spaci ng
near t he f ree endof t he cant i l ever f or comput at i on. Thenumber n
of bars
bei ng
devel oped
i s 3,
and
At ,
i s t he t ot al area of st i rrups surroundi ng t he bars bei ng
devel oped,
i n t hi s case, f or #4 st i rrups i t i s 2( 0 . 2) t i mes 3 st i rrups
. Use
Eq. ( 6
. 7
. 2) ,
Thus, ( c +
K) ; dn
=2
. 5.
Eval uat e
Eq. ( 6 . 7
. 1) ,
3
dbf ,

a, 6 yA
Lei
=
-
40~(
c +Kt , )~
_ At , Ar _
3( 2) ( 0 . 20) 60, 000
K' r

1500sn

150004) 3

-
1
1
c
+
Kt ,
-2. 6 +1. 0
db 1. 27
2. 8 >2
. 5
max
_ 3 ( 1. 27) 60, 000
a( 8 yA

1. 30
. 0) ( 1. 01. 0
-
40

3000

2. 5

-
104. 3

2. 5

=54. 2 i n. ( 4. 5 f t )
Thi s embedment of 4. 5 f t
measuredf romt he end
of
st rai ght
#10 bars woul d
over-
l ap t he devel opment
l engt h regi on of t he
#8
bars, possi bl y requi ri ng l onger
devel opment l engt h L, ,
f or t he #8 bars becauset he cent er-t o-cent er spaci ng t hen
woul dbet he
reducedval ue basedon f i ve bars i n t he 16 i n. wi dt h. However, i n
t hi s case becauseK, r i s 8 . 0 ( see part ( d) ] t he val ue of ( c +
K, , ) / d,
remai ns at 2
. 5
and
t he L, ,
of #8 bars st ands at 3 . 6 f t i n part ( d) . The#10 bars woul dsat i sf y l i t er-
al l y t he st at ement of ACI -12. 10 . 4, whi ch requi res "Cont i nui ng rei nf orcement shal l
havean embedment l engt h not l ess t han t he devel opment l engt h L, , beyondt he
poi nt wherebent or t ermi nat ed t ensi on rei nf orcement i s no l onger requi red t o
resi st f l exure. " I n ot her words, t he di st ance f rompoi nt A t o t he f ree endof t he
cant i l ever must beat l east
L, , ( f or #10) . Theaut hors bel i eve
i n a somewhat more
conservat i ve approach, requi ri ng t he
moment
capaci t y
Oyu
di agramt o havean
of f set f romt hef act ored
moment Mt , di agram, except at or near a si mpl esupport
or t hef reeendof
a cant i l ever, equal t o 12 bar di amet ers of t he ef f ect i ve l engt h d,
whi chever
i s
great er.
I n
t hi s case,
t ry st andard90 hooks ( seeFi g. 6 . 11. 1) on t heends of t he#10 bars .
Si nce t he beamhas t he usual 1. 5-i n. cl ear cover and#4st i rrups, t he cover t o t he
hookedbars i s 2i n. , whi ch i s l ess t han t he2
a
i n. requi redby ACI -12
. 5
. 4; t hus, t he
speci al provi si ons of t hat Codesect i on
must
be
sat i sf i ed
.
Thedevel opment l engt h
L, , f or t he#10 hookedbar
i s t hebasi c val ue
Lhb
( i
. e. ,
no modi f i cat i on t o
Lhb appl i es) gi ven by Eq. ( 6 . 11. 1) andTabl e 6 . 11. 2. Thus, f or
#10 hookedbar,
1200db _ 12000. 27)
L, 1h =Lhn =

-

=
27 . 8 i n.
256

CHAPTER6

Devel opment of Rei nforcement
whi chexceeds themi ni mum8dh or 6i n. , whi chever i s greater ( ACI - 12. 5. 1) . The
Ldh
of
27. 8
i n. i s di mensi oned fromtheoutsi defaceof thetai l of thehook, as shown
i nFi g.
6. 14
. 2.
Of
course, heresti rrups spaced at not more
than 3 d6
( 4. 23 i n. ) must
be provi ded
al ong the
27. 8
i n. of devel opment di stance, i n accordance wi th
ACI - 12. 5. 4 .
( g) Moment
capaci ty 0011, , di agram. Theful l strength OM, for thebeamwi th
3 - #10
hooked bars
wi l l beavai l abl eat 27. 8 i n. fromtheoutsi deof thehook onthe
endof thebeam. Assumi ng
1
. 5
i n. cover, ful l capaci ty
i s avai l abl eat
29. 3 i n. ( 2. 44
ft) fromendof beam
( poi nt D) . Thedashedl i nei nFi g.
6
. 14. 2 has
been
drawnfrom
zerostrength at theend of the
hook
toful l strength OM, =
43 3
ft- ki ps at
2. 44 ft
fromend of beam; however,
i t i s not i ntended
toi mpl y that thehooked
bar devel -
ops i ts strength l i nearl y si nce
that i s hi ghl y
i mprobabl e.
( h)
Fi nal
deci si on. Cut 2- #8 bars at 4 ft- 0 i n. fromthesupport; use90 stan-
dardhooks onthe3 - #10
bars; use8- #4 Usti rrups as confi nement over theL, , hdi s-
tance, as shown
i nFi g. 6. 14. 2 by thedashed sti rrups.
Theuseof
#10
bars
i nthi s canti l ever beami s not
a
practi cal
desi gn
but serves
toi l l ustratetheneed
for extendi ng thecut l ocati onfromBtoCand thenC' , and
the
need for and
treatment of hooked bars .