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1enslon members are sLrucLural elemenLs LhaL are
sub[ecLed Lo axlal Lenslle forces.

Any cross-secuonal congurauon may be used, because
for any glven maLerlal, Lhe only deLermlnanL of Lhe
sLrengLh lf a Lenslon member ls Lhe cross-secuonal area.
lf Lhe cross-secuonal area of a Lenslon member varles
along lLs lengLh, Lhe sLress ls a funcuon of Lhe parucular
secuon under conslderauon.

1he presence of holes ln a member wlll lnuence Lhe
sLress aL a cross secuon Lhrough Lhe hole or holes.
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A Lenslon member can fall by reachlng one of Lwo llmlL
sLaLes: excesslve deformauon or fracLure.

1o prevenL excesslve deformauon, lnluaLed by yleldlng,
Lhe load on Lhe gross secuon musL be small enough LhaL
Lhe sLress ln Lhe gross secuon ls less Lhan Lhe yleld sLress
l
y
.

1o prevenL fracLure, Lhe sLress ln Lhe neL secuon musL be
less Lhan Lhe Lenslle sLrengLh l
u
.
?leldlng wlll rsL occur on Lhe neL cross secuon. 1he
deformauon wlLhln Lhe lengLh of Lhe connecuon wlll
generally be smaller Lhan Lhe deformauon ln Lhe remalnder
of Lhe Lenslon member.
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A connecuon almosL always weakens Lhe member, and Lhe
measure of lLs lnuence ls called Lhe [olnL emclency.

1hls facLor ls a funcuon of Lhe ducullLy of Lhe maLerlal,
fasLener spaclng, sLress concenLrauons aL Lhe holes,
fabrlcauon procedure, and a phenomenon known as shear
lag.

Shear lag occurs when some elemenLs of Lhe cross secuon
are noL connecLed, as when only one leg of an angle ls bolLed
Lo a gusseL plaLe.
1he consequence of Lhls parual connecuon ls LhaL Lhe
connecLed elemenL becomes overloaded and Lhe
unconnecLed parL ls noL fully sLressed.

Where Lhe reducuon facLor u ls glven by Lhe nSC 2010
1able 304.3.1
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1. A general caLegory for any Lype of Lenslon member
excepL plaLes and round PSS wlLh l > 1.3u.
2. laLes
3. 8ound PSS wlLh l > 1.3u.
4. AlLernauve values for slngle and double angles
3. AlLernauve values for W, M, S, and P shapes

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ln general u = 1.0, slnce Lhe cross secuon has only one
elemenL and lL ls connecLed. 1here ls one excepuon for
welded plaLes, lf Lhe member ls connecLed wlLh longlLudlnal
welds on each slde wlLh no Lransverse weld Lhe followlng
values apply:

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- lor four or more fasLener ln Lhe dlrecuon of loadlng, u =
0.80
- lor Lhree fasLeners ln Lhe dlrecuon of loadlng, u = 0.60.

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- ConnecLed Lhrough Lhe ange wlLh Lhree or more
fasLeners ln Lhe dlrecuon of loadlng, wlLh a wldLh aL leasL
2/3 of Lhe depLh: u = 0.90.
- ConnecLed Lhrough Lhe ange wlLh Lhree or more
fasLeners ln Lhe dlrecuon of loadlng, wlLh a wldLh less
Lhan 2/3 of Lhe depLh: u = 0.83

- ConnecLed Lhrough Lhe web wlLh four or more fasLeners
ln Lhe dlrecuon of loadlng: u = 0.70.

lf a Lenslon member ls connecLed wlLh only Lransverse welds,
u = 1.0, and A
n
ls Lhe area of Lhe connecLed elemenL.

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lf a Lenslon member connecuon ls made wlLh bolLs, Lhe neL
area wlll be maxlmlzed lf Lhe fasLeners are placed ln a slngle
llne.

1he reducuon ln cross-secuonal area ls mlnlmlzed lf Lhe
fasLeners are arranged ln a sLaggered pauern.
lrom AlSC and nSC 2010 Secuon 304.3, Lhe neL area ls
LreaLed as Lhe producL of Lhe Lhlckness umes a neL wldLh.
w
n
ls Lhe neL wldLh and w
g
ls Lhe gross wldLh
1he second Lerm ls Lhe sum of all hole dlameLers
1he Lhlrd Lerm ls Lhe sum for all lncllned llnes ln Lhe fallure
pauern.
lrom Secuon 304.3.2
.ln compuung Lhe neL area for Lenslon and shear, Lhe wldLh
of a bolL hole shall be Laken 2mm greaLer Lhan Lhe nomlnal
dlmenslon of Lhe hole.
When more Lhan one fallure pauern ls concelvable, all
posslblllues should be lnvesugaLed, and Lhe one
correspondlng Lo Lhe smallesL load capaclLy should be used.
1hls meLhod wlll noL accommodaLe fallure pauerns wlLh
llnes parallel Lo Lhe applled load.
lf Lhe shape ls an angle, lL can be vlsuallzed as a plaLe formed
by unfoldlng Lhe legs Lo more clearly ldenufy Lhe plLch and
gale dlsLances.

lrom nSC Secuon 304.3.2
lor angles, Lhe gage for holes ln Lhe opposlLe ad[acenL legs
shall be Lhe sum of Lhe gages from Lhe back of Lhe angles less
Lhe Lhlckness.
When sLaggered holes are presenL ln shapes oLher Lhan
angles, and Lhe holes are ln dlerenL elemenLs of Lhe cross
secuon, Lhe shape can sull be vlsuallzed as a plaLe even lL ls
an l-shape.
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A C12x30 ls connecLed wlLh 1-ln. dlameLer bolLs ln each
ange, as shown. lf ly = 30ksl, lu = 63ksl, and Ae = 0.90An,
compuLe Lhe followlng:
a. 1he deslgn sLrengLh for L8lu.
b. 1he allowable sLrengLh for ASu.
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lor cerLaln connecuon congurauons, a segmenL or block"
of maLerlal aL Lhe end of Lhe member can Lear ouL.
lor cerLaln arrangemenLs of bolLs, block shear can also occur
ln gusseL plaLes.
1he shear rupLure sLress ls Laken as 60 of Lhe Lenslle
ulumaLe sLress, so Lhe nomlnal sLrengLh ls shear ls 0.6l
u
A
nv

and Lhe nomlnal sLrengLh ln Lenslon ls l
u
A
nL
u
bs
= 1.0 when Lhe Lenslon sLress ls unlform and u
bs
= 0.30
when Lhe Lenslon sLress ls non-unlform.