Strategies for Teaching

Here is a list of strategies that could be used throughout the different phases
of learning.


1. Negotiation

2. Strategic Questioning

3. Four-step questions

4. Discussion

5. Brainstorming

6. Action Planning

7. Concept Map

8. Conflict Resolution

9. Consequence Wheel

10. Flow Chart
11. Focused Learning
Episodes

12. Graphic Organisers

13. KWL Chart

14. Metacognition

15. Fishbone

16. Attribute Diagram

17. 5Ws and How

18. Cause and Effect
Chain

19. Jigsaw


20. SQ3R
21. PMI Chart

22. Cycle Graph

23. Organising Tree

24. Prediction Tree

25. Round Robin

26. . Scamper

27. Publish, Circle,
Refine

28. Six Hats

29. SWOT Analysis

30. Venn Diagram





















1. Negotiation

The use of this strategy allows students the opportunity to direct their own learning. It may
be possible for students to negotiate an area of interest, methods of investigation, time
required for the investigation and materials and resources to be used.


2. Strategic questioning

This assists students to understand the types of questions vital for effective inquiry.

Strategic questioning

Focus questions identify the situation and the key facts to an understanding of the
situation, e.g. What is this about?

Observation questions are concerned with what a person sees and the information he or
she hears about the situation, e.g. What do you see? What do you know?

Feeling questions are concerned with body sensations, emotions and health, e.g. How
do you feel?

Visioning questions are concerned with how to get from the present situation towards a
more ideal situation e.g. What needs to be changed?

Change questions are concerned with how to get from the present situation towards a
more ideal situation e.g. What needs to be changed?

Personal inventory and support questions are concerned with identifying a persons
interests and potential contribution and the support necessary to act, e.g. What should we
do? What can we do?

Personal action questions are those which get down to the specifics of what to do, and
how and when to do it. The actual plan begins to emerge, e.g. What support do I need?



3. Four-step questions

Provides examples of the types of questions to ask at different stages of an inquiry.

Four-step questions

Description
What is it?
Who does it involve?
Where is it?
Why does it occur?
How does it occur?

Evaluation
What is the significance of this issue or problem to my life, the community, the
nation, the world?
How have factors in the past influenced it?
How might it be seen by different people?
What conflicts of interest are there?
Who gains? Who loses? Who decides?
How are the relationships between people affected?
What are the relationships between people and other phenomena?

Reflection
Are these relationships desirable?
What will happen if these relationships are altered?
What are the alternatives?

Action
What change, if a change is thought to be desirable, should/could be introduced?
How could I bring about change if I and/ or others think this is desirable?
Who could I contact to discuss action projects?
What action should I take?

4. Discussion

Discussion can contribute significantly to the inquiry process.

For discussion to be effective, three things need to be considered:
setting ground rules for group discussion
knowing how to ask questions in a discussion and
being aware of group dynamics during the discussion.
There are a variety of discussion strategies that can be used.

5. Brainstorming

An effective activity for generating ideas quickly.

6. Action planning

Often represented in table form, the action planner records
! the steps of the plan,
! who is responsible for carrying out the tasks and
! when they need to be completed by.


7. Concept map

A graphic organiser used to map out ideas or concepts.

























8. Conflict resolution

This refers to processes for resolving conflict peacefully.


9. Consequence wheel

This strategy is useful when exploring the consequences and effects of an event or an
issue on people and places.


10. Flow chart

Organises information in sequence.

11. Focused learning episodes

Direct teaching concentrating on a particular skill, process, genre, concept or topic. It is
often used when students require specific content input.

12. Graphic organisers

A way to summarise and represent information visually.






13. KWL chart

A useful strategy for organising thoughts at the beginning of an inquiry in order to
reflect on them at its conclusion.
K What we know,
W What we want to know and
L What weve learnt.

What I Know What I Want to Learn What I Have Learned


14. Metacognition

Thinking about thinking.

What?

So What?

Now What?

What Else?



15. Fishbone

This organiser is good to use when examining the causes of a problem.

































EFFECT

Planning Monitoring Evaluating
Articulating
what we are
trying to do
Consciously
knowing
how it hooks
together and
using our
radar to
check our
progress
Look back at
how we have
done




16. Attribute diagram

This diagram is useful in identifying the characteristics or attributes of something.


























17. 5Ws and How

An effective strategy to identify the aspects of a topic.






















How?
W h e r e ?
W
h
e
n
?
W
h
a
t
?
W
h
o
?
W
h
y
?




18. Cause and effect chain

The chain is used to record a series of cause and effect relationships.

19. Jigsaw

A time efficient strategy for encouraging co-operation, group responsibility, peer
tutoring and way to sharing knowledge. There are a number of variations to the basic
strategy outlined below.
! Divide students into groups of 4.
! Each group chooses a different aspect of the topic. They will become the
expert in this aspect.
! Experts research their topic.
! Experts share their knowledge with group members and the class.

20. SQ3R

Survey. Read titles/subtitles. Notice words/phrases in special type. Skim
illustrations/charts/graphs.
Review end-of-chapter summaries and questions.
Question. Turn main topics/subtopics into 5W questions who, what, when,
where, why.
Read. Find information to answer questions, highlighting main ideas, taking notes
etc.
Recite. Answer the questions in your own words.
Review. Construct a study guide sheet that includes summaries and main ideas.

21. PMI chart

Plus, minus and interesting.



P+






M-





I?





22. Cycle Graph

This graph is useful when identifying events that tend to be circular or cyclical
in nature.


















23. Organising tree

The organising tree organises information and ideas on a topic.



24. Prediction tree

The prediction tree is a web with purpose. The major topic or problem is written in the
square box at the bottom of the tree. Possible predictions or probable outcomes are
recorded in the various prediction boxes. On the proof lines, record facts that either
support or negate the predictions.





























20. Round Robin

Steps:
Split the class into groups of 4 students. Each student is to have a response
sheet. Each student is given the same problem or task.
At a given signal, students begin to write responses on their pieces of paper. No
talking takes place. After two minutes, students change sheets. Each person
passes their paper to the person on the left, reads the responses on the sheet
and adds any new information. They cannot repeat what they have written on
the first paper. Repeat swapping response sheets until ideas dry up or until the
sheet is returned to its owner. The time given for each swap can be 30 seconds
to 2 minutes depending upon the complexity of the task.
Each group then discusses their findings, constructs a collation of all responses
and reports back to the class.
The Noisy Round Robin is different in that each group has only one sheet of
paper and one scribe. The swap is done with the adjacent group and normal
round robin rules apply.
Major Questions
Prediction
Prediction
Prediction
P
r
o
o
f
P
r
o
o
f
P
r
o
o
f
P
r
o
o
f
P
r
o
o
f
P
r
o
o
f



21. Scamper

This strategy is used to generate new or alternative ideas. SCAMPER is an acronym
for the following:

S Substitute a person, place, time or situation, e.g. What would have happened if
there were three ugly stepbrothers instead
of three ugly stepsisters in Cinderella?
C Combine or blend assorted ideas, situations, materials, e.g. What if Cinderella was
going to a BBQ instead of a ball?
A Adapt or adjust to suit a purpose, e.g. How might the story have changed if
Cinderella had not lost her golden slipper?
M Modify by making some of the features larger or smaller or changing the numbers of
times something happens?
P Put the original intention to some other use, e.g. What would have happened if
Cinderella had been a spy for a neighbouring principality?
E Eliminate any feature or part, e.g. How would the story have changed of there was
no fairy godmother?
R Rearrange or reverse the order or sequence of events, e.g. Retell the story so that it
is one of the ugly sisters that the fairy godmother helps.

22. Publish, circle, refine

A cooperative activity which involves both creative and critical thinking.

Steps:
Write the topic under discussion on a large sheet of paper.
In groups of four discuss the various options, interpretations etc, that could be
applied to the topic.
As one group, create a synthesised statement that relates to the topic and write this
under the topic.
Post the paper on the wall and leave one member of the group behind as the
explainer or defender.
The other members of the group move around the room discussing the statements
made by the other
groups and asking questions of the defender. They should take notes as they go.
They then return to their home group, discuss the notes taken and modify or refine
their statement.
The modified results are then shared with the whole group.



23. Six hats

Each of the six hats describes a different thinking operation. Using the six hats forces
the thinker to consider the problem in several dimensions. Students are asked to
consider a proposal, situation or problem by using each of the six hats in turn. Students
can work individually, in pairs or in groups for this activity.

White Hat:
This requires the student to discover the facts of the situation in an objective manner. It
is the hat for data, detail, figures, information and the asking of useful questions.

Yellow Hat:
This requires the student to look at the good points, the benefits and reasons why
something is likely to work.

Red Hat:
Consciously using this hat allows the student to be aware of feelings about a subject
and be aware that the other thinking hats might be useful as well.

Black Hat:
It is the most important hat in critical thinking. The student asks questions which are
likely to expose weakness in a proposal. It is the hat of sensible, responsible and
rational decision making which can either support or reject an idea.

Green Hat:
This is the hat that challenges orthodoxy and looks for alternatives, new ideas and
solutions. It invites creative thinking.

Blue Hat:
This is the hat that encourages students to think about their thinking. It challenges the
thinker to be self-analytical and evaluative and to consider whether the full range of
thinking strategies has been used.
24. SWOT Analysis

A useful strategy to use when teaching evaluation, problem-solving and decision-making.

Swot Analysis Topic:

Strengths Weaknesses
Opportunities Threats

25. Venn diagram

This is a visual representation of comparisons. Areas of commonality are recorded in the
intersecting segments of the circles and differences are recorded in the appropriate non-
intersecting segments of the circle.