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Dynamics

This document discusses power system stability and dynamics. It defines power system stability as the ability of an electric power system to regain equilibrium after a disturbance. The document shows a classification of power system stability and discusses phenomena like oscillations that can occur. It also examines concepts like the equal area criterion for assessing stability and methods that can be used to increase transient stability, such as increasing machine inertias, voltage, or adding flexible AC transmission systems devices.

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Ratana Kem
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34 views60 pages

Dynamics

This document discusses power system stability and dynamics. It defines power system stability as the ability of an electric power system to regain equilibrium after a disturbance. The document shows a classification of power system stability and discusses phenomena like oscillations that can occur. It also examines concepts like the equal area criterion for assessing stability and methods that can be used to increase transient stability, such as increasing machine inertias, voltage, or adding flexible AC transmission systems devices.

Uploaded by

Ratana Kem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Power System Dynamics


2
3

Figure 8.1. Dynamic phenomena in a power system.
4

Definition 8.1. Power system stability is the ability of an
electric power system,for a given initial operating condition,
to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being
subjected to a physical disturbance, with most system
variables bounded so that practically the entire system
remains intact.
5

Figure 8.2. Classification of power system stability.
6
Western USA August 1996
7
Western USA August 1996
8
Western USA August 1996
9
SPANNUNGSWINKELDIFFERENZ | NETZFREQUENZ | DYNASIM | ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
49.88
49.89
49.90
49.91
49.92
49.93
49.94
49.95
49.96
49.97
49.98
49.99
50.00
50.01
50.02
16:45:00 16:50:00 16:55:00 17:00:00 17:05:00 17:10:00 17:15:00
8. Dezember 2004
f [Hz]
49.88
49.89
49.90
49.91
49.92
49.93
49.94
49.95
49.96
49.97
49.98
49.99
50.00
50.01
50.02
16:45:00 16:50:00 16:55:00 17:00:00 17:05:00 17:10:00 17:15:00
8. Dezember 2004
f [Hz]
Frequency Athens
System Frequency An Indicator of the System Security
f - Setpoint
Frequency Mettlen
PP - Outage
PS Oscillation
Source W. Sattinger, swissgrid
10
Western USA J uly 1996
11
Scandinavia September 2003
12
Italy September 2003
13
Chile 1997
14

15

16

Single phase
Three phase
17

18
19
20

21
22

23

24

25

26
Dynamic Operation
27
Inertia Constant H
28

29

Figure 10.1. Schematic description of powers and torques
in synchronous machines.
30
31

Figure 11.1. Synchronous machine connected to infinite bus.
33

Figure 11.2. Equivalent electric circuit of a
synchronous machine connected to an infinite bus.
34

35

Figure 11.3. Diagram showing the variation of electric and
mechanical power for the system in eq. (11.7).
Stable
Unstable
36

Fault occurs
Fault clearing
= 0 ?
Critical point
38
Fault clearing time = 6 cycles
39
Fault clearing time = 8 cycles
47

Figure 11.9. Application of the equal area criterion after
a disturbance (Post-fault conditions, no reclosure).
48
Fault clearing time = 6 cycles
No damping
49
Fault clearing time = 6.87 cycles
No damping
50
Equal Area Criterion
1. To check if given fault clearing scheme
implies stability

2. To determine critical fault clearing time

3. Investigate methods to increase stability
51



1857 -1918
52
Lyapunovs Stability Criterion
53
54

55
t
f
= 5 c :

V = 0.2015
t
f
= 5.5 c :

V = 0.2571

t
crit
= 5.1 c


Lyapunov function of SMIB system, Fig. 11.4
After the fault clearing, D = 0
V
p

56
Small Signal Analysis
49.88
49.89
49.90
49.91
49.92
49.93
49.94
49.95
49.96
49.97
49.98
49.99
50.00
50.01
50.02
16:45:00 16:50:00 16:55:00 17:00:00 17:05:00 17:10:00 17:15:00
8. Dezember 2004
f [Hz]
Frequency
Athens
PS
Oscilla
tion
57
The Swing Equation as a System of First Order
Differential Equations
Equilibrium point:
58
Linearization
First we neglect the damping, i.e. D = 0. The eigenvalues of
the matrix determine the oscillation frequencies. Eigenvalues:
59
Operating point
60
Operating point
61

62
With damping, D 0
Eigenvalues:
with
If D is small:
63
Solutions with D 0
64
Rule of thumb in power systems
Damping is sufficient if the amplitude of the
oscillation has decreased to 50% in 10 s.
65
Undamped Oscillations
During abnormal conditions the damping can be
negative leading to undamped or increasing
power oscillations.
66
Methods to increase transient stability?

67

Methods to increase transient stability?
68
Methods to increase transient stability

Increase of sync. machine inertias
Increase of system voltage
Reduction of transfer reactance, e.g. parallel lines or series compensation
Fast protections and breakers
Fast valving in steam turbines
Braking resistors
Fast controllable devices, e.g. HVDC, FACTS devices (Flexible AC
Systems)

69

Fault occurs
Fault clearing
Critical point
Reclosure

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