1

P
- 1 - 5 - 2
Front 1 Slender 49
-
50
Introduction 2 STAAD 51
-
53
Key Features 3 Tables 54
-
57
FAQ 4 Service Equation 58
-
63
References 5 Ultimate Equation 64
-
65
Main 6
-
11 Coefficients 66
-
68
Info 12
-
27 Example 69
-
81
Basics 28 - 29 Restraints 82
-
98
Crack Control 30 - 34 Detailing 99
-
102
Shear 35 - 40 Moment Capacities 103
-
104
Punching Shear 41 - 43 Fatigue 105
-
108
Flexure 44 - 48
By
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
Excel Program
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
HAC-PRO
Robin Atkinson BSc, CEng, FICE, FIStructE
http://www.hacengineers.co.uk
16th September 2012
CONTENTS AND PAGE NUMBERS
Link to Download Updates and Licence Information
http://www.hac.idc5.co.uk/hacrc/Info.htm
2
INTRO 1
IMPORTANT NOTES SAVE THIS FILE AS A MASTER. ONLY WORK ON COPIES
DO NOT SAVE DIRECTLY TO A SERVER. SAVE TO YOUR MACHINE.
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
INTRODUCTION Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Frequently Asked Questions
A selection of likely questions and some further elaboration is provided in the FAQ sheet.
INTRODUCTION
Method and Layout
The data is entered within the sheet called MAIN. It is divided into Global Data which controls all of the
designs and Local Data which is adjustable for each individual design case. The user enters the Global
Data first and then the Local section properties, reinforcement and loadings and the program displays the
ultimate capacity ratios and service crack widths and other compliant related output including thermal and
shrinkage. It does not provide the code clause by clause input style that is offered by other spreadsheets
because its primary aim is to process multiple calculations in a tabular layout.
The detailed output demonstrates the compliance with the codes and is suitable for submission for
checking by others. There are numerous interactive charts and diagrams which relate to a chosen design
case and are displayed on the 2nd MAIN sheet and assist in the input and understanding of the process.
Background
The author has over 30 years experience in the design of concrete structures and this program has
evolved over a period of 10 years by constant use. It was initially designed to introduce a repeatable
procedure into the design of concrete tanks. It then developed into a universal design method suitable for
slabs beams and columns as well. More recently it has been updated to incorporate design to EC2 and
CIRIA C660. A particular feature is the ability to display the ultimate capacity unity ratio for combined axial
and bending therefore removing the need for a plotted chart each time.
Aim
The primary aim of this program is to provide a powerful design tool that enables engineers to process
and display a number of reinforced concrete designs to the British and Euro codes in a concise and
orderly manner. It also aims to offer a useful training tool via the use of interactive charts and diagrams.
National Annex Values
The UK National Annex values have been used in all cases and key values are displayed. An c value of
0.85 has been used for concrete in flexure and axial loading and a value of 1.0 has been used for shear
and tension. This spreadsheet can easily be modified to incorporate other National Annexes.
Guidance on input method and design matters is provided via comment boxes. This information is also
reproduced within the Info sheet, thus providing an in depth guide which can be printed. Where data such
as shear legs or additional bars or compression bars is not required, a zero should be entered. Defaults
are suggested for thermal which can be used when a design is not thermal critical.
Design Pages
The program offers 24 designs over 2 pages. Detailed charts are reproduced to a large scale on a
separate page and can be printed out.
There are three styles for the design sheet. Normal is for every day use and only shows the notation for
normal shear. Punch only shows the notation required for punching shear. All shows the notation
required for all shear types on the same sheet. Adjustable data is displayed in bold green or violet.
3
KEY 1

Member Types:- Design Types:-

Normal
Punch
All

EC2 DESIGN TOOL

KEY FEATURES
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Bi-Axial Bending or Slender or Redistribution
Diagrams are displayed on a separate printable sheet
Fatigue Stress Reduction
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
KEY FEATURES
Slabs
Columns
Column layout style allows multiple designs per page
Concise layout allows rapid input, review and adjustment
Designs to BS8110 & BS8007 or EC2 can be side by side
Ultimate and Service Bending & Axial
Shear or Punching Shear or Torsion
Designed by an experienced engineer and tested against other spreadsheets
FAQ and numerous informative comment boxes with input guidance notes
Step by step design output sheets and Staad based Wood and Armer method
MEMBER & DESIGN TYPES
Beams
Detailed BS and EC2 punching shear procedure guidance sheet
Normal shear or torsion
Three sheet layout styles for shear input:-
Walls
Ties
Design case description boxes at head of page
LAYOUT FEATURES
BS or EC2 code design applicable per design case
Easy to input and edit data - values and diagrams update automatically
Thermal & Shrinkage to Ciria C91 or C660
Simultaneous thermal, service and ultimate designs
Automatic crack width calculation & bi-axial or slender column design
Automatic Punching Shear Value calculation and implementation
Interactive stress and layout diagrams displayed on adjacent sheet
User definable service or ultimate Axial & Moment capacity diagram
Reinforcement stresses for Face 1 and Face 2
Local input and output data displayed on one sheet
Thermal and shrinkage data and crack widths
Ultimate capacity is displayed as a unity factor
Compliance & other data including Span / Depth ratio
All types of shear or torsion
INPUT SEQUENCE
Punching shear
Global data with full descriptions on a separate sheet
Interactive diagrams can be set to match any design case
Ultimate N & M capacity is based on the applied N / M ratio
Service crack widths for Face 1 and Face 2 (if applicable)
Global output includes cement type and nominal cover requirement
Local applied shear and moment (M) & axial force (N) data
Local design type and load factor, thermal, section and reinforcement data
OUTPUT FEATURES
Global data
Design case description boxes
4
FAQ 1
CIRIA C660 introduces a more rigorous shrinkage End or Edge or Internal restraint approach than BS8007 & C91.
Enter C91 to allow the traditional BS8007 and C91 design to be followed.
What Does F1 & F2 & Extra Mean
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Not necessarily. However, this method includes every type of design that you will normally need and since thermal and
shear design require reinforcement information, it is convenient to have all of this on one sheet.
Set axial load to 0. Set value; max (no red) to 0.85 for EC2 or 0.9 for BS and min (redistribution) for Reinf Class B &
C or 0.7 and for Class A to 0.8. For pure bending, X must be <= Xu i.e. ( - 0.4)D/(0.6 + 0.0014/cu2) equals ( - 0.4)D
for fck <= 50 N/mm (where D is Eff Depth) so that the reinf yields first and sufficient rotations can occur. If the N - M
value of X, (Xo) > Xu, the section is not in ultimate equilibrium about the centre unless the tens reinf is reduced or comp
reinf is added. The Ult Mcap equals Mr, the minimum of the concrete stress block and comp reinf acting about the
centroid of the tens reinf (Mc) or vice versa (Mt). The output displays if:- Z>0.95D or Mt equals Mc (where Xo Xu) or
Mt > Mc (where Xo > Xu). Ensure also that M / Mcap ratio is < 1.
What Is The C660 Method
The sheet has been designed to suit 1024 x 760 resolution. Zoom by 125% to view on a 1280 x 1024 screen.
Is it Updated and How Do I Get Assistance
[email protected]
F1 = Face 1 & F2 = Face 2 which are the flexural only tension and compression faces. Extra specifies extra bars and
their usage. For Face 1 only bundled bars, enter B1 for once or B2 for twice. To bundle the same bars in Face 1 and
Face 2, enter BE1 or BE2. For bars in layer 3 (L3), enter Lgap and it will place bars at F1 centres with a vertical gap.
For column side bars (one each side), enter S1. For torsion longitudinal bars enter 4 or more.
How Do I Design To EC2
How Do I Design A Normal Beam or Slab With No Axial Load And Why Is X Limited.
Enter EC2 at the head of the output. The shear strut angle and leg angle can be adjusted. The shear shift value "a1"
is displayed. Bi-axial bending requires a design for each axis and the combined ratios must be 1.0. Enter applied N
and enter and adjust Mx until the capacity equals 1.00 to give Mr and then enter the applied moment in the Bi-axial cell.
The program calculates (Mb/Mr) value for each axis.
What Do the Capacity Ratios Mean
Enter Pi or Pc or Pe or Pr and Px & Py dims and MED. Enter Shear VED & UDL w if applicable. For BS, initially, set
leg dia to 0 and xD to 1.5, if cap ratio < 1.0, it is OK. If not, enter leg dia, out and transv spacing for all xDs within Dout
(1.5D, 2.25D, 3D etc). Note: reinf is uneconomic if > 1.6c.
Display
What Do The Charts Show
They show how the service and ultimate stress & strain diagrams differ. They can be used to check on the section
behaviour and can assist in the use of the program. They show how X relates to the N - M curve and how the ult
reinforcement stress is capped as the Strain x Es (equiv to reinf stress) value exceeds the allowable stress.
EC2 & BS8110 give a simply supported span /depth ratio of 20 for 0.5% As1, C30 and a service reinf stress of 310
N/mm If this is multiplied by 20 and the structural system (for other span types) it gives the span / depth ratio.
How Do I Design For Punching Shear
They are ultimate design unity checks. The combined N & M ratio is the applied combined forces divided by the
combined section capacity value for the same Axial and Moment ratio. See the N - M capacity curve chart.
The Excel sheets have been designed to print to an A4 size Adobe PDFat 90%.
How Do I Print Results
What Is The S / (D x 20 x Str Sys) Ratio
Yes, because this method is used constantly by HAC. Contact is:
Has It Been Verified Itself
It has been checked against the Concrete Centre spreadsheets and the papers by Erhard Kruger and Erhard Kruger
with Robin Atkinson (Structural Engineer 17 Sept 2002 and 17 May 2005). It has been checked against hand
calculations and text books.
Does It Need To Be So Comprehensive
5
REFS 1 / 1
1 BS 8110 Structural Use of Concrete Part 1 For Design and construction
Part 2 For special circumstances
2 BS 8007 Design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids
3 BS EN 206 -1 Concrete - Part 1: specification, performance, production and conformity
4 BS8500 - 1 Concrete - Complimentary British Standard to BSEN 206 - 1
Part 1 : 2006 Method of specifying and guidance for the specifier
5 BS8500 - 2 Concrete - Complimentary British Standard to BSEN 206 - 1
Part 2 : 2006 Specification for constituent materials and concrete
6 CIRIA Report 91 Early-age thermal crack control in concrete - revised edition published 1991
7 CIRIA Report C660 Early-age thermal crack control in concrete - replaces Report 91 - published 2007
8 BS EN 1990:2002 +A1:2005 Eurocode 0. Basis of structural design
UK National Annex to BS EN 1990:2002 +A1:2005
9 BS EN 1991-1-1:2002 Eurocode 1. Actions on Structures - Part 1-1: General Actions -
Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings
UK National Annex to BS EN 1991-1-1-2002
10 BS EN 1991-4:2006 Eurocode 1. Actions on structures. Part 4: Silos and tanks
UK National Annex to BS EN 1991-4-2006
11 BS EN 1991-5:2006 Eurocode 1. Actions on structures. Part 5: Thermal Actions
UK National Annex to BS EN 1991-5-2006
12 BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures. Part 1 - 1: General rules and rules for buildings
UK National Annex to BS EN 1992-1-1-2004 - Incorporating National Amendment No. 1
13 BS EN 1992-3-2006 Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures. Part 3: Liquid retaining and containing structures
UK National Annex to BS EN 1992-3-2006
14 The Concrete Centre RC Spreadsheets V3 by Charles Goodchild and Rod Webster
15 W. Mosley & J . Bungey Reinforced Concrete Design
16 Dr A.W. Beeby The Prediction of Crack Widths in Hardened Concrete 1979
Cracking and Corrosion, Concrete in the Oceans Report 1978
17 H.G. Kruger Crack Width Calculation to BS8007 for Combined Flexure and Tension
Structural Engineer September 2002
18 CARES The CARES Guide to Reinforcing Steels
19 R.S. Narayanan & A. Beeby Designer's Guide to EN1992-1-1 and EN1992-1-2 Eurocode 2:
Design of concrete structures. General rules and rules for buildings and structural fire design
20 C.R. Hendy & D.A. Smith Designer's Guide to EN1992-2 Eurocode 2:
Design of concrete structures. Part 2: Concrete bridges
21 Moody Moments and Reactions For Rectangular Plates
22 Portland Cement Association Circular Tanks Without Prestressing
23 Hordijl, Wolsink, de Vries Fracture and fatigue behaviour of high strength limestone concrete as compared to
TNO Building & Research gravel concrete
24 EuroLightCon Fatigue of Normal Weight Concrete and Lightweight Concrete
25 C Edvardsen Water Permeability and Autogenous Healing of Cracks in Concrete
ACI Materials J ournal J uly / August 1999
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
REFERENCES Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
6
MAIN 1
reinforcement subjected to various direct or indirect and Shear are interdependant
actions and display compliance or otherwise.
To allow multiple designs on the same page 2 pages with 12 designs per page
To have one sheet which can be adapted as required Provides a "One Stop Shop" program
To allow designs in one pass which do not require any Allows Instantaneous Update
goal seek or visual basic routines
To be able to switch simply from an EC2 check to a Some data such as for shrinkage and
BS check. shear will be different for each code
To provide live graphics to assist the designer The off sheet diagrams are interactive
A Go to the Global Data Sheet and examine the Input Many values will not require editing
Data. The program opens with a realistic set of values.
The data changed most frequently is called The output data on the right shows useful
Key Global Data and is reproduced at the head of each information and defaults for shrinkage
Design Sheet. Edit the Global Input Data as required.
These values apply to every design in the spreadsheet. Minimum cover and binder description
This sheet also displays the global ouput values used. do not affect the designs
B Go to the first Design Sheet and select the Style of Punching Shear designs and Normal
the sheet in respect of shear. This will adjust the shear Shear designs will usually be kept
related headings to give a simpler look if only normal separate. The layout will be clearer.
shear or if only punching shear designs are used. The
program opens with the All Style which shows both.
C The program opens with lots of design examples. This demonstrates the input options
Save, print or create a pdf of these pages for reference.
D Keep the first design case on the Design sheets To allow copying and pasting.
and delete the rest. You will see that the output results Output clears if Load Factor is deleted.
clear.
E The charts will be initially set to apply to Design Case 1. Follow the instructions within the
Edit the 4 lines of description at the top and the bold comment boxes and Info tab
green input data. Set the Code to EC2 or BS.
F Review the output results. The Shear and combined The output results show most of the
Axial and Moment values show a capacity factor like information traditionally required.
the unity check used in steelwork. The value must be
less than 1.0 to comply.
G Note that non compliance is shown in Red. Can be adjusted within the Global Input
H Copy Design 1 over to next column and set Charts to 2. Specify the Shear Design. S = Normal
Edit Design 2 as required. Never cut and paste. Pi or Pr or Pe or Pc = Punch, T = Torsion.
I Repeat for further designs. Enter 0 in cells where there is no input
J The off sheet diagrams are reproduced after the Designs. Diagrams are bigger and have more
You can print one design case diagrams at a time to information.
pdf or a printer.
K The background and formulae used in the program are These include additional graphics and
displayed in detail in subsequent sheets in the FULL completely interactive teaching aids
and PRO versions of the program. and examples
Project
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP MAIN SPREADSHEET 1
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
COMMENTS
NOTES
Copyright 2009 HAC
HOW TO USE THE MAIN SPREADSHEET
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
METHOD
To be able to check a proposed cross section and
AIMS
Info
Some Actions such as Axial and Moment
7
MAIN 2
Key = Data which is commonly varied
Refs relate to EC2 clauses
Reinforcement
200 Reinforcement
500 500
B 435
D2 N/A
1.15 0
.70 350
Concrete Concrete
37 Key
L
1 30
0.667 32.8 27.4
0.20 15.2 18.2
1.50 0.15 0.13
Y 0.088 0.092
Y 35.7 35.7
N 5.3 4.9
NC 1.73 2.90 2.90
20 76 109 109
50 15 33 50
XC2 Key 13.50 13.50 18.00
60
10 Shrinkage & Crack Control
0.45 0.65
1.50 Key 0.80
28D 0.76
60Y 12.0
28D 0.80 1.14
0.35 0.58 0.58
Binder 0.58
N Key
350 Key
0.50 Key 0.85
PC Key 1.00
50 Key 1.00
0 Key 0.12
0.40
Aggregate Ec28 28 % 1.00
Basalt 39.4 90 10.0 0 0.0035
Chert, Flint 38.5 93 12.0 0 17.0
Quartzite 32.8 109 14.0 0 0.80
Granite, Gabbro 33.1 108 10.0 0 1.00
Limestone 29.6 122 9.0 0 0.80
Sandstone 23.0 155 12.5 0 20.0
Default (C660) 32.8 109 12.0 100 Key 0.53
Aggregate Size mm 20 Key 132-
Thermal & Shrinkage & Creep
15 N/A
20 C91
No 0.80 Edge
Auto C660 T1 Value - Uses Charts or C660 Prog Prog Restraints R1, R2 & R3 0.50
60Y Ply
28D 1 & 85
3D 20
28D
Fatigue Concrete in Compression ( including Shear Struts ) 1.000
N/A Concrete in Shear 1.000
N/A 1.00 Reinf - Straight, Bent m=7, Bent m=4 1.000 1.000 1.000
6.72 0.45
Default Values for Near Equal Spans Veff/V
1 6 d Pi = Internal 1.15 1.15
<25% 1.00 Default Pe = Edge 1.40 1.40
33% 1.15 Output Pc = Corner 1.50 1.25
50% 1.40 Value Pr = Re-entrant 1.30 1.30
>50% 1.50 1.50 Key EC2 & BS Basic Control Perimeters U1 distance 2.0D 1.5D
Ult Lap or Adjust Lap Lengths by Service Stress (N/mm) / Ult Key BS Circular Col Perimeter as a Square or Circle
Cyclicle Min / Max or N/A cc,fat
EC2 Lap Length a6 Factor
8.8, Cl 8.7.3 & Table 8.3.
Based on % of lapped bars relative to
Mean Daily Temperature
Drying Period in (DP) Years Y i.e. 60Y
Min T1 values apply to EC2 C660 ct Factor
Circle
Head of Liquid
Drying Faces & Relative Humidity %
Formwork
Temperature Drop T2
LT fctm & cap based on 28D or Later i.e. 60Y
Millions of Cycles 1 > N < 100 or N/A
35
Provisional Design Data - if unknown or not relevant
Restraint Method BS
k2 = k4 - Redistribution - UK NA = 0.6 + (0.0014 / cu2)
IIIA
= Effective Strength Factor
EC2 & BS Min shear Legs %AsL / BSr
= Rectangular Compression Block Height / X
C660 Creep Coefficient K1
Age at Loading in D or Y (to) for Auto CC
Final Age For Auto CC in D or Y Aggregate Expansion x 10E-6
3 Day, 28 Day, LT crit %As1 / BZ
Design Check Age ( t ) crit %As1 / BZ
k1 = k3 - Redistribution - UK NA values
Design & Crack Check Age in D or Y (t)
Cover Permitted Deviation mm
Service Stress / fck Limit Factor - k Ref 7.2 (3)
C91 Blended GGBS Mix T1 Factor Used
C660 Sustained Load Coefficient K2
3 & 28 & LT Autogenous Strain
EC2 & BS Min %As1 / BH
3 & 28 & LT Ult Tensile Strength N/mm
Design Life (DL) in Years for Cover Calculation
Grade N/mm
Young's Modulus - Fixed Value kN/mm
Adjust C660 End Restr W for Good Bond. Y or N
Material Partial Safety Factor - c
Liquid Tightness Class WK1 % Active
Adjust Axial & Flexure W for Poor Bond. Y or N
BS8007 Stiffening N/mm 0.667 or 1.0 or Auto
Crack Width (W) Alert Value mm - Min of Wk1 or
Ignore Fs2 in Tension in Flexural only analysis
Fyd - Maximum Stress - N/mm
Fyk - Yield Stress - N/mm
sk - Fatigue Reduced Stress - N/mm
Maximum
Cement / Combination Type
3 & 28 & LT Ult Tensile Strain Minimum Lap Length / dia
EC2 & BS Modulus Ec - at 28 Days - KN/mm
28 Day Cube Strength - fck,cube N/mm or Mpa
EC2 & BS Ult shear at support face N/mm
C 30 / 37
cc = LT effects coeff - Shear - UK NA = EC2
Useful UK National Annex (NA) and EC2 Values
fcd = Design Compressive Strength - at 28 days - N/mm
fcd = Design Shear Strength - at 28 days - N/mm
Min or Design or Max Service Limits
1 = Vert Leg Cracked Shear Factor = 0.6(1-(fck/250))
Fatigue Factors Used by Program
or PFA % - Max = 55
Concrete Placing Temperature
EC2 only Lap (Dia >32) = Basic Value x 100 /
Restraint Method EC2 /C660
Project
Info
Rib Profile - D2 or PR
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
Lap Length / dia Alert Value
Exposure Class - XC, XD, XS For Cover
High Bond Bars, Bond Fact = fct / fb Good, Poor
= Effective Rectangular Compression Block Height / X
GGBS % - Max = 80
cc = LT effects coeff - Flexure & Axial - UK NA
CRd,c = Shear factor - UK NA = EC2 value = 0.18 / c
ct = LT effects coeff - Tension - UK NA = EC2
cu2 = Ultimate Concrete Compressive Strain
Service Stress Max Design Value Factor - k3
Creep Coefficient (CC) used in MR or Auto
Nominal Cover (Min + Perm Dev) mm
Fs1 & Fs2 Output - nr of decimal places
k3 Fyk - Max Service Design Stress - N/mm
Load Duration Long (L) or Short (S)
Slenderness Method - Curve (NC), Stiff (NS)
C fck / fck cube - at 28 Days - N/mm or MPa
EC2 & BS Basic Anchorage / dia (<=32 EC2)
EC2 & BS Modular Ratio (MR) - at 28 Days
MAIN SPREADSHEET 1
INPUT DATA
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
GLOBAL DATA
Copyright 2009 HAC HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Common For All Design Cases
OUTPUT VALUES
Class - A, B or C
Edge Restr Age for Min %As1/BZ 3D, 28D, LT
End Restr Age for Min %As1/BZ 3D, 28D, LT
Verify Compression via 6.72 or 6.77 Legs
For anchorage lengths use a6 = 1.0.
the total cross section. See Figs 8.7 &
Strength Gain Class - R or N or S Ref 3.1.2 (6)
W / C Ratio
Material Partial Safety Factor - s
Total Binder Content Kg/m
PC or SRPC
8
MAIN 3
DESIGN 1 Charts 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
INPUT Binder 350 50 GGBS Wall Punch Punch Circ Circ Panel 2 Slab Slab Wall Wall Beam Col
Grade N C 30 / 37 Moment Design Design Tank Tank Mv at Y Dir at X Dir at H Edge V Edge Design Slender
Agg 20 Default & with with Hor Vert Base Pile Span Restr Restr 30% EC2
Laps 1.5 Ult Tension Legs Legs Design Design S2 S2 S2 Base Base Red Red
Design S or U S U U S S U U S S S U U
LF 1.35 1.35 1.40 1.35 1.35 1.40 1.40 1.35 1.20 1.35 1.40 1.40
ho 7000 7000 N/A 4000 4000 7000 7000 7000 7000 7000 N/A N/A
Leff, Bi-Ax N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 9000
Restraint Restr End End C91 Edge Edge Edge Edge End Edge Edge Edge Edge
Lr 16000 16000 N/A N/A N/A N/A 16000 12000 N/A N/A N/A N/A
R1 0.40 0.20 0.50 0.77 0.77 0.35 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.35 0.60 0.60
R2 0.40 0.20 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.35 0.00 0.60 0.60 0.35 0.60 0.60
R3 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.30 0.00 0.60 0.60
Shrinkage Fmwk Ply Grnd Grnd Ply Ply Ply Grnd Grnd Ply Ply Ply Ply
EF & Rh 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85
T1, T Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto
T2 20 15 15 20 20 20 15 15 20 20 20 20
Section Type Wall Slab Slab Wall Wall Wall Slab Slab Wall Wall Beam Col
Face 1 int top top any int int top bot int int bot any
H 600 600 600 300 300 600 600 600 600 600 450 300
B 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 600 600
Main Reinf F1 32 20 20 12 & 16 20 25 20 32 20 16 32 25
@ or nr 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 4 4
Cov 60 50 50 40 56 50 50 60 40 40 52 52
F2 25 20 20 12 & 16 12 20 20 20 20 16 20 25
@ or nr 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 4 4
Cov 60 50 50 40 56 50 50 60 40 40 52 52
Extra 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25
Fact 0 0 0 BE1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S1
Shear Type S Pi Pi S S S Pi S S S S S
or Leg 16 20 20 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 12 10
Torsion Sr 300 405 405 0 0 300 0 0 0 0 300 300
or Sr1 150 270 270 0 0 150 0 0 0 0 150 150
Punching St , nr 150 12 405 0 0 150 0 0 0 0 4 4
nra 0 12 405 0 0 N/A 0 0 0 0 0 0
, Px 21.8 600 600 0 0 21.8 600 0 0 0 21.8 21.8
, Py 90 600 600 0 0 90 Dia 0 0 0 90 90
Vratio 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
xD 2.00 2.00 1.50 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
w, Teff 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MEDxx N/A Def Def N/A N/A N/A Def N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
MEDyy N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Forces V or T 220 3750 3750 10 94 1382 2100 45 100 1 387 50
N -137 0 0 -535 10 1 1 -200 -100 1 0 965
M 296 140 140 0 -72 100 180 -120 100 1 436 50
B, M, 0.70 30
Results S, P, T 0.17 0.99 0.91 0.16 0.78 1.01 1.16 0.21 0.54 0.01 0.69 0.24
N & M 0.40 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.51 0.14 0.39 0.20 0.32 0.00 1.00 1.00
W1 0.147 0.157 0.034 0.132 0.170 0.004 0.070 0.072 0.120 0.001 0.354 0.280
W2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.132 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Mt>Mc SLEN
X 185 63 61 <-9999 93 77 61 150 113 152 115 141
Values Fs1 , -133 1.15 1.15 -112 -168 -435 1.15 -67 -118 -1 -435 -435
Fs2,St/D 44 1.3229 0.75 -112 37 137 N/A 14 17 0 304 362
Dark St / D 0.29 1.06 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.28 N/A 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.72
Sp/D,%L 1.821 0.109 0.192 2.000 1.601 >2 N/A 1.466 2.000 2.000 0.876 1.392
%AsL 0.447 0.136 0.192 0.000 0.000 0.447 N/A 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.251 0.175
,Bi,M,Dri 21.8 2.000 0.500 N/A N/A 21.8 N/A N/A N/A N/A 21.8 242.06
%As1,Dro 0.893 3.500 1.250 0.795 0.698 0.545 N/A 0.893 0.349 0.223 1.191 1.363
Lp,DUout 47 4.669 3.237 39 39 20 2.145 47 46 42 49 45
a1, Ux 590 9185 8880 252 234 N/A 5277 524 550 552 430 233
Data As1 5362 2094 2094 2388 2094 3272 2094 5362 2094 1340 3217 2454
D 524 540 540 252 234 538 540 524 550 552 382 207
Wk1 0.166 0.166 N/A 0.158 0.158 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 N/A N/A
nkc Crit 0.259 0.232 N/A 0.446 0.230 N/A N/A 0.272 0.252 0.232 0.232 0.027
Bond Good Poor N/A Good Good N/A N/A Good Good Good Good Good
Shrinkage Z 255 255 250 150 150 255 255 255 255 255 208 150
T1, T 31.3 29.7 24.4 21.5 21.5 31.3 29.7 29.7 31.3 31.3 24.0 21.5
cd 138 138 138 145 145 138 138 138 138 138 142 145
W , 0.168 92 0.188 0.108 0.191 0.070 0.092 0.154 0.161 0.077 0.147 0.130
kc Crit 0.58 0.58 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.58 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
%As1 2.10 0.82 0.84 1.59 1.40 1.28 0.82 2.10 0.82 0.53 2.58 2.18
(,to) 1.52 1.52 1.52 1.57 1.57 1.52 1.52 1.52 1.52 1.52 1.54 1.57
Shr or Pun VED(kN) orTor (kNM)
, (Mb/Mr), MEd
S transv / D
xD at Dria
Axial Force (kN) Tens is neg.
Bi-Ax, Mc1, 0.7 <= <= 0.9, blank
Primary Moment (kNm)
AsL% at Dria
Fs1 N/mm Value
St / D at Dro
Sp/(Dx20xSys)
CODE OF PRACTICE
X - serv or ult - refers to input
% As1 / BH
Creep Coefficient (CC)
Min Shrinkage % As1 / BZ
Bar spacing >49 or nr <50
Dims in mm
Long Term Restraint
Type - Slab, Beam, Wall, Col
T1 or T - or Auto for T1 Calc
Width B
Curing Restraint - Up to 3 Days
Face 1 - top, bot, int, ext, any
Seasonal Temperature Drop
MAIN SPREADSHEET 1
EC2 EC2
Style All
Col - Leff or Bi-Ax or N/A
Formwork - Grnd, Ply, Steel
28 Day / T2 Seasonal Restraint
Punch w (kN/m) , Teff or Auto
Cover to F2 main bars
Legs1 - transv ctrs >49 or nr <50
(V between xD & 2D) / VED
Legs - long or rad ctrs <=0.75D
Extra or 1 & 2 for alt bars
Legs - long or rad start <=0.5D
S or T or Pi,Pe,Pc,Pr
Nr of Effective Depths From Supp
Leg Angle or Punch Y dim
Copyright 2009 HAC
Load Factor = Ult / Serv
C91 or Edge, End, Int (C660)
Head of Liquid in mm or N/A
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Bi-Ax, Slen,
EC2
F1 Crack Width or Uncracked
%AsLegs / BSr
F2 or 1 & 2 for alt bars
Legs - or nx or 1 & 2
Cover to F1 main bars
Depth H
Bar spacing >49 or nr <50
BS EC2 EC2 BS
AsL% at Dro
Blue
Ult (S or P or T) / Capacity
OUTPUT
Serv F2 Crack Width or Info
End Restrained Length Lr or N/A
Input - S=Service U=Ultimate
Key Global Data
EC2 BS EC2
Project
Info
% As1 / BZ
Min Forces % As1 / BZ
EC2 Face 1 Bond Condition
Max Full Thickness Crack or Teff
Drying Shrinkage Strain
Zone Depth (BS) or k z H (EC2)
Reinf Area of F1 & Extra (mm)
Serv F1 Crack Width or Info
lap / (x(6/d))
Perim at xD
xD at Dro
Avg Effective Depth
EC2 Shr Shift
Fs2 N/mm
MEDyy (kNm) or N/A
Bnr, BEnr, Lgap, S1, >3 Tors
St / D at Dria
BS, EC2 EC2 EC2
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
MEDxx (kNm) or Def or or N/A
Strut Angle or Punch X dim
Legs2 - transv ctrs >49 or nr <50
Ult (Axial & Moment) / Cap
xD at Uout
Punching
Values
Shear
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
F1 or 1 & 2 for alt bars
Exposed Faces & Rel Hum %
Denotes
T1 or T
9
MAIN 4
DESIGN 2 Charts 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
INPUT Binder 350 50 GGBS Beam Beam Beam Col Col Col Col Col Col Torsion Torsion High
Grade N C 30 / 37 Design Design Design Short Short Short Short Slender Slender Only Only Tens
Agg 20 Default 10% 10% 30% Bi-Ax Bi-Ax Bi-Ax EC2 BS EC2 BS With
Laps 1.5 Ult Red Red Red Mx My BS Legs
Design S or U U U U U U U U U U U U U
LF 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40
ho N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Leff, Bi, Lr N/A N/A N/A N/A Bi-Ax Bi-Ax Bi-Ax 5670 6050 N/A N/A N/A
Restraint Restr Edge Edge Edge Edge Edge Edge C91 Edge C91 Edge C91 Edge
Lr N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
R1 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
R2 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
R3 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.60
Shrinkage Fmwk Ply Ply Ply Ply Ply Ply Ply Ply Ply Ply Ply Ply
EF & Rh 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85 1 & 85
T1, T Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto
T2 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Section Type Beam Beam Beam Col Col Col Col Col Col Beam Beam Wall
Face 1 top bot bot any any any any any any top top any
H 600 450 450 450 500 600 600 300 300 600 600 300
B 1000 600 600 350 600 500 500 300 300 600 600 1000
Main Reinf F1 25 20 40 16 32 32 32 32 32 25 25 25
@ , nr 8 4 4 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 150
Cov 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 40 40 60 60 40
F2 20 16 20 16 32 32 32 32 32 25 25 25
@ , nr 8 4 4 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 150
Cov 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 40 40 60 60 40
Extra 0 0 0 0 32 32 32 0 0 25 25 0
Fact 0 0 0 0 S1 S1 S1 0 0 4 4 0
Shear Type S S S S S S S S S T T S
or Leg 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 10
Torsion Sr 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 150
Sr1 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
St , nr 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 150
N/A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21.8 21.8 21.8 21.8 21.8 21.8 45 21.8 45 45 45 29.8
90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90
Vratio 0 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
xD 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Teff 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Auto 0 0
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Forces V or T 393 397 387 50 275 337 275 50 50 150 150 400
N 0 0 0 1600 2500 2500 2500 1500 1500 1 1 -400
M 285 186 425 5 665 830 410 80 80 1 1 5
B, M, 0.90 0.90 0.70 410 410 410 -50 -50
Results Shr,Tor 0.72 1.00 1.00 0.17 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.67 1.08 0.97 0.68
N & M 0.34 0.94 1.00 0.54 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.95 0.99 0.00 0.00 0.15
W1 0.128 0.405 0.201 0.000 0.231 0.241 0.270 0.001 0.006 0.003 0.000 0.062
W2 Mt=Mc Mt=Mc Mt>Mc 0.000 21.8 21.6 18.9 SLEN SLEN 0.000 0.000 0.048
X 89 63 113 1058 280 341 338 233 227 80 77 17
Values Fs1 -435 -435 -435 264 -379 -393 -403 -33 -52 -435 -435 -435
Fs2 197 37 300 402 418 418 418 418 418 62 30 -435
St / D 0.47 0.39 0.40 0.30 0.56 0.38 0.38 0.41 0.41 0.57 0.57 0.61
Span / D 2.000 1.164 0.726 2.000 1.410 1.415 1.019 2.000 2.000 2.000 >2 2.000
%AsL 0.105 0.175 0.175 0.224 0.131 0.157 0.157 0.262 0.262 0.349 0.349 0.349
, Bi, MEd 21.8 21.8 21.8 21.8 0.564 0.434 45 116.55 124.43 45 45 29.8
%As1 0.654 0.465 1.861 0.255 1.072 1.072 1.072 1.787 1.787 0.272 0.272 1.090
Lap 64 41 56 54 49 49 44 52 52 61 20 49
a1 602 437 425 439 404 494 N/A 275 110 487 N/A 194
Data As1 3927 1257 5027 402 3217 3217 3217 1608 1608 982 982 3272
D 536 388 378 390 359 439 439 244 244 528 528 248
Wk1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
nkc Crit 0.232 0.232 0.232 0.000 0.000 0.000 N/A 0.000 0.000 0.232 N/A 0.346
Bond Poor Good Good Good Good Good N/A Good Good Poor N/A Good
Shrinkage Z 255 208 208 208 225 255 250 150 150 255 250 150
T1, T 29.7 24.0 24.0 27.1 28.6 31.3 29.1 21.5 18.9 29.7 24.4 21.5
cd 138 142 142 142 141 138 138 145 145 138 138 145
W , 0.165 0.196 0.130 0.278 0.161 0.148 0.195 0.082 0.084 0.378 0.407 0.130
kc Crit 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
%As1 1.54 1.01 4.03 0.55 1.79 1.89 1.93 3.57 3.57 0.64 0.65 2.18
(,to) 1.52 1.54 1.54 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.52 1.57 1.57 1.52 1.52 1.57
EC2 EC2 EC2 BS, EC2
Key Global Data
Axial Force (kN) Tens is neg.
(V between xD & 2D) / VED
Legs - transv ctrs >49 or nr <50
Depth H
F2 or 1 & 2 for alt bars
Cover to F2 main bars
EC2 EC2 BS EC2 EC2 BS EC2 EC2
Info
Project
T1 or T - or Auto for T1 Calc
Face 1 - top, bot, int, ext, any
Shear Leg Angle (norm = 90)
F1 or 1 & 2 for alt bars
Extra or 1 & 2 for alt bars
Bar spacing >49 or nr <50
Legs - Longitudinal start <=0.5D
EC2
S = Shear or T = Torsion
Bi-Ax, Mc1, 0.7 <= <= 0.9, blank
CODE OF PRACTICE
Legs - Longitudinal ctrs <=0.75D
Not Used in Normal Shear
Not Used
Exposed Faces & Rel Hum %
Curing Restraint
Type - Slab, Beam, Wall, Col
Seasonal Temperature Drop
Bnr, BEnr, Lgap, S1, >3 Tors
Creep Coefficient (CC)
Zone Depth (BS) or k z H (EC2)
Drying Shrinkage Strain
Min Shrinkage % As1 / BZ
T1 or T
F1 Crack Width or Uncracked
% As1 / BH
S transv / D
Sp/(Dx20xSys)
%AsLegs / BSr
% As1 / BZ
MAIN SPREADSHEET 1
Dims in mm
Normal
Input - S=Service U=Ultimate
EC2 Face 1 Bond Condition
Reinf Area of F1 & F1+ (mm)
EC2 Shr Shift
, (Mb/Mr), MEd
Bi-Ax, Slen,
EC2 Torsion Teff or Auto
Width B
Bar spacing >49 or nr <50
Legs - or nx (i.e. 2x12)
Nr of Effective Depths From Supp
Shear Strut Angle (norm = 21.8)
Not Used
Shear (kN) or Torsion (kNm)
Cover to F1 main bars
Min Forces % As1 / BZ
Max Full Thickness Crack or Teff
Equivalent Effective Depth
lap / (x(6/d))
OUTPUT
X - serv or ult - refers to input
Fs2 N/mm
Fs1 N/mm
Ult Shr or Tor / Cap at xD
Serv F1 Crack Width or Info
Ult (Axial & Moment) / Cap
Serv F2 Crack Width or Info
Primary Moment (kNm)
Formwork - Grnd, Ply, Steel
Style
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Load Factor = Ult / Serv
Col - Leff, Bi-Ax or Lr or N/A
Head of Liquid or N/A
C91 or Edge, End, Int (C660)
28 Day / T2 Restraint
Long Term Restraint
Copyright 2009 HAC
End Restrained Length Lr or N/A
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
10
MAIN 5
1 Charts refer to Design Case
When is applied and X = Xu < Xo. This creates a
kink in the N - M ratio line. This occurs when Tension
Capacity > Compression Capacity.
Copyright 2009 HAC
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP MAIN SPREADSHEET 2
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Info
Project
Shear
Microstrain Against Time
1D 3D 28D 60 Yrs
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.00 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00
Cap N/A End Total
Prog Hwall or 1.3Hslab & T1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
200 700 1200 1700 2200
T1 = 31.3
Cross Section
Ult StrnxEs & Reinf Stress & 10xConc Stress
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
X / H
N/mm2
X = 0.61d2 X = 2.63d2 X = 0.61d3 X = 0.61d1
Border StrainxEs Hinge Point Reinf F1
Reinf L3 Reinf F2 Xo N/A
Ult N & M Capacity Curve & N & M Ratio Line
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
M (kNm)
N (kN)
X = 0.61d2 X = 2.63d2 X = 17.1d2
X = 0.61d3 X = 0.61d1 X = H
X = H / 0.8 (EC2) N/A N/A
Ratio Mu
Service Reinf & 100xConc Tens Stiffening Stress
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
X / H
N/mm2
Reinf EC2 BS Stress
11
MAIN 6
Charts refer to Design Case 1
N / M Against X Curves
Project
MAIN SPREADSHEET 2 Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP Info
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
The normally used M/N = Ecc term has been inverted. As M reduces to zero, N/M approaches infinity beyond X = H when N
is positive or at X = 0 or less when N is negative. Both curves intersect the axis between X = 0 & X = H when N = 0 i.e. pure
flexure.
The following two charts show the cubic equation curves of N/M plotted against X between X = 0 & X = H for service and
ultimate methods for the same design.
Copyright 2009 HAC HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Service N kN / M kNm Against X
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
X
N / M
N / M Reinf Design X
Ultimate N kN / M kNm Against X
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
X
N / M
N / M X = 0.61d2 X = 2.63d2 X = 0.61d3 X = 0.61d1 Reinf Design X
12
INFO 1 / 16
GLOBAL INPUT
Reinforcement
1.05 2.5
1.08 5.0
1.15 7.5
Sets a factor for an alert value on the maximum service stress as a K3 factor x Fyk. Max Value equals 0.8. See Cl 7.2
XS1 To airborne salt but not in direct contact with sea water
XS2 Permanently submerged
XS3 Tidal, splash and spray zones
0 For no control 1 For standard compliance.
2 For very high control (max<=0.05mm) 3 For ultimate control (generally only achievable with Post/ Pre Tensioning).
However, if the value of X is greater than 0.2H or 50mm it may be acceptable to use a 0.3mm crack width.
Tensile / Yield ratio
INFORMATION FROM COMMENT BOXES
Material Partial Safety Factor - c
28 Day Cube - Fck, cube N/mm
Enter Required 28 Day Cube Strength. Program will calculate the Cylinder Strength. NOTE The cube value is always greater
than the cylinder value. Specification is Cylinder / Cube. See Output. Be vigilant. Serious errors can be made.
XS = Sea Salts
NOTE:- EC2 Pt 3 suggests zero full depth crack width to satisfy Class 2. Note the term full depth. EC2 specifies that unless at
least 20% of the section is in compression (i.e. X serv equals 0.2H or 50mm), it is considered to be full depth. This will seriously
affect high tension elements such as circular walls. It will also apply to any full depth thermal cracks. CIRIA C660 Cl 2.6
suggests that a 0.05mm crack or less will self seal even with a pressure head of 35 or more. It therefore seems reasonable to set
a max of 0.05 reducing to 0.025m at a head of 35 for class 2 rather than 0. If in doubt use Class 3.
500 A
D2 = Deformed Type 2 or PR = Plain Round
500
Yield Strength. Commonly 500 for HY and 250 for MS. Note:- Young's Modulus is fixed at 200 kN / mm
Determines Ductility and other properties. See CARES literature. Grade A is cold rolled and has low ductility. Grade B can be
Micro-Alloy, Quench and Self Temper (QST) or Cold Stretched. Grade C can be Micro-Alloy or QST. Grades B or C should be
chosen if any redistribution is likely. The key properties are:-
Elongation Agt(5)
Class - A, B or C
Class / Grade Yield Stress N/mm
500 B
500
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
INFORMATION Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Grade N/mm
EC2 Pt3 Liquid Tightness Class
Service crack width which triggers a red alert in the output
Cont.
Exposure Class - XC, XD, XS
XD1 Moderate humidity
Rib Profile - D2 or PR
XC2 Wet, rarely dry XD2 Wet, rarely dry
XC3&4 Moderate humidity XD3 Cyclic wet and dry
XC = Carbonation XD = Chlorides
500
500 C
Crack Width Alert Value
or cyclic wet and dry
Material Partial Safety Factor - s
Service Stress Max Value Factor - k3
Concrete
Factor of Safety for material, Typically 1.5
XC1 Dry or permanently wet
Factor of Safety For material. Typically 1.15 for Grade 500 and 1.05 for Grade 460 (Gives approx same result)
See BS EN 206-1:2000 for more details.
Additional Wk1 % Active
EC3 and C660 defaults at WK1 actively increasing by 30% and back once a day. Enter 30 or 20 or 10. Agree with Client.
13
INFO 2 / 16
Design Service Stress / fck Limit Factor - k
Creep Coefficient (CC) Final Age For Auto CC or Max or N/A
INFORMATION FROM COMMENT BOXES
Specifications often call for 60 years even though the code only gives values for 50 yrs or 100 yrs. The program interpolates
between the two values. Enter value followed by Y i.e. 60Y
This is the value used in the service design to limit compressive stress. The stress willl display in the W2 ouput if this value is
exceeded. It does not take account of the Non Linear Creep Coefficient as the non linearity will only occur beyond 0.45fck. See
Cl 3.1.4. The increase in CC for K1 up to 0.6 is not significant but results in an increased Modular Ratio and slightly smaller
crack widths. This program uses an upper limit of 0.6 but defaults to 0.45.
Early loading may occur in high rise construction. Once a crack occurs it will remain there. This is very useful for testing the
strength before removing props or for supporting construction loads such as props and floors above.
Certain global values such as %As1 and AsL values are not altered. Thermal values are not altered because they are checked at
3 days and 28 days anyway and appropriate fctm and E values are used (the latter with no creep ratio factor). Tension strength
for service moment and axial design is adjusted accordingly which means the tension stiffening will be less.
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP INFORMATION
Minimum lap used in detailing. Greater values are shown in the output when requited.
Slender Method - NC or NS
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Concrete Cont.
Load Duration - Long (L) or Short (S)
Minimum Lap Length x dia
L equals Long, S equals Short. This will affect crack widths as short term loading allows 50% more tension stiffening than long
term. Normally L is specified. This could possibly be used at testing.
Design Check Age - Days (t) or Years
Age at which the design is checked. The usual default is 28D but the user can check earlier or later (crack widths only). This
alters the strength of the concrete in tension and hence the stiffening effect. A value more than 28 days will increase the stiffening
by about 17%. A value of 3 days will reduce it by 40%. EC2 does not allow the use of an increase in compressive strength
beyond 28 days to avoid retrospective validation of designs using higher strengths. Enter ValueD or ValueY
Cont.
Cover Permitted Deviation
This is the tolerance allowed to the contractor when checking compliance against the specified cover on site. Other minimum
specifications should be consulted and questions should be asked about site checking before accepting use of full tolerance.
Sets the EC2 method of slender column or strut design. Enter NC for Nominal Curvature or NS for Nominal Stiffness. The
nominal curvature method is similar to the BS8110 method and is recommended.
Design Life (DL) in yrs
Typically taken as Infinity or 1 Million for ( , t0 ) if Max is entered but a lower value i.e. the design life may be entered. Note:-
Table 3.1 does not match the Annex B values where fcm<35 (fcu<33) N/mm2. CC is used for deflection. ValueD or ValueY
Creep Coefficient (CC) used in MR or Auto
However, a higher value may be appropriate for structures designed to ultimate criteria in order to check deflection serviceability.
The EC2 Creep Coefficient (CC) values are displayed below and these values should be used. Typically a CC of 1.5 is more
appropriate than 1.0. This results in adjusting the EC by dividing by 2.5. i.e. Eceff in analysis equals 0.4EC.
This allows the user to over-ride the Local Auto calculation so that the values can be checked against traditional / previous
methods. CC is used in calculating Modular Ratio (MR), where MR equals Es / (Ec/(1+CC)). Enter a value as described below
OR enter Auto. It has been common practice to use CC equals 1 for flexure and tension crack width design. This will therefore
half the value of Ec. So a typical MR would be 210 / (28 / 2) i.e. 15 but note EC2 Ec is higher than BS value.
The effect on the crack widths between using CC of 1 or 1.5 is negligible on EC2 designs but can increase crack widths by approx
3% to BS designs. In water retaining structures the high relative humidity and lower average ambient (15 deg rather than 20 deg)
will reduce the CC to below 1.5 in many cases. A factor of 1.5 rather than 1 may be more appropriate.
Age at first loading for the purposes of calculating the Creep Coefficient automatically. Often the first loading is not as much as
the full loading and will only support Self Weight. CC is used for deflection even if it is fixed for MR. i.e. ValueD or ValueY.
Age At Loading - days (to) for Auto CC or N/A
14
INFO 3 / 16
For normal strength gain cements:- fcm (t) equals cc(t) fcm where Ecm(t) equals ((fcm(t) / fcm)^0.3)^0.3 Ecm
cc(t) equals exp ( ( 0.25 ( 1 - ( ( 28 / t )^0.25 ) ) ) fctm (t) equals ( (cc (t) )^(1 if t <28 or 2/3 if T >28) ) fctm
Can be considered as R = Rapid or N = Normal or S = Slow Ref Cl 3.1.2 (6). Usual value is N
Also refer to Table A.1 of BS8500 - 2:2006 which is the Complimentary Standard to BSEN 206 - 1 Part 2 - 2006 - see Refs.
CEM 42.5R, CEM52.5N & CEM52.5R should achieve a cube strength >= 20 N/mm at 3 days and are Class R
CEM 32.5R, CEM 42.5N should achieve a cube strength >= 10 N/mm at 3 days and are Class N
CEM 32.5N should achieve a cube strength >= 16 N/mm at 7 days and is Class S
The BCA document Modern Cements and How to Specify Them uses the following definitions for the suffixes used above:-
R = High early strength N = Normal strength development L = Low early strength
PC = Portland Cement, SRPC = Sulfate Resisting Portland Cement
0
1.0
2.5
4.0
5.5
7.0
8.5
50
Add Temperature Due To PFA Peak Combined Temperature
Pulverised Fly Ash. This will help reduce the heat of hydration but is not as effective as GGBS. CIRIA C660 values are taken
from the charts within the document. CIRIA 91 Method is as follows
PC or SRPC
This will affect strength and durability and cover. Low values may affect workability.
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
40
60
INFORMATION
W / C Ratio
Design Check Age - Days (t) or Years Cont.
This is the TOTAL amount i.e. (PC or SRPC) + (GGBS or PFA).
EC2 re-groups these according to the actual strengths achieved and does not define what R, N and S stand for. One would
normally use Class N for water retaining structures as this gives the best compromise. Use of R may give a better 3 day strength
and hence strain resistance but at the expense of a higher heat of hydration.
Section 6.2.6.3.2 of BS8110 advises that the concrete strength should be 10 N/mm2 or twice the stress it will be subjected i.e. if
the material FOS is 1.5 and the load FOS is 1.4, 1.5 x 1.4 = 2.1 so a 5% temp reduction is adopted. This program can be used if
Load Factor is set to 1.33 and the ultimate forces are entered. However, note that the 3 day value is 60% of the 28 day value
which will exceed 10 N/mm2. Therefore, in order to check the design, the basic Fcu value should be reduced accordingly. i.e. use
20 N/mm2 and t=2 to reproduce 10 N/mm2 etc. The strength should always be verified by cube testing. Also ensure that any
deflections and cracks are not excessive as these will be locked into the element for ever. The deflections would be based on the
early age Young's Modulus. This is 86% of the 28 day value at 3 days and 81% at 2 days (note how fast the E value rises) so will
be less inhibiting than the cracking. The crack prediction formulae will be based on a lower tensile strength of concrete which will
reduce the tension stiffening and will therefore create proportionally greater cracking so beware if this is critical such as in the soffi
GGBS %
<= 20
Total Content Kg/m
Or PFA %
The values of fck are fcm(t) -8 between 3 and 28 days and fck thereafter. This will reduce the value of fcd accordingly.
Therefore the variation in Ecm is much less than fctm with the concrete reaching 86%of Ec28 but only 60%of fcm at 3 days. The
reduction in Ecm will affect the Young's modulus used in the service design.
Strength Gain Class - R or N or S
EC2 & BS
Formwork Striking
Binder
INFORMATION FROM COMMENT BOXES
Copyright 2009 HAC
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
For a 360kg/m3 OPC mix, it will be nec to use a higher total blended amount say 390kg/m3. BS8007 places a max of 35% PFA.
If the mix has 275 Kg/m3 of OPC and 115 Kg/m3 of PFA, the program calculates T1 based on 275 kg/m3 OPC and then adds the
specified concrete placing temp which is taken as the curing temp (usually 5 deg above the ambient). This combined temperature
is then used to calculate the extra temp rise due to PFA as follows
Cont.
70
80
30
Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag - Often 50% but can be more in some circumstances. Will help reduce heat of hydration.
15
INFO 4 / 16
EC2 28 Day Modulus in kN/mm Ult Tensile Microstrain Capacity at 28 days Coefficient of Expansion Ref CIRIA 660
40mm 14mm 10mm
-20 +20 +40
-20 +20 +40
-20 +20 +40
-20 +20 +20
LT fctm & cap based on 28D or nr of Years
Edge Restr Min Age for Min %As1/BZ Value 3D, 28D, LT
End Restr Min Age for Min %As1/BZ Value 3D, 28D, LT
Cycles x 10E6 or N/A
Min / Max or N/A
Program calculates the ratio of the oscillating stress range to the maximum stress (tension or compresion). So if min / max = 0.9, 10%
of the stress range oscillates. The program shows the allowable ult reinforcement fatigue induced stress range sk as per Fig 6.30 and
then adjusts Fyk and Fyd to ensure this is not exceeded. Concrete Ult 28 day strength is reduced as per Equs 6.76 & 6.77.
UK value is taken as 15 deg as a mean day and night summer value. Enter an appropriate value for non UK work
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
0.5
20mm W / C ratio
INFORMATION
INFORMATION FROM COMMENT BOXES
28 x 10E-6
Copyright 2009 HAC
Thermal & Drying & Creep
Cont.
Period for Ultimate Long Term Drying Shrinkage and Thermal and Autogenous strain. This value can be adjusted separately from Design
Life to show the effects. Beyond 30 years the drying shrinkage is small but the worst effect is still the Design Life (if > 30 yrs).
UK normal value is 20 deg so Tp - Tm = 5 deg. T1 change is approx 75% x (Tp - Tm). Select Tp & Tm appropriate to the location. To
CIRIA 91, with PFA additive, this is the concrete curing temp that must be added to the T1 calculated using the OPC part of the mix .
Frequency of oscillation x 10E6 or N/A if no Fatigue. i.e. for 4E6 enter 4. High values will reduce allowable fatigue stress range.
Mean Daily Temp Tm
Concrete Placing Temp Tp
User can specify a minimum age that is used for calculating the Minimum %As1 / BZ for Edge Restraint Shrinkage. The earliest
(default) age is 3D. For Edge Restraint, the Min% relates to the age at first cracking. These cracks then increase in width with
more strain at later age.
340 - 360
User can specify a minimum age that is used for calculating the Minimum %As1 / BZ for End Restraint. 28D or LT is suggested for End
Restraint. This is because individual End Restraint cracks can form at later ages, so the age at last cracking determines the Min%.
300 - 320
Long Term (LT) Drying Period (DP) In Years
Min T1 Values Apply to EC2
BS8007 and C91 impose minimum T1 = 15 deg for Slabs and 20 deg for Walls whereas EC2 and C660 does not. This option allows these
values to be applied to EC2 and C660. A concrete in tension ct factor of 0.8 is recommended by P Bamforth.
C660 examples use the 28 Day values for Long Term design check. This facility allows a similar design approach but also allows the user
to see what happens if the higher LT values are used. Note. blended mixes can develop high LT strengths.
C660 ct Factor
0.45
0.55
320 - 340
Concrete Cont.
0.6 280
Aggregate
%
Aggregate Size mm
Ec28
Common Aggregates. The modulus, strain capacity and coefficient of expansion relate to the type of Aggregate.
Adjust % to suit the aggregate used. It is often a mix. Total must = 100%
Fatigue
Maximum Aggregate size. One of the factors that determines the bar spacing and the gap for third layer. Variation in required for
minimum binder content in kg / m3 for mixes with various W/C ratios and Max Agg sizes are as below. if you decrease the
aggregate size you may need to increase the cement content to maintain equivalence which in turn leads to more cracking.
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
16
INFO 5 / 16
Max Service Stress Value = k3 x Fyk.
The program will display a value above this in red in the W1 Crack Width box.
INFORMATION FROM COMMENT BOXES
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
INFORMATION
GLOBAL OUTPUT
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
EC2 , BS MR (t)
The value used in ult design taking into account material FOS.
EC2 , BS %As1/BH
EC2, BS min As1 %
This is As1 (which is F1 & F1+ reinf) / BH
These are the 28 day values, since the design will be based on those.
A standard concrete binder mix notation. This is used in assessing durability and cover. The procedure is quite complex but the
program works this out and displays it here.
EC2, BS Equivalent static Concrete Modulus in KN / mm2 at time t in days. Based on the 28 day cube strength input value.
The values have also been adjusted for fatigue if relevant. They have not been adjusted for Creep.
EC2 , BS %AsL/BSr
Modular Ratio used in service forces analysis to calculate crack widths = Es / (Ec/(1+Creep Coefficient)) or Local Values
EC2 & BS values. Early age values will be slightly higher than 28 day values.
Note 1: The difference between EC2 and BS values means the service analysis results, i.e. Neutral Axis X and reinforcement
stresses and strains are slightly different.
Note 2. Econc value used to calculate MR includes a creep ratio value. If this is 1.0 the Ec value is halved and the MR values
are similar to traditional values. However there could be a case for using the EC2 Creep Coeff values below which are closer to
1.5 in some cases. If Local is entered for CC value, the actual calculated local value of CC is used.
EC2, BS Min %Area for shear legs on plan = Area of leg / (Spacing in Longitudinal Dir x Spacing in Transverse Direction)
These values are based on the 28 day concrete properties
sk - Fatigue Reduced Stress - N/mm
Type
The part of the steel stress range that is subject to fatigue reduction.
Copyright 2009 HAC
Fyd - Max Stress - N/mm
Reinforcement
Fyk - Yield Stress - N/mm
k3 Fyk - Max Service Stress - N/mm
Concrete
This is the Yield Stress used in design which may be reduced by fatigue.
Nominal Cover
C fck / fcu(t)
See MR Creep Ratio item for reduction used in Applied Forces Crack calculations
This is the minimum value specified to the contractor on the drawings. Normally this will be increased to the next 5mm but check
other code requirements.
Cylinder / Cube Strengths in N/mm2 allowing for fatigue and time from casting. For t < 28 days this will be equivalent strengths
used in analysis. This feature allows the display of strengths at different ages.
EC2 , BS Ec (t)
EC2 , BS Min Lap
EC2, BS Code Minimum which may be less than the value specified in the Global Input.
Note this is based on the assumption of good bond.
These values are based on the 28 day strength stress values. The values in the design cases will be based on the reduced
stresses. Obviously, the loading in early days will be less than at 28 days and after.
Cont.
17
INFO 6 / 16
Linear or Design or Max Service Limits
EC2 , BS Max Shr
This is the early age value that has been incorporated into the C660 equations.
Factor which has been used in the C91 method to multiply the Full OPC T1 value as a result of effects due to GGBS. It is
displayed for information. PFA is calculated in a different way, see PFA comment box.
INFORMATION
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
Cont.
3 Day , 28 Day & Long Term Ultimate Ten
EC2, BS Max shear at Column Support Face. Note EC2 gives a higher value than BS8007 for the same strength (as a result of
the National Annexe value for c). See below.
EC2 also allows higher strengths than 32 / 40 to be considered in Shear design whereas BS8110 does not. Therefore it is
possible that the use of higher strengths may become more commonplace under EC2 for non crack sensitive structures.
Note:- higher strength means more cement = higher risk of cracking which is therefore problematic for water retaining or
excluding structures.
For EC2 design, this program uses a value of 1.0 for c for shear as per the National Annexe. (0.85 is used for flexure and
compression).
These values are based on the stresses allowable at time t.
C91 GGBS T1 Factor Used
Aggregate x 10E-6
Average Aggregate coefficient of expansion
INFORMATION FROM COMMENT BOXES
3 Day , 28 Day & Long term Autog
Concrete Cont.
3 Day , 28 Day & Long Term Ult Tensile fct
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Copyright 2009 HAC
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Linear & Design & Max Service Stress Value
(k2 or K or K1) x Fck
Above k2 x fck (i.e. 0.45) a non linear creep factor should normally be applied to the basic creep coefficient.
This will in turn increase the Modular Ratio and reduce the crack widths by 0.1%. i.e. 0.2mm becomes 0.198mm - negligible
difference.
Since the max NLCF is 1.252 at 0.6fck it is sufficiently accurate to use the linear value throughout as it is not practical or
worthwhile to introduce non linearity into this spreadsheet.
This will give the correct values within the crack width assessment range.
Bearing in mind a fixed value of 1.0 is often proposed for the CC, the loss of accuracy is not significant.
The chart on the N & M sheet has the option to switch the non linearity beyond 0.45fck on or off so the effect can be seen.
3Day, 28Day & Long Term Autogenous Shrinkage MicroStrain
This is the shrinkage as a result of the concrete setting. It is not a temperature or drying strain. The chemical reaction results in a
small change in volume.
C660 Sust Load Coeff K2
Thermal & Creep
3Day, 28 Day & Long Term Ultimate Tensile Strength in N/mm2
3Day, 28Day & Long Term Ultimate Tensile MicroStrain Capacity. This is determined by Aggregate type and strength.
This is the value used for thermal calculations as opposed to flexural calculations. This is equivalent to reducing the restrained
strain by 35%, See C660 Cl 4.9.1.
C660 Creep Coefficient K1
18
INFO 7 / 16
Minimum default value per BS8007 Zone or EC2 k z H i.e. Z. These values are used where crack width control due to Indirect
Actions (Shrinkage) is required. Otherwise use the values in the Concrete section above. For C660 these zones are as per table
3.1. See comment against Zone Depth. The Min % is 100 x the ratio between the 3 Day or 28 day or LT Concrete Tensile
Strength and Reinforcement Grade (Typically 500 for HYS). There is very little difference between BS and EC2. The value
appropriate to the time of first cracking for Edge restraint and the latest crack age for End Restraint is used. The 28 day value
should be used unless 3 day cracking is absolutely certain. For Internal Restraint, the 3 Day values are used. These values are
then multiplied by the Stress Distribution Factor kc for As1 / BZ compliance check. For End and Edge Restraint, kc = 1, for
Internal Restraint kc = 0.5 See Crack Section for a fuller explanation.
Design Check Age ( t ) crit %As / BZ
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
If C660 method is used, enter End or Edge or Int (for Internal) restraint. The T1 values and thermal / shrinkage crack width design
will be based on this type of restraint. If C91 method and T1 values are used, enter C91. C660 has been written to be used with
an EC2 based design and C91 should really be used with a BS design but either can be used in this spreadsheet FOR
COMPARATIVE PURPOSES ONLY during the familiarisation process. C91 should not be used with a commercial EC2 design.
However it is permissible (and even advisable) to use C660 with BS designs now. However the large amount of reinforcement
that is required with the End restraint method must be pointed out to and discussed with the client.
C91 or Edge, End, Int (C660)
This is used with the global tightness class in EC2 Pt3 to calculate the allowable crack width based on a ratio between head and
section thickness (H). For designs where this is not relevant enter N/A.
Effective length taking into account end conditions. See cl 5.8.3.2 (2). Max = 2l Min = 0.5l. If bi-axial or slenderness
assessment is not applicable enter N/A. A slender column or strut assessment will only be undertaken if a value is entered here.
Leff notation is used to avoid confusions between codes (BS L = lo, Leff = le, EC2 L = l, Leff = lo). Enter Bi-Ax if a bi-axial
analysis is required. This tells the program to consider the additional moment as a bi-axial moment.
Cont.
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
Thermal & Creep Cont.
Head of Liquid or N/A
It does not matter which you choose. The input is usually Service for a water retaining or excluding structure. Ultimate would
normally be chosen for ordinary design. See Load Factor comment.
EC2 only. Minimum default value for Direct Actions i.e. Forces. The value appropriate to the specified design age (t) is shown.
The normal age for Direct Actions (M & N) is 28 days. These values should then be multiplied by the Stress Distribution Factor kc
for As1 / BZ compliance. The kc value for Direct Actions will vary from a min of 0 for High Compression to 0.4 for No Axial to a
max of 1.0 for High Tension. See Crack Section for a fuller explanation.
Load Factor = Ult / Serv
Input - S=Service U=Ultimate
Design
LOCAL INPUT
INFORMATION
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
3 Day, 28 Day, LT crit %As / BZ
INFORMATION FROM COMMENT BOXES
Thermal reinf bond factor as per C660. This is the ratio of tensile strength / bond strength. EC2 suggests 0.8 where good bond is
achieved and 0.8 / 0.7 i.e. 1.14 if that cannot be guaranteed. C660 uses the higher value. This factor is included to allow
benchmarking against BS8007. You must use 1.14 to comply with CIRIA C660.
C660 Bond Factor fct / fb
Col - Leff or Bi-Ax or N/A
The ratio between factored forces and service forces for the Design Case considered. This allows both Service and Ultimate
Designs to be carried out at the same time. This would be a composite value where there is a mix of Dead and Super Loading. If
the design is not crack critical and the loads are entered in ultimate, a reasonable estimate would be acceptable i.e. 1.5 for offices
and 1.45 for domestic.
Restraint
19
INFO 8 / 16 HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
The restraint after seasonal temp drop which is taken at 28 days. This can be less than the short term value particularly in the
vertical direction for walls where there will be no restraint from previous pours and the whole structure will move together and may
even be in compression all the time. However if the structure is not likely to be complete, R2 should = R1.
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
INFORMATION FROM COMMENT BOXES
End Restrained Length Lr or N/A
This controls the drying shrinkage value. Enter the number of exposed faces followed by the average Relative Humidity % i.e. 1
& 85. If drying only occurs from one face it will be less than if both faces are exposed. If a value of 1 is entered, ho = 2H. The
average %Rh value is used taking into account the conditions on each face. The water retaining face would be at 100% Rh
whereas the other face could be within a building at 60% Rh. The value used would be 80%. The common UK value for external
use is 85% and for a dry internal environment it could be as low as 45%.
The program can calculate the T1 values according to BS8007 & C91 or C660 within 5%. C660 introduces different methods for
calculating T1. These values differ from C91 slightly in respect of walls but more so for slabs where the results are typically 20%
higher.
In order to design to C660 the C660 value must be used. The data from the published charts for Ply and Steel for Cem1, GGBS
and PFA has been entered manually (a lengthy process). The variations in temperature values appears to vary between 220
kg/m3 and 500 kg/m3 in a linear and even manner so the values have been interpolated to create a bespoke single curve
appropriate to the binder mix and formwork and this is displayed as a chart and used to calculate T1. Note, in the case of a slab,
the wall & steel curve has been shifted to reflect the fact that the thickness of the slab is multiplied by 1.3 before calculating the
T1. So the slab thickness appropriate to the wall curve will be thickness / 1.3.
Therefore the user has a choice.
If you want the program to calculate and use the appropriate Ciria values enter Auto.
If you want to have control over T1 and use another program or the Ciria document or program directly, enter the value.
IF H slab > 800 or H wall > 1000 Calculate T1 using CIRIA 660 adiabatic based Spreadsheet.
Curing Temp - Value or Auto
Short Term Restraint - R1
Design Cont.
End Restrained Length Lr or N/A. This will allow the length of the section to be taken into account in calculationg the end restraint
crack width. For an infinite length enter N/A. For Edge and Internal restraints enter N/A.
INFORMATION
The worst case is summer concreting and this must be assumed unless it can be guaranteed otherwise i.e. very short lead in.
The UK drop is usually taken as 20 deg for externally exposed elements and 15 deg for internal or cast against the ground.
Worse conditions can occur in the UK for short periods. The program assumes this drop to occur by 28 days.
Formwork - Grnd, Ply, Steel
Seasonal Temperature Drop
The restraint that exists while the concrete is curing.
This is usually safely taken as a max of 0.5 for full restraint to BS8007 / CIRIA 91 because it includes a creep factor =0.5..
C660 procedure is more sophisticated and reference must be made to C660 however, the same concept is continued but 1.0 =
Maximum for end restraint but see below for edge restraint. C660 then applies a creep factor of typically 0.65.
C660 End Restraint gives high crack width values compared to C91 and since the cracked section crack widths are dependent on
the tensile strength of the concrete, the adjustment of restraints does not make any difference unless the section is uncracked.
TheC660 Edge restraint gives similar values to C91 & BS8007 for similar R x creep values. but note that R will be higher than 0.5
for a thin wall cast against a large foundation if the edge restraint formula is used. i.e Rjoint = 1 / ( 1 +( (New ht x New H)/(Exist
Width x Exist Depth))x(New Ec / Old Ec) )
4.7.2 allows a simpler approach and takes New Ec / Existing Ec to be 0.7 i.e.
For a wall cast against the edge of a slab or For a slab cast against a slab
Rj = 1 / ( 1 + 0.7 x ( New H / Old H) )
For a wall cast remote from the edge of a slab
Rj = 1 / ( 1 + 0.7 x ( New H /2x Old H) ) i.e. the existing slab depth is doubled.
Long Term Restraint - R3
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
Copyright 2009 HAC
T2 / 28 day Restraint - R2
Cont.
The formwork used or if it is cast against ground. This effects the T1 value.
Drying Faces & Relative Humidity %
The Restraint of the completed structure. This the Long Term Restraint that will be present during the drying phase. This can be
different to R1 or R2.
20
INFO 9 / 16
Enter spacing or number of bars. The program will assume that a value less than 50 is the exact number of bars. Exact numbers
are appropriate for beams and columns where the section width is the real width as opposed to an element width from the
analysis of a slab or wall.
The Type of Extra bars.
B1 = Bundled once with the main F1 bars. BE1 = Bundled once with the main F1 & F2 bars.
B2 = Bundled twice with the main F1 bars BE2 = Bundled twice with the main F1 & F2 bars
Lgap = Bars in 3rd Layer (L3) with a gap in mm. L25 means a 25mm gap. Min is (largest bar or 2/3 Agg Size) x 1.1
S1 = Bars placed at mid depth, one each side. Use in Columns to give 8 bars.
>3 = This adds additional longitudinal bars evenly around the perimeter for Torsion Only
Bnr, BEnr, Lgap, S1, >3 =Tors
Cont.
Type - Slab, Beam, Wall, Col
INFORMATION
Face 1 - top, bot, int, ext, any
The type of section will effect the thermal calculation.
The selection of Beam will show a top closer link.
The selection of column will show a link all round and an intermediate cross link if centre bars are specified.
This gives the facility for Extra bars in a third layer L3 or bundled.
Alt bars are entered thus, 20 & 16 (with a gap between the number and &) Min bar size is 10. Or enter 0 if not required.
Bar spacing > 49 or nr < 50
Extra or 1 & 2 for alt bars
The distance from F2 bars to F2 concrete face.
Cover to F2 main bars
See comment for Face 1. A value < 50 will be taken as the exact number.
Depth H
F1 or 1 & 2 for alt bars
Width B
Reinforcement
Face 2 bars. Alt bars are entered thus for example 20 & 16. (With a gap between the number and &).
Min dia used is 10. If not required enter 0.
Bar spacing > 49 or nr < 50
Face 1 is the face that is in Tension due to bending only. It defines the location of bars, cover and results. In the case of slabs it
affects the zone depth and hence the crack width.
F2 or 1 & 2 for alt bars
The overall section width. For a column and beam this would be the exact width on the drawing and the reinf and legs should,
ideally be specified as an exact number (<50). For a slab or a wall, this dimension can be the width used in a grillage analysis
(which may not be 1000) or the output width from Finite Element Analysis or other analysis (which would normally be 1000).
The overall section depth
The distance from F1 bars to F1 concrete face.
Face 1 bars closest to Face 1. If, for example, 25 and 20 dia alternate bars are used they should be entered thus.
25 & 20 i.e. with a gap between the 5 and & and 2. Min dia is 10
Cover to F1 main bars
Section
INFORMATION FROM COMMENT BOXES
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Copyright 2009 HAC
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
21
INFO 10 / 16
Copyright 2009 HAC
INFORMATION
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
(V between xD & 2D) / VED = Vratio
INFORMATION FROM COMMENT BOXES
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Shear or Torsion or Punching Shear
Legs - or nx or 1 & 2
Shear Type
Legs - long or radial start (0.5D)
For Punching Shear Only - Legs2 - EC2 - additional transv nr 48 or centres > 49
Legs - long or radial ctrs (0.75D)
Shear Leg dia. If used in longitudinally bundled pairs enter 2xdia if in 3s enter 3xdia. i.e. no gaps. Min dia is 10. For EC2
Punching Shear there is the option of specifying a smaller dia for the alternate dias for the radial bars. This is relevant if additional
radials are needed to satisfy %As and tangential spacing rules. The first dia 1 is for the main shear resisting legs which must
satisfy the requirements at 2.0D from the support. The other criteria can usually be met by providing intermediate radials of a
smaller dia i.e. 2. The savings can be worthwhile. If only one dia is entered the intermediate radials will be the same dia as the
main radials. For BS enter a single dia which will apply to both failure zone perimeters.
Normal Shear = S. Punching Shear = P and i for internal, e for edge, c for outer corner, r for re-entrant corner. Torsion = T
Leg centres measured in direction away from the support = longitudinal for normal shear or BS punching shear or radial for EC2
punching shear. Sr notation is used for both cases. Ensure spacing is not more than 0.75D. If it is, the value of D in the output
will say < 1.33Sr. For BS Punching shear the centres must be 0.75D to suit the 0.75D outward interval of failure checks.
EC2 - nr of additional radials to satisfy min %As and tangential spacing rules. i.e. as the distance from the support increases the
spacing increases. For BS it is the nr or spacing of the outer failure zone perimeter (can differ from inner perimeter).
For Normal Shear enter Strut Angle in degrees. For EC2 this can be varied between 45 and 21.8 but is usually set at 21.8. It has
no effect in BS analysis but a value of 21.8 is suggested to ease switching to and from EC2 and to assist in the detailed
comparison sheet. A higher value will reduce the EC2 capacity but will reduce the shear shift value (i.e. the tension
reinforcement projection beyond flexure requirements will be less). Therefore for nominal / low shear requirements a higher value
is worth considering. This is not adjustable (by EC2) in Punching shear. Reference to EC2 6.4.1 indicates that a value of 26.6
degrees is inferred in the design. This should be used for assessing spread through the section and column heads. see figs 6.17
and 6.18. The shear shift requirement does not apply to punching shear.. For Punching Shear enter Support Dimension X (L to
R on dwg) dim or circular support Dia in mm.
Punch Y dim, Dia or Leg Angle
For Normal Shear enter the inclination of the vertical legs. This is used by EC2 but ignored in BS. The usual value is 90 but if the
leg is leaned back to the support the value is reduced.. This is not adjustable (within this program) for Punching shear and a value
of 90 is used. For Punching Shear enter Y Dim. If a circular support is used type Dia (not the value but the letters Dia).
xD = Multiples of effective depths from the support to shear check. For Punching Shear, it is generally used to check outward
perimeters. The normal shear default is 2.0 but a higher shear cap value (BS only see below for EC2) can be found if the load is
closer to the support and a lower xD is used. The value is used in punching shear to check the values outwards or inwards from
the control perimeter values (2.0 for EC2 and 1.5 for BS). In both codes the concrete punching shear stress is enhanced within
the control perimeter. Note. EC2 deals with normal shear loads within 2D of the support by reducing the load whereas BS
enhances the capacity. This program enhances the capacity within 2D for BS. For an EC2 design, if an xD value less than 2.0 is
entered, the program uses the Vratio to calculate the Shear between 2D and xD from the support and factors it by a max of 0.5D
/2D (i.e. 0.25) or xD / 2D. This is very useful for corbels and pile caps where Vratio = 1.
Leg Transverse centres or number. For a beam or column or EC2 punching, a number is used. For a slab or BS punching
shear, spacing is used. A value > 50 = centres. For EC2 punching, this is the nr to satisfy STRUCTURAL requirements at 2D
from the support. Note this is the number of Legs i.e. a link has 2 legs. For BS it is nr or spacing of the inner failure zone
Nr of Effective Depths from Support
Longitudinal or radial distance from support to the first leg. For EC2 this is 0.3D to 0.5D. For BS it must be 0.5D.
Legs - transv ctrs 50 or nr < 50
EC2 Only. For xD values less than 2.0. EC2 factors normal shear between 2D & xD by a maximum of 0.25 or xD / 2D. This is
useful for corbels and pilecap design where the ratio will often be 1.0. For punching shear, it allows the program to assess how
much of V is outside 2D so the 2vc at 2D capacity ratio limit can be modified. If not applicable or for BS, enter N/A or 0.
Punch X dim or Strut Angle
Cont.
22
INFO 11 / 16
Shr V or Pun (kN) or Tors T (kNM)
Bi-Ax or Mc1 (kNm) or 0.7 < < 1
The program calculates and applies the appropriate value automatically.
Forces
Results
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
Punch udl w (kN/m) or EC2 Teff
UDL on slab for punching shear. This value x the area within the perimeter being checked is removed from the applied punching
shear load when checking at specified multiples of effective depths from the support. This is particularly useful for a flat slab
supporting a head of water or heavy super loading.
Enter an MEDxx value > 2 and the value is calculated according to BS8110 Cl 3.7.6.2 Equ 25 or EC2 Cl 6.4.3 or Enter Def to
make the program use the Default values according to the location of the columns as per the table on the Main sheet i.e. if Pi is
entered =1.15. or Define a value <= 2.0 yourself or Enter N/A for normal shear or to set = 1
Axial Force N (kN) Tens is neg.
Punch MED Y - Y (kNm) or N/A
Applied Shear, Punching Shear or Torsion Value.
Axial Force acting in centre of section.
The Primary Moment acting about the primary axis causing tension to occur in Face1. A negative value may be entered to
demonstrate which side of the element is face 1. In EC2 Biaxial, this value is adjusted until the Cap is 1.0 about each axis. This
is also the maximum column moment (MC2) in a slender design.
Primary Moment M (kNm)
Column MEDyy Moments. Follow similar procedure to Mxx moments.
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Shear or Torsion or Punching Shear Cont.
The applied ultimate value / the ultimate capacity value for Normal Shear or Punching Shear or Torsion. If the input is in Service
(S) it is automatically converted to Ultimate by the program using the specified load factor. The Capacity is calculated at a
distance of xD (multiple of Effective Depths) from the support. This is particularly relevant for punching shear since the perimeter
and hence concrete capacity will increase as xD increases. Normal shear will usually be checked at 2.0D using the full shear
value. BS allows an enhancement on the normal shear capacity within 2D but EC2 does not (it reduces the value of loads
applied within 2D). See comment about loads within 2.0D for EC2 design in the Effective Depth Multiplier Input box.
Cont.
Shear - Pun / Capacity at xD or Ult (S or P or T) / Capacity at xD
It is also recommended (by the author) that the capacity factor against failure at the column head for BS designs based on 40
N/mm2 or higher should not exceed 0.90. This is because for BS designs the maximum cube strength that can be used for shear
is 40 N/mm2, so if your design is based on 40 N/mm2 you will not be able to use evidence of higher strength on site to improve
the situation if you find the design requires any more capacity. This does not come up as an alert.
Note also, that in EC2 punching shear with leg reinforcement, 75% of the concrete without legs resistance is included in
assessing the capacity. This is different to normal shear where no contribution is allowed once legs are added.
For Punching Shear, the capacity is also calculated on the perimeter at the face of the support (Uo) based on the maximum shear
stress values displayed in the global output (approx 5 N/mm2 depending on concrete grade). The displayed capacity factor will
be based on the minimum of the capacity at Uo or the chosen perimeter, usually U1 (2.0D for EC2 and 1.5D for BS). As a further
guide, the output will display Uo Fail if the capacity exceeds 1.0 due to failure at the column head. This is done because this type
of failure is catastrophic and also it enables the user to find this value by increasing the shear value until this message appears.
Also, if the section fails because of this, no amount of extra reinforcement will help and the slab thickness needs to be increased
or a column head is needed or a larger support is needed. This situation can occur with small section driven piles. Also note,
EC2 uses the circumference of a circular support as opposed to the enclosing square. The drop in capacity can be seen by
switching between Dia and a Y dim value = X dim value.
INFORMATION FROM COMMENT BOXES
Punch MED X - X (kNm) or N/A
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
INFORMATION
If N/A is entered for Leff (effective length) and N = 0 and a value > 0.7 or < 1 is entered here it is assumed to be a redistribution
factor. If the section is subjected to axial forces (tension or compression), leave blank to ensure the centre line equilibrium
method is used. If a value is entered for Leff, the value here will be taken as the lesser end moment value for slender design
(MC1). If Bi-Ax is entered for Leff, the value here will be Bi-Axial. If not required leave blank.
Bi-Axial, Slender Col MC1 or Redistribution
23
INFO 12 / 16
Ult (Axial & Moment) / Capacity
The applied ultimate moment / ultimate moment capacity ( Mx / Mu) assuming the ultimate capacity ratio of N to M is the same as
the applied ratio. It is fully appreciated that a different factor may be found if either N or M are increased separately but as the
ratio becomes closer to 1 this is less relevant. This is the only practical way the factor can be displayed in one cell.
Serv F2 Crack Width or Info
Face 1 crack width due to applied service forces. If the forces are entered as ultimate the service analysis is based on Forces /
Load Factor. For both codes W = Crack Spacing x Strain (after deducting conc in tension stiffening) See detailed sheet. If the
service reinforcement stress exceeds the maximum alowable (= k3 Fyk), the stress will be displayed (-ve = tension) instead.
Serv F1 Crack Width or Info
This method uses the principle that all of the key points where the reinforcement stress is locked (because the strain x Es value is
beyond Fsmax) at either max compressive or max tension stress values can be defined by the anticlockwise increasing angle
made between the N - M ratio line and the Origin (M = 0 and N= 0). This is called the Polar Angle and this is 0 when N =0 and M
= Neg and 90 when N = Neg and M = 0 and 180 when N = 0 and M = positive etc. These points can be seen clearly in colour on
the large scale N - M diagram. If the large scale Ult Stress and N - M diagrams are viewed and examined together, the
procedure is quite clear.
Where a slender column or strut analysis is performed. The program automatically calculates the moment at mid point including
2nd order effects. This value is displayed in the output so the user can see the effect and re-use the value in a bi-axial analysis if
required. The capacity ratio is based on the maximum of that value or the original maximum end value. The charts update if
required by shifting the ratio line to suit the revised moment.
The ratio of N / M is defined by the input so the Polar angle is therefore easily calculated by the program. The program calculates
the Polar angle for all of the key stress lock points as well as the rebar start and finish points (to calculate displaced concrete
adjustment). The program is therefore able to compare the applied N/M angle with these pre-defined angles and assess whether
the reinforcement stress is locked or relates to the strain diagram in order to fix the variables in the master cubic equation. The
program then solves the cubic equation using complex number theory. It filters the three results to display and use the correct
value.
Where redistribution is used, i.e. 0.7 1 with Axial (N) = 0, the value of Mu used is the lesser of the compression capacity
(Mc) or Tension Capacity (Mt). If the balanced value of X (Xo) < maximum value of X (Xu), Xo is used and Mc = Mt. Since Xo
self adjusts to ensure equilibrium about the centre line and no out of balance axial force, Fc = -Ft. Therefore, Mc = Fc x lever arm
= Mt = Ft x lever arm. Therefore it is not possible for Mc > Mt unless Xo is locked when D - ( 0.5X ) > 0.95D or X < 0.1D/.
Where is typically 0.9 for BS designs and 0.8 (if fck < 50 N/mm) for EC2. This gives X < 0.111D for BS and X < 0.125D for
EC2.
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Values
The transverse spacing / D.
Fs1 & Fs2 Stresses in N/mm
S transverse / D
Results Cont.
This involves projecting the N - M line until it strikes the N - M capacity curve. It is similar in concept to the Unity Value method
used in steelwork design. It enables compliance to be demonstrated without a diagram (although a diagram is available to the
user as the data is entered).
INFORMATION
This will display the service elastic value if Service i.e. S is selected as the Input type. It will display a negative value in high
tension cases where the value of X is beyond Face 2
When redistribution is specified by inserting a value <1.0 & >0.7, W2 crack widths are not relevant and this cell is used to advise
the designer if the Moment Capacity is controlled by failure in Tension or Compression. If Mt > Mc the section could fail in
compression first which is not advisable as the failure will be sudden. It could also indicate more tension reinforcement than is
required. See detailed sheet. If a slender column analysis is performed by entering a numerical value in the Leff cell and if the
column is slender, SLEN will be displayed in this cell. If the service concrete compressive stress excedes the Design Value (k
Fck), the value will be displayed in blue. If it exceedes the maximum value (k1 Fck) the value will be displayed in red.
X - serv or ult (depends on input)
The reinforcement stress in As1 and As2 which relates to the Input type (Ultimate or Service)
Cont.
Sp/(Dx20xStr Sys)
Max Span / Eff Depth Ratio Factor (As BS8110) for fck and reinforcement %. For EC2, It can be converted to the appropriate
span type by multiplying by 20 (the simply supported value) and by K (Appropriate Default Structural System Value).
INFORMATION FROM COMMENT BOXES
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
Copyright 2009 HAC
24
INFO 13 / 16
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP INFORMATION
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
INFORMATION FROM COMMENT BOXES
Punching Shear Only. EC2 Design Only. The Number Effective Depths from the Support Face to the outermost radial leg. This
must be within 1.5D of the point where the section is adequate without legs (Dout)
AsL% at Dro
Punching Shear Only. EC2 Only. The number of Effective Depths from the face of the support to the inner (start) point of the
additional / intermediate radials. Additional radials are often required to satisfy min %As or spacing rules so they will not normally
be required from the start.
Punching Shear Only EC2 Design Only
%AsL check at the inner point of the additional radials or at the start point if they all go to the start point. The Area of a leg /
(Tangential Spacing x Radial Spacing) This is based on the main radials only even though the additional radials will be present
and must be > min value so that it demonstrates that the next ring inwards will comply without the additional radials. This criteria
also determines the need and extent of additional radials.
Punching Shear Only. The nr of Effective Depths to Uout, where the concrete is alone is adequate for shear.
Values Cont.
St / D at Dro
Punching Shear Only. EC2 %AsL check at outer perimeter of radials. The Area of a leg / (Tangential Spacing x Radial Spacing)
must be = > min value. This criteria also determines the need and extent of additional radials.
BS %AsL check on a typical leg perimeter
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
Punching Shear Only. EC2 St / D check at outer perimeter of radials. St / D = The Tangential Spacing / Effective Depth value.
This must be <= 2D outside 2D from support and it is this value that often determines the need for the intermediate radials. BS
St / D check on a typical perimeter
% As1 Reinf / BH
0.01 x ( Area of F1 and ( F1+ or 50% of Column Side Bars) ) / Full Cross Section Area
Cont.
Punching Shear Only. The shear perimeter length according to the entered xD value which is usually 2.0
xD at Dro
AsL% at Dria
xD at Dria
xD at Uout
Displays the Global minimum value unless factors such as top cover, bar spacing and use of lower steel or concrete stresses
require a greater value. If the Thermal Reinforcement is equal to the critical ratio, the lap length will be 1.4 x code minimum which
could also exceed the Global value. See display settings in Global Input Data.
Perim at xD
%AsLegs / BSr
, EC2 Bi (Mb/Mr) or Med
Punching Shear Only EC2 Design Only
St / D Check at the inner start point for additional radials or the main radials start point if there are no intermediates. St / D = The
Tangential Spacing / Effective Depth value at the entered xD distance from support. This must be <= 1D outside 2D from support
and <= 0.75 D inside 2D from support and it is this value that often determines the need for the intermediate radials. These
values are based on the main radials in order to demonstrate compliance.
Lap Length x dia
EC2 Only For Normal Shear, the moment envelope is shifted by this distance to increase the length of the tension reinforcement
bars. In effect it increases the anchorage length. Increasing the strut angle will reduce this distance. See Shear.
EC2 Shear Shift
St / D at Dria
EC2 ONLY Min Shear Angle allowing for tension (will be 33.7 for pure tension). Cell will display a red alert if angle is greater
than the input angle or (Bi-Axial Moment / Moment of Resistance in Primary Direction when combined with Axial Load). a is a
coefficient or slender column mid span design moment including 2nd order effects.
Used in normal shear to check minimum AsL% on plan.
25
INFO 14 / 16
INFORMATION
Values Cont.
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
EC2 The basic crit% is multiplied by kc.
kc is the factor that varies between 0 for high compression and 0.4 for pure flexure or flexure and axial to 1.0 for pure tension.
c is negative for tension and positive for compression
If c is in tension kc = 0.4 ( 1 - c / (2/3)(fcteff) ) <= 1.0
If c is in compression kc = 0.4 ( 1 - c / (1.5)(H / H*)( fcteff) ) <= 1.0
H* = Min of 1000mm or H
BS N / A is dsiplayed.
Wk1 Strain Factor - Due to M & N
The top part of ground slabs thicker than 250mm exhibit poor bond. The bond strength is then multiplied x 0.7.
EC2 Bond Condition
Min Direct Action % As1 B Z
This is based on the requirements of EC2 part 3 which takes into account tightness class, head of liquid and section depth H.
This program considers Class 2 is satisfied by a maximum 0.05mm crack width (as opposed to a zero width) reducing to
0.025mm at a head ratio of 35 or more. (See CIRIA C660). The user and client must be satisfied with this approach.
Equiv or Avg Effective Depth
BS Strain Factor = 1 / (1+2(acr-Cover) / (H - X) )
EC2 Strain Factor k2 (Only use Absolute Tensile Strain Values) = (Max Strain - Min Strain or Zero) / (2 x Max Strain). If X >=H,
this value is Zero as crack width calculation is irrelevant. Cracking due to pure bending or 0 < X < H gives k2 = 0.5 and pure
tension gives k2 = 1.
This includes all of the reinf in the Face 1 half of the section. It includes 50% of any column middle side bars.
EC2 Max Full Thickness Crack
Data
Values
Program calculates the appropriate values according to the column moments MED. If no values ar entered for MED X - X and MED
Y - Y the code defaults for nearly equal spans are used. The program multiplies the input VED x .
Reinf Area of F1 & Extra (mm)
This is the equivalent value taking into account bars in the third layer. This is used in shear effective depth multiples and Span /
Effective Depth calculations. It will equal D1 if no Layered or Side bars are specified.
For Punching Shear the reinforcement and cover is adjusted to reflect the average for each direction. This will cause the crack
width for the section analysis to be different to the value when calculated individually.
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
INFORMATION FROM COMMENT BOXES
Cont.
26
INFO 15 / 16
INFORMATION FROM COMMENT BOXES
The Concrete Curing Temperature. This depends on the binder mix, formwork and Section Type.
This program automatically calculates T1 to C91 and C660. C660 gives higher values than C991 and BS8007 in many cases.
Influenced by Relative humidity and binder content. Based on the Equation in EC2 Annex B2
Rel humidity Factor RH = 1.55 x ( 1- ( RH / Rho)) RH = Rel Humidity Rho = 100
Basic Unrestrained Microstrain = cd,o = 0.85 x ( ( 220 + 110 x ds1) x Exp( -ds2 x fcm / fcmo) ) x RH
Final Drying Shrinkage microstrain after t days = cd(t) = ds(t,ts) x kh x cd,0
If t is taken as Design Life in days, t = Design Life L in yrs x 365 and ts is taken as 0 say
(t,ts) = (365L -ts) / ( (365L - ts) + 0.4 x ( (ho)^1.5 ) ) = t / (t + 0.4 x ( ( ho )^1.5 ) )
Therefore (t,ts) = 365L / (365L + 0.4 x ( ( ho) ^1.5) ). The published values in C660 and EC2 relate to 70 yrs
ho = H if both sides are open to the atmosphere or 2h if only one surface is i.e. if cast against the ground or buried.
Note that the max value of ho is 500mm and increasing ho reduces the drying strain (as one would expect).
kh depends on ho and the values are below. The program interpolates between the values.
ho kh
>= 500mm 0.7
400mm 0.71
300mm 0.75
200mm 0.85
100mm 1.00
< 100mm 1.00
Thermal Reinforcement Zone Depth Z. C660 and EC2 consider this differently to C91 & BS8007.
This is the depth used to calculate Min As for all methods.
For C660, this is based on Table 3.1
z = HAC Tension factor = 0.5 for End and Edge and N & M or 0.2 for Internal
For End and Edge Restraints and N & M
Z = ( k = (1.0 for h <= 300 & 0.75 for h>= 800 & interpolated between)) x (z = 0.5) x H
For Internal Restraint
Z = (k = 1) x (z = 0.2) x H
Thermal & Drying & Creep
Curing Temperature Drop
Cont.
Zone Depth
Drying Shrinkage Strain
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP INFORMATION
27
INFO 16 / 16
One solution is to try and avoid cracks altogether - See Restraints Sheet.
Copyright HAC 2008
These values are used in EC2 slender column analysis so it is particularly useful to have this information to hand.
The value is influenced by:-
time of loading (to in days) - Early loading makes it worse. Time of assessment (t in days) - taken as life of the structure
Relative humidity - high humidity makes it better. The depth of the element - deeper is better
No of surfaces exposed - one is better than 2. The concrete strength - stronger concrete reduces the value
The type of cement S or R or N (which is normally specified)
the average curing temperature - assumed to be 20 deg - a lower temperature increases the value.
Since all of these parameters are within the spreadsheet it is possible to display this value which is immensely valuable because it
affects the value of Eeff that must be used in calculating long term deflection. This allows the value to be calculated with a degree
of confidence. The values agree closely with the results from fig 3.1 provided one uses the correct ho value. If the drying is only
from one face ho = 2H otherwise ho = H. Therefore if the creep related deformation (or strain) due to sustained load = 1.5 x
stress / Ec and the basic deformation due to load is stress / Ec. Total deformation = strain = 2.5 x stress / Ec. Therefore stress /
strain = Ec / 2.5 i.e. Ec / (1 + Creep Coeff). It would appear that Ec / 2.5 is a good starting point.
The displayed values include any adjustment (increase) due to non linear effects caused by high service compressive stress.
This is the creep due to constant loading which has the effect of reducing the effective Young's Modulus in concrete in the same
way as the Creep Coefficient is used in the flexural crack analysis MR factor. Eeff = Ec28 / (1 + Creep Coeff). Ref EC2 3.14 and
Annexe B
Copyright 2009 HAC
For a 300 slab with 16 dia bars at 175 ctrs and MR = 12.2 say (for CR = 1) and fctm = 2.9 N/mm
For B = 1000mm and Z = 150mm and As =1149mm
= (1.45 x 12.2 / 200000) ( 1 + ( 150000 / (12.2 x 1149) )
= (88.5 / 1000000) ( 1 + 10.7) = 1035 Microstrain
If Mr is based on 6.1 i.e. no creep allowed for
= (44.25 / 1000000)(1 +21.4) = 991 microstrain
Therefore doubling the value of MR to match the value used in flexural crack width analysis increases the strain by approx 5%.
Therefore strain is reduced by a lower value of fcm
EC2 Loaded Creep Coefficient
Thermal & Drying & Creep Cont.
If the drying shrinkage, restraints and temperature drop can be controlled it may be possible to keep the restrained strain within
the strain capacity. This is a risky approach however because the margin for error is not very great and it only needs a small
variation from the assumed parameters to push it over the limit and cause huge cracks. The spreadsheet can demonstrate this
by displaying the restrained strain if it is less than the capacity. Increasing restraint will increase the strain to the point where it
exceeds the capacity and then the crack width is displayed.
fctm = 3 or 28 day ult tensile strength Es = Steel modulus = 200 kN/mm
e = Modular Ratio = MR = Es / (Ec / (1 + creep ratio)) Act = B x 0.5H
Strain = ( 0.5 e Kc k fctm / Es ) ( 1 + (1 / (e (As1 / Act ) ) ) )
= ( 0.5 e Kc k fctm / Es ) ( 1 + (Act / (e As1) ) )
0.01 x Area of F1 + L3 / Zone Depth x Section Width
% As1 / BZ
Therefore spacing is reduced by:- Smaller bars at closer centres, Less cover, Good bond
End restraint Strain as per Equ 3.16 of C660. This is determined by the tensile strength of the concrete.
Ref Table 3.1 Kc = 1.0 for End restraint
k = 1.0 for h <= 300 and 0.75 for h >= 800 and interpolated in between
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
F1 Crack Width or Uncracked
INFORMATION
Crack Width = Crack Spacing x Strain
End Restraint Crack spacing as per Equ 3.13 of C660
k1 = EC2 value is 0.8 but this is increased to 0.8 / 0.7 i.e. 1.14 to take into account less than perfect bond.
3.4 x cover + 0.425 k1 Dia / (As1 / (B (2.5 x (cover + Dia/2 ) ) ) )
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
INFORMATION FROM COMMENT BOXES
Face 1 thermal and shrinkage crack width. C660 gives similar results to C91 if the restraint type is set to Edge and similar
restraint factors are used as the methods of calculating spacing and strain are broadly similar. Note how cover effects the C660
results. C660 End restraint strain calculation is based on the EC2 service forces crack width method and gives large cracks
compared to C91 when the section is cracked which will be the norm unless the restraint factor is very low (slab cast on a sliding
membrane on a power floated blinding and no restraining end walls etc).
28
BASICS 1
ITEM BS8110 & BS8007 EC2
Actions - Dead Permanent
Variation in Time Super Variable Qk,i Super, Snow, Wind, Thermal, Surch
Abnormal Accidental Ak Explosions, Fire, Impact, Overload
Actions - N / A Origin Direct or Indirect
Other Criteria Spatial Variation Fixed or Free
Nature & Response Nature & Static or Dynamic
Variable Factors N / A Representative Characteristic 1 Liquids
Factors Combination o 1
Cl 1.5.3 Frequent 1 0.9
Quasi Permanent 2 0.8
Ultimate Generally Tables NA A1.2(A) & (B) Fundamental Accidental
Combinations & PSFs Dead Stability Unfav 1.50 Permanent G,j Equ Unfav 1.10 1.00
Fav 0.90 Fav 0.90 1.00
Other Unfav 1.40 Str Unfav 1.35 1.00
Fav 1.00 Fav 1.00 1.00
Super Unfav 1.60 Variables Q,i Lead 1.5 1.00
Abnormal 1.10 Accompanying Main o11.5 1.00
Accompanying Other oi 1.5 1.00
Serviceability Serv 1.0 Dead + 1.0 Super Table A1.4
Combinations or worse combinations Unfav Fav Lead Others
Characteristic Gkjsup Gkjinf Qk1 oiQki
Frequent Gkjsup Gkjinf 11Qk1 2iQki
Quasi Permanent Gkjsup Gkjinf 21Qk1 2iQki
Concrete Specification Based on 28 Day Cube Fcu Based on 28 Day Cylinder Fck
Ultimate Design Stress Block 0.9X Stress Block 0.8X
Hinges about X = 0 throughout If X > H, Stress Block Hinges about X = 0.5H
Crack Width Limits No Head (ho) / H Limits At ho/H = 35, Wk = 0.05mm to at ho/H = 5, Wk = 0.2mm
General Use 0.3 - 0.4mm Class 0 0.3mm to 0.4mm according to exposure
Water Retaining 0.2mm Class 1 Wk if X < 50mm or 0.2H else 0.3mm
Appearance 0.1mm Class 2 0mm if X < 50mm or 0.2H else Wk
Special 0mm Class 3 0mm
Crack Width Design W>=0.1mm tens = 0 to 2/3 N/mm Tens = 0.4 Fctm = 1.16 N /mm2 at 28D for Fck = 30 N/mm
W<=0.1mm tens= 0 to 1.0 N/mm Rectangular Tension Block Teff wide
No Limit on Tension Stiffening Tens Stiffening Strain Limited to 0.4 Fs / Es
Strain calculated at Face Strain calculated at Reinf
Spacing relates to cover and ctrs Spacing = 3.4 x Cov + Constants x Dia / (As / Ateff)
Shear - Normal 45 Strut and Tie Method Variable Angle ( = 21.8 to 45) Strut & Tie Method
Can use conc cap with reinf Cannot use conc cap with reinf cap
Can increase cap if X < 2.0D Can only reduce values on loads within 2D
No Shear Shift Shear Shift extends tension bar anchorage length
Shear - Punching Tested at 1.5D Tested at 2.0D. Revised Factors
Orthogonal System Radial System with Infill radials as required
Uses Conc Cap with Reinf Cap Uses 75% Conc with 75% Reinf based on 26.6 deg
Rectangular Perimeter Perimeter is circular at corners
Flat Slab Moments Column Strip -75% & +55% Column Strip -60% to -80% & +50% to +70%
Middle Strip -25% & +45% Middle Strip -20% to -40% & +30% to +50%
67% of Supp At in 0.125 panel 50% of Supp At to be in 0.125 panel over support.
Shrinkage Edge Restraint Method End, Edge Internal (End crack relates to tens strength)
T1 Curing & T2 Seasonal T1 Curing, T2 Seasonal, Autogenous & Drying
Min T1 values No minimum T1 values
Uses Ciria 91 Uses Ciria C660
Single Restraint R R1, R2 and R3 Restraint Factors
0.5 Creep incl in Restraints 0.65 creep factor separate from Restraint values
Permanent Gd Variable Qd
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
BASICS
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Gkj, Gk,inf, Gksup SW, Water & Earth
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
29
BASICS 2
The Design Of Liquid Retaining Structures To EC2
Basics
The structures considered are of reinforced concrete and must hold or exclude water.
Concrete has a tensile strength capacity of approximately 1 / 10 of its compressive strength.
Concrete will normally crack in tension under Actions due to loading and or restrained shrinkage.
Cracks must be of a small enough width so they will self heal.
The categories of actions and combinations and partial safety factors are within EC0.
Values of actions are specified within EC1.
Element design is controlled by EC2 - 1 & EC2 - 3 & CIRIA C660.
Forces Actions Analysis
Structures must be designed for any possible combination of internal or external load Actions.
External loads cannot be used to assist in resisting internal loads and vice versa.
Some simple structures can be analysed using charts and tables based on the theory of plates.
Larger structures are best analaysed by computer using grillage or Finite Element techniques.
The output results will include Shear or Punching Shear and combined Axial and Bending.
Shrinkage Actions Analysis
Concrete shrinks due to curing and seasonal temperature drops, autogenous curing and drying.
If the free shrinkage strain is restrained sufficiently the concrete will crack.
Edge Restraint is along an edge of the element such as a slab restraining the base of a wall.
End Restraint is where the element is restrained at the ends or along its length by piles or friction.
Accurate assessment of End Restraint is complex and may require a computer analysis.
The design rules are within EC2 - 3 with further guidance provided by CIRIA C660.
Autogenous Healing
Cracks can self heal due to calcium hydroxide being conveted to calcium carbonate (limestone).
Too much flow will flush through the deposits. Not enough flow will not create enough deposits.
Cracks of 0.3mm can self heal within a few weeks but will leave an unsightly residue.
Cracks of 0.2mm can self heal in days and will be noticeable but less so than the 0.3mm cracks.
Cracks less than 0.1mm will self heal almost immediately and may not be noticed.
Reinforcement Requirements
Reinforcement is required to resist ultimate forces in the same manner as normal structures.
It must also limit crack widths due to crack inducing strain from loads or restrained shrinkage.
Crack width = Crack Spacing x Crack Inducing Strain.
The procedures for compliance are complex and the use of a spreadsheet and tables is worthwhile.
Relevant Eurocodes and UK National Annexes
BS EN 1990:2002 Eurocode 0. (EC0) Basis of structural design
+ A1:2005 UK National Annex to BS EN 1990:2002 + A1:2005
BS EN 1991-1-1:2002 Eurocode 1. (EC1 - 1) Actions on Structures
Part 1-1: General actions - Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings
UK National Annex to BS EN 1991-1-1-2002
BS EN 1991-4:2006 Eurocode 1. (EC1 - 4) Actions on structures.
Part 4: Silos and tanks
UK National Annex to BS EN 1991-4-2006
BS EN 1991-5:2006 Eurocode 1. (EC1 - 5) Actions on structures.
Part 5: Thermal Actions
UK National Annex to BS EN 1991-5-2006
BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 Eurocode 2. (EC2 - 1) Design of concrete structures.
Part 1 - 1: General rules and rules for buildings
UK National Annex to BS EN 1992-1-1-2004
BS EN 1992-3-2006 Eurocode 2. (EC2 - 3) Design of concrete structures.
Part 3: Liquid retaining and containing structures
UK National Annex to BS EN 1992-3-2006
Non Contradictory Supporting Document
CIRIA Report C660 Early-age thermal crack control in concrete - published 2007
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
BASICS Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
30
CRACK 1
Service Crack Width Analysis See Sheet 3 For Criteria and Width Limits C 30 / 37
BS Crack Calculation & Creep Coefficient (CC) EC2 Crack Calculation
W = Crack Spacing x (Basic Strain - Conc Stiffening Strain) W = Crack Spacing x (Basic Strain - Conc Stiffening & Mean Strains)
3 acr / (1 + ( 2 x (acr - cov) / (H - X) ) ) x ((k3 * Cov) + (k1 * k2 * k4 * / p,eff)) x
( (Fs1 x R / Es) - (Fct x 0.5 x B x (H - X) x R / As1) / Es) ) ( (Fs1 / Es) - (((Kt * fct,eff / p.eff) / Es) + (Kt * fct,eff * MR / Es)))
Strains are calculated at surface of Face 1 Strains are calculated at the centre of As1
R = (H - X)/(d1 - X) converts strain at As1 to strain at Face 1 Ref UK Nat Annex k3 = 3.4 k4 = 0.425
acr = ((Cov + /2) + (Ctrs/2)) - /2 B = Section Width k1 = Bond Factor. Good = 0.8, Poor = 1.14 k1 = 0.80
Auto CC due to age & exposure 1.523 CC Specified 1.50 Strain Factor k2 (below) k2 = 0.50 = 32.0
Strain Factor (below) = 0.868 CC Used 1.500 kt = 0.4 Long Term or 0.6 Short Term. kt = 0.4
Fct = 1 N/mm for W =0.1mm or 2/3 N/mm for w = 0.2mm Conc in tension fct,eff = fctm,(t crack) = 2.90 N/mm
Es = N/mm Ec = 27.4 N/mm Es = N/mm Ec = 32.8 kN/mm
MR = Es / (Ec / (1 + CC)) = 18.25 MR = Es / (Ec / (1 + CC)) = 15.23
Load at
28
Days
Creep
Age
60
Yrs
Crack
W at
28
Days
H B F1 1 Sp, nr Cov Exp 2 Sp, nr Cov E Fact Diag L or S CC Ns Ms K1
600 1000 int 32 150 60 1 & 85 25 150 60 EC2 L 1.50 -137 296 0.80
Basic Strain BS W1 = 0.158 mm Basic Strain
EC2
W1 = 0.147 mm
Neutral Axis Dist from Face 2 to Face 1 X = 195
mm
Neutral Axis Dist from Face 2 to Face 1 X = 185
mm
Reinforcement Stress Fs1 -134 N/mm Reinforcement Stress Fs1 -133 N/mm
Strain at Reinf Due to Forces s = Fs1 / Es -669 Strain at Reinf Due to Forces s = Fs1 / Es -666
Stiffening Strain 2 Stiffening Strain (c) & Mean Conc Strain (cm)
Effective Depth to As1 = d1 524 mm Kt x fct,eff = Kt x Fctm(t = time at crack) 1.159 N/mm
fct at Face 1 -0.67 N/mm A = (H - X) / 3 138 mm
fct at Face 2 or X = Min(0 or - fct1 X / (H - X)) 0.00 N/mm B = 2.5 x ( Cov + Dia / 2 ) 190 mm
Fct = 0.5B(fct1+fct2)(H - Max(X or 0)) -135 kN C = H / 2 300 mm
Fct1 = Fct Fs1 As1 / (Fs3s1 + Fs3As3 + Fs2As2) -135 kN T,eff = Min of A, B or C 138 mm
Fct3 = Fct Fs3 As3 / (Fs3s1 + Fs3As3 + Fs2As2) 0 kN p,eff = As1 / (Aceff = B x T,eff) 0.039
Fct2 = Fct Fs2 As2 / (Fs3s1 + Fs3As3 + Fs2As2) 0 kN
Stiffening c = ( kt x fctm,t / ( p,eff ) ) / Es
-149
Stiffening Strain at As1 = Fct1 / As1/ Es -126
Mean Conc Strain cm = kt x fctm,t x MR / Es
-88
Stiffening Strain at Face 1 Surface = 2,F1 -155
Stiffening & Mean Conc Strain = c + cm
-238
Average Strain m Average Strain m
Strain 1,F1 = s (H - X) / (d1 -X)
-824
Average (m) = Mean (sm = s - c) - cm
-428
Strain 1,F2 = Min of:- 0 or - s X / (d1 - X)
0
F1 Limiting Strain = 0.6 * s
-400
Average Strain at Face 1 m = 1,F1 - 2,F1 -669
F1 m = Min of (sm - cm) & (0.6 * s)
-428
Crack Spacing Smax Crack Spacing Srmax
acr = ((((Cover+/2)^2+(ctrs/2)^2)^0.5)-/2) 91 mm
Strain 1 = s (H - X) / (d1 -X) -815
1 + 2(acr -Cover) / (H - X) 1.152
Strain 2 = Min of:- 0 or - s X / (d1 - X)
0
Strain Factor = 1 / (1+2(acr-Cover) / (H - X) ) 0.868
Strain Factor K2 = (1 + 2) / (21)
0.500
3acr = Pure Tension Smax where Fs1 = Fs2 272 mm K1 * K2 * 0.425 * / p,eff 140 mm
Smax=3acr / (1+2(acr-cmin) / (H - X) ) 236 mm Sr,max = 3.4*Cov + K1*K2*0.425*/p,eff 344 mm
Crack Width W1 Crack Width W1
F1 Crack Width = - m x Smax 0.158 mm F1 Crack Width = - m x Sr,max 0.147 mm
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HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
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200000 200000
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
CRACK WIDTH CALCULATIONS
Crack Diagram
Reinf Uncracked Strain Cracked Strain Crack Sr = 344 mm W = 0.147 mm
Cross Section Serv Reinf & 100xConc in Tension Stress
-200
-100
0
100
Reinf EC2 BS Axis Stress
31
CRACK 2
Calculation of Minimum Face 1 Reinforcement to Control Cracking
Criteria Guidance
Reinf Stress s must <= fyk when new cracks form Generally Full crack pattern forms at first cracking and
s = Conc Strength at Cracking x kc k Act / As1 later greater strain increases crack widths
Concrete Strength will be greater for cracks at later age End Restr Cracks are formed individually. If later strain >
Stronger Concrete requires greater % As1 at cracking conc cap, a new crack will form with a higher s
Strength Age used for Min % As1 (3D or 28D or LT) for:- Forces At First Cracking Normally at 28 Days
Note. Min Restraint Age is specified on MAIN sheet Int Restr At First Cracking Always at 3 Days
Edge = 3D Edge Restr At First Cracking Calculate but >= Min Age
End = 28D End Restr At Latest Crack Calculate but >= Min Age
Reduction factor (k) if H > 300mm (for Int Restr k = 1) k varies from 1.0 at H 300 to 0.75 at H 800
Depth of Tension Zone Factor (z), (See C660 Table 3.1) z = 0.5 except for Int Restraint where z = 0.2
The effective area of concrete in the tensile zone (Act) Act = Z B, where Z = k z H ( = 0.2H for Int Restr )
Stress Distribution Factor kc For Shrinkage Restraint For Edge and End = 1.0, For Internal = 0.5
Stress Distribution Factor kc For Forces kc = 0 (High Comp), 0.4 (N = 0), 1.0 (High Tens)
The Mean Concrete Axial Stress (c = N / BH), ( -ve in Tens) Value and if in Tension or Compression
Adjustment of fct,eff factor ( k1 (h / h*) ) for Tens or Comp k1 (h / h*) = 2/3 (Tens) or 1.5 (h / h*) (Comp)
( h / h* ) values if Axial Force is Compressive h = H and h* = Min of H or 1000mm
Procedure Ref EC2 Cl 7.3.2 and CIRIA C660 Section 3.3.1 incl Table 3.1
Asmin s = kc k ct fct,eff Act crit% is the default unadjusted Asmin% = 100 x fctm,t / fyk
fct,eff = fctm at time t in days s = fyk = 500 N/mm = kc k fctm,t Act / Asmin
A Surface Zone Depth Factor (z) is introduced where z = 0.5 generally except for Internal Restraint where z = 0.2.
As is taken as Face 1 Reinforcement (As1) and Act = Z x B, where Z = k z H . For Internal Restraint k = 1 so Z = 0.2H
Equation is re-arranged to read in % terms As1min = %(fctm,t / fyk) x kc x Z x B / 100
For fck = 30 N/mm fctm 3Day = 1.733 N/mm fctm 28Day = 2.896 N/mm
crit % = 100 x fctm,t / fyk 3Day = 0.347 % 28Day = 0.579 %
Section Depth Reduction Factor k BS Method uses a k value appropriate to BS8007 Zone Depth
If H <= 300, k = 1 or If H >= 800, k = 0.75 else, k = 0.75 + ( 0.25 x ( 800 - H ) / 500 ) For Internal Restraint, k = 1.0
Stress Distribution Factor kc BS Method Uses 1.0 for Shrinkage and is N/A for Forces
Shrinkage For End and Edge Restraint, kc = 1.0. For Internal Restraint kc = 0.5.
Forces A Forces Zone Adjustment factor (n) is introduced to allow the use of the Shrinkage Z value in all cases
n = (Forces Z / Shrinkage Z) = 1 generally, except for Internal Restraint where n = 2.5 k (forces)
Axial Force is 0 or Tensile n kc = n x 0.4 x (1 - (c / ( (2/3) ( fct,eff ) ) ) )
Axial Force is Compressive n kc = n x 0.4 x (1 - (c / ( (1.5) (h / h*) ( fct,eff ) ) ) ) h = H & h* = Min 1000 or H
Example
H = 600 mm B = 1000 mm N = -137 kN BS or EC2 EC2
Shrinkage Restraint Edge k = 0.850 z = 0.500 k z = 0.425
Age 3 Days fct,eff 1.73 N/mm crit % 0.347 kc = 1.000 Z = k z H = 255 mm
%As1min = kc x crit% = 1.000 x 0.347 = 0.347 % As1 req = %As1min x BZ / 100 = 884 mm
Forces at 28 Days c = -0.23 N/mm k = 0.850 z = 0.500 n = 1.000
crit % = 0.579 fct,eff 2.90 N/mm c/fct,eff = -0.08 kc = 0.447 n kc = 0.447
%As1min = n kc x crit% = 0.447 x 0.579 = 0.259 % As1 req = %As1min x BZ / 100 = 661 mm
As1 provided must be >= the larger value whilst also checking against :- 0.151 % x B x d1 = 789 mm
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Copyright 2009 HAC
CRACK WIDTH CALCULATIONS Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
32
CRACK 3
EC2 Maximum Leakage Criteria Ref BS EN - 3 - 2006 Clause 7.3
Class Acceptable Leakage Criteria to be Met
0 Some degree of leakage Adopt the provisions of 7.3.1 of EN 1992 - 1 - 1
acceptable or not relevant. Note that widths are affected by exposure class.
1 Limited to a small amount. Full thickness cracks must be <= wk1 or
Some surface staining If X >= 50mm or 0.2H based on a quasi permanent
or damp patches acceptable. combination of actions and strain range is < 150
Adopt the provisions of 7.3.1 of EN 1992 - 1 - 1
2 Minimal Avoid full thickness cracks by ensuring
Appearance not to be impaired X >= 50mm or 0.2H based on a quasi permanent
by staining. combination of actions and strain range is < 150
Any partial depth cracks must be <= wk1
3 None at all. Use Liners or Pre-stress or Post-tension
Class 1 is the minimum class for Liquid Retaining Structures. This is considered to be appropriate for a utility
structure and is closest to BS8007 0.2mm criteria.
Class 2 can exceed the BS8007 0.1mm crack width limit and will result in a significant increase in reinforcement
over Class 1 and will be impossible to achieve in respect of full depth thermal or direct tension cracks.
Provisions of 7.3.1 of EN 1992 - 1 - 1
Exposure Class
X0, XC1
XC2, XD2, XS1, XS2, XS3
Water at a consistent level for most of the time with SW is considered to be a quasi permanent combination.
Therefore in certain circumstances a 0.3mm crack width would be permissible in a non full thickness crack.
Wk1 Active Wk1 % = 30 or 20 or 10 10 % ho / H Limit of Wk1 = 0.2mm 15
If ho / H < = 15 wk1 = 0.2 mm
If ho / H >= 35 wk1 = 0.1 mm Otherwise Wk1 = 0.1 + 0.1 * (35 - (ho / H) ) / 20 mm
ho mm H 600 mm ho/H 11.67 Wk1 = 0.200 mm
qo = 0.740 (ho / H) Wk ^ 3 m / hr / m at 20 % qt/qo = 65 (Wk^-1.05)(t^(-1.3+4Wk)) - (10^5)(Wk^5.8)
Ref Edvardsen Water Permeability and Autogenous Healing of Cracks in Concrete ACI Materials Journal 1999
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
0.4
Quasi Permanent Load Combination Wmax mm
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
CRACK WIDTH CALCULATIONS
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
0.3
7000
Wk1 & Initial Flow Against ho / H
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ho / H
Wk1
mm
&
qo
m3/hr
per m
of
Crack
Wk1 + 10% Active Wk1 + 30% Active
qo m3 / hr / m + 10% qo m3 / hr / m + 30%
Flow Reduction with Time
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Weeks
%
qo
0.1mm 0.2mm 0.3mm
0.3mm cracks can take up
to 50 weeks to seal
33
CRACK 4
Comparison between BS8007 & EC2 Crack Width Calculations F1 = Face 1 (Tens) F2 = Face 2 (Comp)
BS Crack Calculation Case 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
F1 Conc in Tension Stiffening Stress N/mm -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667
F2 Conc in Tension Stiffening Stress N/mm -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667
Conc in Tension Stiffening Force kN -135 -149 -149 -200 -67 -139 -149 -147 -160 -146 -54 -33
F1 Neutral Axis X, from Face 2 towards Face 1 mm 195 152 152 -154939 98 183 152 159 120 162 178 137
F1 Reinforcement Stress N/mm -134 -102 -98 -112 -170 -46 -126 -67 -118 -1 -300 -281
F1 Strain at Surface Due to Forces 1 Strain -824 -587 -566 -561 -1267 -269 -726 -407 -661 -6 -2003 -2330
F1 Conc in Tension Stiffening Strain 2 Strain -155 -412 -412 -209 -238 -250 -412 -166 -426 -611 -113 -129
F1 Average Strain m = 1- 2 Strain m1 -669 -175 -154 -351 -1028 -19 -315 -241 -234 605 -1890 -2201
F1 3acr=3*((((cover+/2)^2+(ctrs/2)^2)^0.5)-/2) mm 272 258 258 245 270 255 258 272 240 243 261 267
F1 Strain Dist Factor = 1 / (1+2(acr-cmin)/(H-X) ) 0.868 0.861 0.861 0.999 0.748 0.856 0.861 0.877 0.857 0.842 0.796 0.687
F1 Crack Spacing Srmax=3acr/(1+2(acr-cmin)/(H-X))mm Sr1 236 222 222 244 202 219 222 239 206 205 208 184
F1 Crack Width = - m1 x Sr1 mm W1 0.158 0.038 0.034 0.085 0.207 0.004 0.069 0.057 0.048 0.000 0.392 0.404
F2 Neutral Axis X, from Face 1 towards Face 2 mm 405 448 448 155239 202 417 448 441 480 438 272 163
F2 Reinforcement Stress N/mm 50 24 23 -112 46 16 30 16 19 0 170 209
F2 Strain at Surface Due to Forces 1 Strain 0 0 0 -560 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F2 Conc in Tension Stiffening Strain 2 Strain 0 0 0 -209 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F2 Average Strain m = 1- 2 Strain m2 0 0 0 -351 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F2 3acr=3*((((cover+/2)^2+(ctrs/2)^2 )^0.5)-/2) mm 275 258 258 244 274 258 258 278 240 243 267 267
F2 Strain Dist Factor = 1 / (1+2(acr-cmin)/(H-X) ) 0.754 0.678 0.678 0.999 0.582 0.718 0.678 0.710 0.600 0.664 0.705 0.649
F2 Crack Spacing Srmax=3acr/(1+2(acr-cmin)/(H-X))mm Sr2 208 175 175 244 160 185 175 197 144 162 189 174
F2 Crack Width = - m2 x Sr2 mm W2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.085 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
EC2 Crack Calculation
F1 Neutral Axis X, from Face 2 towards Face 1 mm 185 143 143 -154939 93 173 143 150 113 152 169 133
F1 Reinforcement Stress N/mm -133 -101 -97 -112 -168 -45 -125 -67 -118 -1 -298 -272
F1 Strain Distribution Factor K2 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.999 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
F1 Kt x Concrete Tensile Stress fcteff = 0.4 x Fctm N/mm -1.159 -1.159 -1.159 -1.159 -1.159 -1.159 -1.159 -1.159 -1.159 -1.159 -1.159 -1.159
F1 Concrete Tensile Stress Width mm 138 150.0 150 119 69 142 150 150 125 120 94 56
F1 Aceff = width of section x tensile stress width mm 138315 150000 150000 119211 69080 142440 150000 150112 125000 120000 56256 33351
F1 3.4 * Cover mm 204 170 170 136 190 170 170 204 136 136 177 177
F1 Ppeff = As1 / Aceff 0.039 0.014 0.014 0.020 0.030 0.024 0.014 0.036 0.017 0.011 0.057 0.074
F1 Equiv - Where alt bars of Diff Dia Ref Equ 7.11 32.0 20.0 20.0 15.2 20.0 25.0 20.0 32.0 20.0 16.0 32.0 25.0
F1 K1 = Bond factor. Good = 0.8, Poor = 1.14 0.80 1.14 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
F1 K1 * K2 * 0.425 * Dia / Ppeff mm 140 347 243 258 112 180 242 152 203 244 95 58
F1 Sr max = 3.4*Cov + K1*K2*0.425*Dia/Ppeff mm Sr1 344 517 413 394 303 350 412 356 339 380 272 235
F1 Applied Forces Reinforcement Strain s Strain
-666 -505 -487 -561 -842 -227 -626 -336 -590 -6 -1491 -1362
F1 Concrete in Tension Stifffening Strain c Strain
-149 -415 -415 -289 -191 -252 -415 -162 -346 -519 -101 -79
F1 Mean Strain Between Cracks cm =fcteffxMR/Es Strain
-88 -88 -88 -88 -88 -88 -88 -88 -88 -88 -88 -88
F1 Average Microstrain = (sm = s - c) - cm Strain
-428 -2 16 -183 -563 113 -123 -85 -156 601 -1301 -1196
F1 Limiting Strain = 0.6 * s Strain
-400 -303 -292 -336 -505 -136 -375 -201 -354 -3 -894 -817
F1 m1 = Min of (sm - cm) & (0.6 * s) = Max strain
m1 -428 -303 -292 -336 -563 -136 -375 -201 -354 -3 -1301 -1196
F1 Crack Width = - m1 x Sr1 mm
W1 0.147 0.157 0.121 0.132 0.170 0.048 0.155 0.072 0.120 0.001 0.354 0.280
F2 Neutral Axis X, from Face 1 towards Face 2 mm 415 457 457 155239 207 427 457 450 487 448 281 167
F2 Reinforcement Stress N/mm 44 21 20 -112 37 14 26 14 17 0 149 183
F2 Strain Distribution Factor K2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.999 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
F2 Kt x Concrete Tensile Stress fcteff = 0.4 x Fctm N/mm 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.159 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
F2 Concrete Tensile Stress Width mm 0 0 0 119 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F2 Aceff2 = width of section x Stress Width mm 0 0 0 119211 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F2 3.4 * Cover mm 0 0 0 136 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F2 Ppeff2 = As2 / Aceff2 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.020 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
F2 Equiv - Where alt bars of Diff Dia Ref Equ 7.11 25.0 20.0 20.0 15.2 12.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 16.0 20.0 25.0
F2 K1 * K2 * 0.425 * Dia / Ppeff2 mm 0 0 0 258 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F2 Sr max = 3.4*Cov + 0.8*K2*0.425*Dia/Ppeff2 mm Sr2 0 0 0 394 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F2 Applied Forces Reinforcement Strain s Strain
0 0 0 -560 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F2 Concrete in Tension Stifffening Strain c Strain
0 0 0 -289 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F2 Mean Strain Between Cracks cm = fcteff x MR / Es Strain
0 0 0 -88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F2 Average Microstrain = (sm = s - c) - cm Strain
0 0 0 -182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F2 Limiting Strain = 0.6 * s Strain
0 0 0 -336 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F2 m2 = Min of (sm - cm) & (0.6 * s) = Max strain
m2 0 0 0 -336 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F2 Crack Width = - m2 x Sr2 mm
W2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.132 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
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CRACK WIDTH CALCULATIONS
34
CRACK 5
Comparison between BS8007 & EC2 Crack Width Calculations F1 = Face 1 (Tens) F2 = Face 2 (Comp)
BS Crack Calculation Case 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
F1 Conc in Tension Stiffening Stress N/mm -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667
F2 Conc in Tension Stiffening Stress N/mm -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667 -0.667
Conc in Tension Stiffening Force kN -135 -64 -49 0 -46 -46 -44 -6 -6 -86 -86 -167
F1 Neutral Axis X, from Face 2 towards Face 1 mm 194 129 206 5893 270 327 335 245 236 170 170 -610
F1 Reinforcement Stress N/mm -110 -309 -194 112 -221 -229 -203 1 -12 -1 -1 -49
F1 Strain at Surface Due to Forces 1 Strain -653 -1914 -1378 0 -1571 -1523 -1365 -360 -454 -7 -7 -261
F1 Conc in Tension Stiffening Strain 2 Strain -205 -317 -69 0 -135 -126 -123 0 -155 -527 -527 -153
F1 Average Strain m = 1- 2 Strain m1 -449 -1597 -1309 0 -1435 -1397 -1242 -360 -300 520 520 -109
F1 3acr=3*((((cover+/2)^2+(ctrs/2)^2)^0.5)-/2) mm 231 272 254 365 355 293 293 280 280 679 679 237
F1 Strain Dist Factor = 1 / (1+2(acr-cmin)/(H-X) ) 0.890 0.806 0.789 0.977 0.633 0.750 0.744 0.342 0.376 0.564 0.564 0.921
F1 Crack Spacing Srmax=3acr/(1+2(acr-cmin)/(H-X))mm Sr1 206 219 200 357 225 219 218 96 105 383 383 218
F1 Crack Width = - m1 x Sr1 mm W1 0.092 0.350 0.262 0.000 0.323 0.306 0.270 0.034 0.031 0.000 0.000 0.023
F2 Neutral Axis X, from Face 1 towards Face 2 mm 406 321 244 -5443 230 273 265 55 64 430 430 910
F2 Reinforcement Stress N/mm 42 82 162 118 277 289 276 245 254 0 0 -38
F2 Strain at Surface Due to Forces 1 Strain 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -175
F2 Conc in Tension Stiffening Strain 2 Strain 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -102
F2 Average Strain m = 1- 2 Strain m2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -73
F2 3acr=3*((((cover+/2)^2+(ctrs/2)^2 )^0.5)-/2) mm 233 274 264 365 355 293 293 280 280 679 679 237
F2 Strain Dist Factor = 1 / (1+2(acr-cmin)/(H-X) ) 0.790 0.620 0.740 0.977 0.670 0.782 0.786 0.696 0.688 0.339 0.339 0.921
F2 Crack Spacing Srmax=3acr/(1+2(acr-cmin)/(H-X))mm Sr2 184 170 196 357 238 229 230 195 193 230 230 218
F2 Crack Width = - m2 x Sr2 mm W2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.015
EC2 Crack Calculation
F1 Neutral Axis X, from Face 2 towards Face 1 mm 183 121 196 5849 263 317 326 243 233 160 160 -611
F1 Reinforcement Stress N/mm -109 -307 -193 93 -214 -223 -197 -2 -13 -1 -1 -49
F1 Strain Distribution Factor K2 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.000 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.835
F1 Kt x Concrete Tensile Stress fcteff = 0.4 x Fctm N/mm -1.159 -1.159 -1.159 0.000 -1.159 -1.159 -1.159 -1.159 -1.159 -1.159 -1.159 -1.159
F1 Concrete Tensile Stress Width mm 139 110 85 0 79 94 91 19 22 147 147 131
F1 Aceff = width of section x tensile stress width mm 138992 65764 50791 0 47445 47133 45690 5747 6661 87973 87973 131250
F1 3.4 * Cover mm 177 177 177 0 177 177 177 136 136 204 204 136
F1 Ppeff = As1 / Aceff 0.028 0.019 0.099 0.001 0.068 0.068 0.073 0.280 0.241 0.011 0.011 0.025
F1 Equiv - Where alt bars of Diff Dia Ref Equ 7.11 25.0 20.0 40.0 16.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 25.0 25.0 25.0
F1 K1 = Bond factor. Good = 0.8, Poor = 1.14 1.14 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.14 0.80 0.80
F1 K1 * K2 * 0.425 * Dia / Ppeff mm 214 178 69 0 80 80 75 19 23 543 372 285
F1 Sr max = 3.4*Cov + K1*K2*0.425*Dia/Ppeff mm Sr1 391 355 246 0 257 257 251 155 159 747 576 421
F1 Applied Forces Reinforcement Strain s Strain
-546 -1533 -964 0 -1071 -1114 -986 -9 -67 -6 -6 -246
F1 Concrete in Tension Stifffening Strain c Strain
-205 -303 -59 0 -85 -85 -82 -21 -24 -519 -519 -232
F1 Mean Strain Between Cracks cm =fcteffxMR/Es Strain
-88 -88 -88 0 -88 -88 -88 -88 -88 -88 -88 -88
F1 Average Microstrain = (sm = s - c) - cm Strain
-253 -1141 -817 0 -898 -941 -816 100 45 601 601 74
F1 Limiting Strain = 0.6 * s Strain
-328 -920 -578 0 -643 -668 -592 -5 -40 -3 -3 -148
F1 m1 = Min of (sm - cm) & (0.6 * s) = Max strain
m1 -328 -1141 -817 0 -898 -941 -816 -5 -40 -3 -3 -148
F1 Crack Width = - m1 x Sr1 mm
W1 0.128 0.405 0.201 0.000 0.231 0.241 0.207 0.001 0.006 0.003 0.002 0.062
F2 Neutral Axis X, from Face 1 towards Face 2 mm 417 329 254 -5399 237 283 274 57 67 440 440 911
F2 Reinforcement Stress N/mm 38 70 142 99 247 259 247 218 226 0 0 -38
F2 Strain Distribution Factor K2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.835
F2 Kt x Concrete Tensile Stress fcteff = 0.4 x Fctm N/mm 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.159
F2 Concrete Tensile Stress Width mm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 131
F2 Aceff2 = width of section x Stress Width mm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 131250
F2 3.4 * Cover mm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 136
F2 Ppeff2 = As2 / Aceff2 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.025
F2 Equiv - Where alt bars of Diff Dia Ref Equ 7.11 20.0 16.0 20.0 16.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 25.0 25.0 25.0
F2 0.8 * K2 * 0.425 * Dia / Ppeff2 mm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 285
F2 Sr max = 3.4*Cov + 0.8*K2*0.425*Dia/Ppeff2 mm Sr2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 421
F2 Applied Forces Reinforcement Strain s Strain
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -190
F2 Concrete in Tension Stifffening Strain c Strain
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -232
F2 Mean Strain Between Cracks cm = fcteff x MR / Es Strain
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -88
F2 Average Microstrain = (sm = s - c) - cm Strain
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 130
F2 Limiting Strain = 0.6 * s Strain
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -114
F2 m2 = Min of (sm - cm) & (0.6 * s) = Max strain
m2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -114
F2 Crack Width = - m2 x Sr2 mm
W2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.048
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EC2 DESIGN TOOL
35
SHEAR 1
Shear Design BS & EC2 Compared
BS Cap EC2 Cap 0.173
EC2 Shear Calculation C 30 / 37
Common Data
Ultimate Applied Shear kN Vu 297 Cl 6.2.2 Without Shear Legs
Ultimate Axial Load kN Nu -185 VRd,c = ( CRd,c k ( 100 1 fck )
1/3
+

( k1 cp ) ) bw d
Ultimate Moment kNm Mu 400 ( vmin + k1 cp ) bw d ( k1 = 0.15)
Effective Depth d d 524
Cl 6.2.3 With Shear Legs - Min of
BS increases vc when closer than 2d from support. VRd,s = (Asw / s) z fywd (cot + cot) sin
EC2 applies a reduction factor on loads closer than 2d. VRd,max = cw bw z v1 fcd (cot + cot) / (1 + cot)
H B 1 Sp, nr Cov 2 Sp, nr Cov E Fact N M Input
600 1000 32 150 60 25 150 60 0 0 -185 400 U
Type Long Start Trans xD Vratio Sect F1 V VEC2 LF Min
S 16 300 150 150 21.8 90 2.0 0.1 Wall int 297 297 1.35 21.8
BS Without Shear Reinforcement EC2 Without Shear Reinforcement Cl 6.2.2
Ultimate Applied Shear Stress N/mm v 0.567 CRd,c = 0.18 / (m = 1.5) Factor CRd,c 0.12
k = Min of 2.0 or 1 + (200 / d)
1/2
Factor k 1.618
Tension Reinf As / Bd 1 0.010 1 = Min of 0.02 or As1 / b d Ratio 1 0.010
Tension Reinf %As / Bd Max usable = 3 As1% 1.023 ( 100 x 1 x fck )
1/3
3.131
Fatigue Adjustment Factor ( fck / fck,fat)
1/3
fat 1
Min of ( % As / Bd )
1/3
or (3)
1/3
= 1.422 A 1.008 National Annex k1 = EC2 recommended k1 0.15
(400 / d)
1/4
>= 0.67 If No legs, >=1.0 If Legs B 1.000 NED / Ac = Axial / Area of Section N/mm -0.31
0.79 x A x B / (m = 1.25) N/mm .79AB/ 0.637 National Annex Value for for shear 1.0
( fcu / 25)
1/3
but not > ( 40 / 25)
1/3
= 1.1696 Factor 1.140 fcd = fck / (m = 1.5) N/mm fcd 20
Ult Concrete vc N/mm vc 0.726 0.2 x fcd N/mm 0.2fcd 4.0
Axial Adj = 0.6 (Nu / Ac) x Vu h / Mu N /mm vcax -0.08 cp = Min of: NED / Ac or 0.2 fcd N/mm cp -0.31
Ult vc incl axial adjust or enhancement N/mm vc' 0.643 VRd,c = (CRd,c k(1001 fck)
1/3
+ k1cp) bw d kN VRd,c 294.3
Fatigue Adjustment Factor ( fcu / fcu,fat)
1/3
fat 1.000 vmin = 0.035 k
3/2
fck
1/2
N/mm
2
vmin 0.394
Fatigue Adjustment Factor ( fck / fck,fat)
1/2
fat 1
Distance From Support in Effective Depths xd 2.00 VRd,c min = ( vmin + k1 cp ) bw d kN VRd,c 182.5
Red Factor v = 0.6 (1-( fck/250)) v 0.528
Max Shear Stress at Support Face N/mm vc max 4.866 Max shear stress at support 0.5 v fcd N/mm 0.5vfcd 5.28
VED max value at Support = 0.5 bw d fcd kN VED 2767
Shear Shift Distance a1 = d mm mm 524
Shear Capacity Due to Concrete Only kN Vc 337 Unreinforced Shear Resistance kN Vc 294.3
BS With Shear Legs ( > 0.092 % ) EC2 With Shear Legs Cl 6.2.3 ( > 0.088 % )
Concrete Strut Angle 21.8
% AsL / BSr = Asv / bSv Ratio 0.447 Verticle Leg Angle 90
Asw / s mm (where s = longitudinal spacing) Asw / s 4.468
0.87 Fyv N/mm Fywd 435 z = 0.9d mm z 471.6
Fatigue Factor x fywd = fyk / (m = 1.15) N/mm fywd 434.8
Bent Bars Fatigue Factor ( fyd,fat / fyd) fat 1.000 VRd,s = (Asw / s) z fywd (cot + cot) sin kN VRd,s 2291
cp / fcd = (NED / Ac) / fcd or 0 If Tension cp/ fcd 0
0.87 Fyv x Fatigue factor N/mm 435 cw = 1 or (1+ cp /fcd) or 1.25 or 2.5(1 -cp/fcd) cw 1
1 = v x (1 - 0.5Cos) v1 0.528
v-vc N/mm v-vc 1.944 VRd,max=cw bw z 1 fcd (cot+cot)/(1+cot) VRd,mx 1717
Shear Shift Distance = z ( cot - cot ) / 2 mm 589.5
Shear Capacity Due To Legs kN VL 1018 With Shear Legs Resistance kN VL 1717
BS Shear Capacity EC2 Shear Capacity
Total Shear Capacity = Conc + Shear Legs kN Vc+VL 1356 ValueUsed For calculating Capacity V 1717
Shear Capacity Ratio Ratio 0.219 Shear Capacity Ratio Ratio 0.173
0.219
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
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HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Cross Section
Vhm / 2
V Vhb = Vhm = V ( Cot - Cot )
Vhb
Vhm /2
Shift = al = 0.9 d ( Cot - Cot ) / 2
Vhm is split into 2 x Vhm / 2
36
SHEAR 2
Moment (Md) Due to Shear Md = 0.9 x d1 x V x 0.5 x Cot Shift = al = 0.9 x d1 x 0.5 x Cot
Beam, Cant Beam Length 8 m W 320 kN FEM L (RH Pinned) 320
Legs Y or N Y Check at 0.200 x L M+ or M- M+ FEM N/A
= 21.8 Deg Dia+ 25 mm Cov+ 60 mm V at Check 146
H = 600 mm Dia - 20 mm Cov - 60 mm 0.5 Cot 1.250
TDL or UDL or P at L/2 for Beam or at L for Cant UDL d1 527.5 mm
L End Fixity Moment or 0 For Simple Supp or Cant for Cantilever 400 kNm Md at Check 87 kNm
R End Fixity Moment or 0 For Simple Supp or Free for Cantilever 0 kNm Shift at Check 593 mm
Strut Action Force Shift for a 5m x 1m dp Cantilever Truss with 10kN at the end.
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-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
Shear Mo M+ M - Md Shift
-29.9 kN
-4.87 kN
-12.3 kN
-37.3 kN
-24.8 kN
-50 kN
25 kNm
37.5 kNm
50 kNm
12.5 kNm
= 45 Deg
= 21.8 Deg
Pure Bending
Moment Shift Effect Due to Shear Moment Md
M+ or M- Never Exceed Mo Value
Use Fig 9.2 and Clause 9.2.1.3 For Design
37
SHEAR 3
Shear Design 1
Code EC2 Conc 30 / 37 H 600 bw 1000 fyk 500 21.8 d1 528 fywd 434.8
Shear kN Dia1 25 Ctrs or Nr ( < 50 ) 150 Cov 1 60 As1 S < Smax = 0.75d1 = 396
V 600 Leg 12 Ctrs or Nr ( < 50 ) 300 S 300 Asw 377 % = 0.126 Min % = 0.088
Concrete K = Min of 1 + ( 200 / d1 ) ^ 0.5 or 2.0 = 0
1 = Min of As1 / bw d1 or 0.02 = 0.000
vrdc = Max of 0.035 K^1.5 fck^0.5 or 0.12 x K x ( 100 x 1 x fck )^(1/3) = 0 N/mm
Shear Force Shift = d1 = 0 mm
Vrdc = (Min of (0.5 (0.6 (1 - fck / 250) ) fck / 1.5) or vrdc) x bw x d1 / 1000 = 0 kN
Legs = Asw / S = 1.257 mm
Transv Leg Ctrs = Ctrs or ( bw / nr ) = 300 mm
Max Transv Ctrs = Min of 0.75d1 or 600mm = 396 mm
Shear Force Shift = 0.9 d1 x 0.5 x Cot = 593 mm
Vrds = (Asw / S) x 0.9 d1 x fywd x Cot / 1000 = 648.5 kN OK
Vrd,max = ( bw 0.9 d1 ( 0.6 ( 1 - ( fck / 250 ) ) fck / 1.5 ) / ( Cot + Tan ) = 1729 kN OK
Shear Design 2
Code BS Conc 30 / 37 H 600 bw 1000 fyk 500 45 d1 528 fywd 434.8
Shear kN Dia1 25 Ctrs or Nr ( < 50 ) 150 Cov 1 60 As1 S < Smax = 0.75d1 = 396
V 600 Leg 12 Ctrs or Nr ( < 50 ) 300 S 300 Asw 377 % = 0.126 Min % = 0.088
Concrete A = (400 / d) ^ 1/4 >= 0.67 If No legs, >=1.0 If Legs = 1
B = Min of (100 As1 / bw d1) ^ 1/3 or 1.422 = 0.853
vc = (Min fcu or 40 / 25) ^ 1/3 x 0.79 x A x B / 1.25 = 0.614 N/mm
Shear Force Shift = N/A = N/A mm
Vc = (Min of (0.8 (fcu^1/2) or 5 or vc ) x bw x d1 / 1000 = 324 kN
Legs = Asw / bw S Min = 0.0009 = 0.001
Transv Leg Ctrs = Ctrs or ( bw / nr ) = 300 mm
Max Transv Ctrs = Min of 0.75d1 or 600mm = 396 mm
Shear Force Shift = N/A = N/A mm
Vrds = (Asw / bw S ) x fywd x bw x S and Add to Vc = 288.2 kN
Total = Total BS Capacity = 612.2 kN OK
Shear Design 3
Code BS Conc 30 / 37 H 600 bw 1000 fyk 500 21.8 d1 528 fywd 434.8
Shear kN Dia1 25 Ctrs or Nr ( < 50 ) 6 Cov 1 60 As1 S < Smax = 0.75d1 = 396
V 600 Leg 0 Ctrs or Nr ( < 50 ) 0 S 0 Asw 0 % = 0 Min % = 0.000
Concrete A = (400 / d) ^ 1/4 >= 0.67 If No legs, >=1.0 If Legs = 0.933
B = Min of (100 As1 / bw d1) ^ 1/3 or 1.422 = 0.823
vc = (Min fcu or 40 / 25) ^ 1/3 x 0.79 x A x B / 1.25 = 0.553 N/mm
Shear Force Shift = N/A = N/A mm
Vc = (Min of (0.8 (fcu^1/2) or 5 or vc ) x bw x d1 / 1000 = 291.9 kN
Legs = Asw / bw S Min = 0.0009 = 0.000
Transv Leg Ctrs = Ctrs or ( bw / nr ) = 0 mm
Max Transv Ctrs = Min of 0.75d1 or 600mm = 0 mm
Shear Force Shift = N/A = N/A mm
Vrds = (Asw / bw S ) x fywd x bw x S and Add to Vc = 0 kN
Total = Total BS Capacity = 291.9 kN < V
Shear Design 4
Code EC2 Conc 30 / 37 H 600 bw 1000 fyk 500 21.8 d1 528 fywd 434.8
Shear kN Dia1 25 Ctrs or Nr ( < 50 ) 6 Cov 1 60 As1 S < Smax = 0.75d1 = 396
V 600 Leg 0 Ctrs or Nr ( < 50 ) 0 S 0 Asw 0 % = 0 Min % = 0.000
Concrete K = Min of 1 + ( 200 / d1 ) ^ 0.5 or 2.0 = 1.616
1 = Min of As1 / bw d1 or 0.02 = 0.006
vrdc = Max of 0.035 K^1.5 fck^0.5 or 0.12 x K x ( 100 x 1 x fck )^(1/3) = 0.496 N/mm
Shear Force Shift = d1 = 528 mm
Vrdc = (Min of (0.5 (0.6 (1 - fck / 250) ) fck / 1.5) or vrdc) x bw x d1 / 1000 = 261.7 kN < V
Legs = Asw / S = 0.000 mm
Transv Leg Ctrs = Ctrs or ( bw / nr ) = 0 mm
Max Transv Ctrs = Min of 0.75d1 or 600mm = 0 mm
Shear Force Shift = 0.9 d1 x 0.5 x Cot = 593 mm
Vrds = (Asw / S) x 0.9 d1 x fywd x Cot / 1000 = 0 kN
N/A = N/A = N/A kN
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2945
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
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HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
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GENERAL SHEAR
38
SHEAR 4
Forces in an Opening Corner Without Shear legs
DATA
Section Depth H 600
Length x H 2.5
Cover 60
Bar Dias 25
R of U Bars x D 3
Diagonal Bar Y
Corner Crack Y
1st Shear Angle 75
2nd Shear Angle 60
3rd Shear Angle 45
Shear Failure Angle 25
d1-d2 Intersect Fact 0.66
d1-d2 Fact From Rebar 1.00
Strut and Tie Model
From QSE Analysis of a 16m x 12m Box Loaded Internally
Blue Denotes Tension Brown Denotes Compression
Note how shear compressive struts contribute to the
force that passes around the corner
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Opening Corner With No Shear Legs
Bar1 Bar 2 Bar 3
Fail at 25 Deg 45 Deg 60 Deg
75 Deg Corner 1 x (d1 - d2)
39
SHEAR 5
Comparison between BS8110 & EC2 For Normal Shear Calculations Note Min Ult Axial Load = + or -1
Common Data Case 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ultimate Applied Shear kN VED 297 14 127 1382 61 120 1 387 50
Ultimate Axial Load kN NED -185 -722 14 1 -270 -120 1 1 965
Effective Depth d d 524 252 234 538 524 550 552 382 207
Distance From Support in Multiple of Effective Depths xd 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Concrete Strut Angle - not used in BS analysis 21.8 0.0 0.0 21.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.8 21.8
Verticle Leg Angle - not used in BS analysis 90 0 0 90 0 0 0 90 90
BS Design
Ultimate Applied Shear Stress N/mm v 0.567 0.054 0.542 2.571 0.116 0.218 0.002 1.688 0.403
Tension Reinforcement %As / BD - Max usable = 3 As1% 1.023 0.946 0.895 0.609 1.023 0.381 0.243 1.404 1.976
Min of ( % As / BD )
1/3
or

(3)
1/3
= 1.422 A 1.0077 0.9818 0.9637 0.8476 1.0077 0.7248 0.6239 1.1196 1.2549
(400 / D)
0.25
> 0.67 If No legs, >1.0 If Design Legs B 1 1.1221 1.1434 1 0.9347 0.9235 0.9226 1.0116 1.179
0.79 x A x B / (m = 1.25) N/mm .79AB/ 0.6369 0.6962 0.6964 0.5357 0.5953 0.423 0.3638 0.7158 0.9351
( fcu / 25)
1/3
but not > ( 40 / 25)1/3 = 1.1696 Factor 1.140 1.140 1.140 1.140 1.140 1.140 1.140 1.140 1.140
Ult vc incl axial adjust or enhancement N/mm vc' 0.643 0.001 -3.240 0.611 0.618 0.410 0.415 0.817 1.189
Maximum Shear Stress at Support Face N/mm vc max 4.866 4.866 4.866 4.866 4.866 4.866 4.866 4.866 4.866
Shear Capacity Due to Concrete Only kN Vc 337 0 -758 329 324 226 229 187 148
AsL / BSr = Asv / bSv Ratio 0.0045 0.0000 0.0000 0.0045 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0025 0.0017
0.87 Fyv N/mm Fywd 435 435 435 435 435 435 435 435 435
v-vc N/mm v-vc 1.944 0.000 0.000 1.944 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.093 0.759
Shear Capacity Due To Legs kN VL 1018 0 946 1045 0 0 0 251 94
Total Shear Capacity = Conc + Shear Legs kN Vc+VL 1356 0 188 1373 324 226 229 438 242
Shear Capacity Ratio Ratio 0.2191 53.504 0.6743 1.0063 0.1877 0.532 0.0059 0.8841 0.2067
EC2 Design
Without Shear Reinforcement Cl 6.2.2
CRd,c = 0.18 / (m) Factor CRd,c 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12
k = Min of 2.0 or 1 + (200 / d)
1/2
Factor k 1.6178 1.8903 1.9245 1.61 1.6178 1.603 1.6019 1.7236 1.9829
1 = Min of 0.02 or As1 / b d Ratio 1 0.0102 0.0095 0.0090 0.0061 0.0102 0.0038 0.0024 0.0140 0.0198
28 Day Cylinder Strength fck N/mm fck 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
( 100 x 1 x fck )
1/3
3.1311 3.0506 2.9945 2.6335 3.1311 2.2522 1.9385 3.479 3.8992
Natonal Annex Value for k1 = EC2 recommended k1 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
National Annex Value for for shear 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
fcd = fck / m N/mm fcd 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
0.2 x fcd N/mm 0.2fcd 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
NED / Ac = Axial / Area of Section N/mm NED/Ac -0.31 -2.41 0.05 0.00 -0.45 -0.20 0.00 0.00 5.36
cp = Min of:- NED / Ac or 0.2 fcd N/mm cp -0.31 -2.41 0.05 0.00 -0.45 -0.20 0.00 0.00 4.00
VRd,c = ( CRd,c k(1001 fck)
1/3
+ k1 cp ) bw d kN VRd,c 294 83 163 274 283 222 206 165 190
vmin = 0.035 k
3/2
fck
1/2
N/mm
2
vmin 0.39 0.50 0.51 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.43 0.54
VRd,c min = ( vmin + k1 cp ) bw d kN VRd,cmin 182 35 121 211 171 197 215 100 141
Shear Resistance of Concrete without Shear Legs kN VRd,c 294 83 163 274 283 222 215 165 190
Red Factor v = 0.6 (1 - ( fck / 250 ) ) v 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528
VED max value at Support = 0.5 bw d fcd kN VED 2767 1332 1236 2838 2767 2904 2915 1210 656
Unreinforced Shear Resistance kN Vc 294 83 163 274 283 222 215 165 190
Shear Shift Distance a1 = d mm mm 524 252 234 538 524 550 552 382 207
With Shear Legs Cl 6.2.3
Asw / s mm Asw/s 4.468 0 0 4.468 0 0 0 1.508 1.0472
z = 0.9d mm z 471.6 227.08 210.6 483.75 471.6 495 496.8 343.8 186.3
fywd = fyk / m N/mm fywd 435 435 435 435 435 435 435 435 435
VRd,s = (Asw / s ) Z fywd (cot + cot ) Sin kN VRd,s 2291 2350 564 212
cp / fcd = (NED / Ac) / fcd or 0 If Tension cp/ fcd 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27
cw = 1 or (1+ cp /fcd) or 1.25 or 2.5(1 -cp/fcd) cw 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.25
Red Factor = 1 = v x (1 - 0.5Cos) v1 0.528 0.264 0.264 0.528 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.528 0.528
VRd,max = cw bw z 1 fcd (cot +cot )/(1 + cot
2
) VRd,max 1717 1762 751 509
With Shear Legs Resistance VL 1717 1762 564 212
Shear Shift Distance = z ( cot - cot ) / 2 mm 590 605 430 233
ValueUsed For calculating Capacity V 1717 83 163 1762 283 222 215 564 212
Shear Capacity Ratio Ratio 0.17 0.16 0.78 0.78 0.21 0.54 0.01 0.69 0.24
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40
SHEAR 6
Comparison between BS8110 & EC2 For Normal Shear Calculations Note Min Ult Axial Load = + or -1
Common Data Case 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Ultimate Applied Shear kN VED 393 397 387 50 275 337 275 50 50 150 150 400
Ultimate Axial Load kN NED 1 1 1 1600 2500 2500 2500 1500 1500 1 1 -400
Effective Depth d d 536 388 378 390 359 439 439 244 244 528 528 248
Distance From Support in Multiple of Effective Depths xd 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Concrete Strut Angle - not used in BS analysis 21.8 21.8 21.8 21.8 21.8 21.8 45.0 21.8 45.0 45.0 45.0 29.8
Verticle Leg Angle - not used in BS analysis 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90
BS Design
Ultimate Applied Shear Stress N/mm v 0.734 1.705 1.706 0.366 1.276 1.535 1.252 0.683 0.683 0.474 0.474 1.616
Tension Reinforcement %As / BD - Max usable = 3 As1% 0.733 0.540 2.216 0.295 1.493 1.465 1.465 2.197 2.197 0.310 0.310 1.322
Min of ( % As / BD )
1/3
or

(3)
1/3
= 1.422 A 0.9018 0.8142 1.3038 0.6654 1.1428 1.1357 1.1357 1.3001 1.3001 0.6769 0.6769 1.0976
(400 / D)
0.25
> 0.67 If No legs, >1.0 If Design Legs B 1 1.0076 1.0142 1.0063 1.0273 1 1 1.1315 1.1315 1 1 1.1275
0.79 x A x B / (m = 1.25) N/mm .79AB/ 0.5699 0.5185 0.8357 0.4232 0.742 0.7178 0.7178 0.9297 0.9297 0.4278 0.4278 0.7821
( fcu / 25)
1/3
but not > ( 40 / 25)1/3 = 1.1696 Factor 1.140 1.140 1.140 1.140 1.140 1.140 1.140 1.140 1.140 1.140 1.140 1.140
Ult vc incl axial adjust or enhancement N/mm vc' 0.643 0.526 0.701 0.001 -3.240 0.611 0.976 0.618 0.410 0.415 0.817 1.189
Maximum Shear Stress at Support Face N/mm vc max 4.866 4.866 4.866 4.866 4.866 4.866 4.866 4.866 4.866 4.866 4.866 4.866
Shear Capacity Due to Concrete Only kN Vc 344 123 159 0 -698 134 214 45 30 131 258 294
AsL / BSr = Asv / bSv Ratio 0.0010 0.0017 0.0017 0.0022 0.0013 0.0016 0.0016 0.0026 0.0026 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035
0.87 Fyv N/mm Fywd 435 435 435 435 435 435 435 435 435 435 435 435
v-vc N/mm v-vc 0.456 0.759 0.759 0.976 0.569 0.683 0.683 1.139 1.139 1.518 1.518 1.518
Shear Capacity Due To Legs kN VL 248 192 229 1031 1209 446 331 210 219 504 377 104
Total Shear Capacity = Conc + Shear Legs kN Vc+VL 592 315 388 1031 511 581 545 255 249 635 635 398
Shear Capacity Ratio Ratio 0.6636 1.2611 0.9964 0.0485 0.5381 0.5803 0.5047 0.196 0.2007 0.2361 0.2361 1.004
EC2 Design
Without Shear Reinforcement Cl 6.2.2
CRd,c = 0.18 / (m) Factor CRd,c 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12
k = Min of 2.0 or 1 + (200 / d)
1/2
Factor k 1.6111 1.718 1.7274 1.7161 1.7462 1.6748 1.6748 1.9054 1.9054 1.6157 1.6157 1.8989
1 = Min of 0.02 or As1 / b d Ratio 1 0.0073 0.0054 0.0200 0.0029 0.0149 0.0146 0.0146 0.0200 0.0200 0.0031 0.0031 0.0132
28 Day Cylinder Strength fck N/mm fck 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
( 100 x 1 x fck )
1/3
2.802 2.53 3.9149 2.0675 3.5511 3.529 3.529 3.9149 3.9149 2.1034 2.1034 3.4104
Natonal Annex Value for k1 = EC2 recommended k1 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
National Annex Value for for shear 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
fcd = fck / m N/mm fcd 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
0.2 x fcd N/mm 0.2fcd 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
NED / Ac = Axial / Area of Section N/mm NED/Ac 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.16 8.33 8.33 8.33 16.67 16.67 0.00 0.00 -1.33
cp = Min of:- NED / Ac or 0.2 fcd N/mm cp 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 -1.33
VRd,c = ( CRd,c k(1001 fck)
1/3
+ k1 cp ) bw d kN VRd,c 290 122 184 140 290 288 288 109 109 129 129 143
vmin = 0.035 k
3/2
fck
1/2
N/mm
2
vmin 0.39 0.43 0.44 0.43 0.44 0.42 0.42 0.50 0.50 0.39 0.39 0.50
VRd,c min = ( vmin + k1 cp ) bw d kN VRd,cmin 210 101 99 141 225 223 223 81 81 125 125 75
Shear Resistance of Concrete without Shear Legs kN VRd,c 290 122 184 141 290 288 288 109 109 129 129 143
Red Factor v1 = 0.6 (1 - ( fck / 250 ) ) v 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528
VED max value at Support = 0.5 bw d fcd kN VED 2827 1229 1198 721 1138 1159 1159 386 386 1671 1671 1307
Unreinforced Shear Resistance kN Vc 290 122 184 141 290 288 288 109 109 129 129 143
Shear Shift Distance a1 = d mm mm 536 388 378 390 359 439 439 244 244 528 528 248
With Shear Legs Cl 6.2.3
Asw / s mm Asw/s 1.0472 1.0472 1.0472 0.7854 0.7854 0.7854 0.7854 0.7854 0.7854 2.0944 2.0944 3.4907
z = 0.9d mm z 481.95 349.2 340.2 351 323.28 395.28 395.28 219.6 219.6 474.75 474.75 222.75
fywd = fyk / m N/mm fywd 434.78 434.78 434.78 434.78 434.78 434.78 434.78 434.78 434.78 434.78 434.78 434.78
VRd,s = (Asw / s ) Z fywd (cot + cot ) Sin kN VRd,s 548.62 397.51 387.26 299.67 276 337.47 134.98 187.48 74.988 432.31 432.31 590.29
cp / fcd = (NED / Ac) / fcd or 0 If Tension cp/ fcd 8E-05 0.0002 0.0002 0.5079 0.4167 0.4167 0.4167 0.8333 0.8333 0.0001 0.0001 0
cw = 1 or (1+ cp /fcd) or 1.25 or 2.5(1 -cp/fcd) cw 1.0001 1.0002 1.0002 1.2302 1.25 1.25 1.25 0.4167 0.4167 1.0001 1.0001 1
Red Factor = 1 = v x (1 - 0.5Cos) v1 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528 0.528
VRd,max = cw bw z 1 fcd (cot +cot )/(1 + cot
2
) VRd,max 1755 763.04 743.38 550.28 882.84 899.56 1304.4 99.951 144.94 1504.2 1504.2 1014.4
With Shear Legs Resistance VL 548.62 397.51 387.26 299.67 276 337.47 134.98 99.951 74.988 432.31 432.31 590.29
Shear Shift Distance = z ( cot - cot ) / 2 mm 602.48 436.53 425.28 438.78 404.13 494.14 197.64 274.52 109.8 237.38 237.38 194.47
ValueUsed For calculating Capacity V 549 398 387 300 276 337 135 100 75 432 432 590
Shear Capacity Ratio Ratio 0.72 1.00 1.00 0.17 1.00 1.00 2.04 0.50 0.67 0.35 0.35 0.68
Copyright 2009 HAC
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
STEP BY STEP SHEAR CALCULATIONS
41
PUNCH 1
Punching Shear
See Sheet 3 For Method
EC2 Ult Punching Shear Stress N/mm
Without Legs vRD,c ref Equ 6.47
= CRD,c k ( ( 1001 fck ) ^ 1/3 ) + k1cp
vmin + k1 cp
This is the stress part of equs 6.2a & 6.2b
where 1 is ( x.y )^0.5 0.2
based on a width of Col + 6D
cp = ( cy + cz ) / 2 & k1 = 0.1
vmin = 0.035 ( k ^ 3/2 ) ( fck ^ 1/2 )
With Shear Legs vRD,cs ref Equ 6.52
is fixed at 26.6 Cot = 2 See below
is fixed at 90 Sin = 1
= 0.75 vRD,c + 0.75 Asw fywd,ef (Cot =2) d / sr
Asw = Area of one perimeter of primary legs
fywd,e = 250 + 0.25d fyd
sr = Primary radial leg spacing
u1 = Control perimeter at xd from face
Default Values EC2 BS
Control Perimeter at xD from Support Face is shown in Red Pi = Internal 1.15 1.15
No Legs Capacity Perimeter Uout is shown in Blue if Uout > U1 Pe = Edge 1.40 1.40
Note:- If Uout is not displayed, no legs are required. Pc = Corner 1.50 1.25
BS Circular Col Perimeter as a Square or Circle Pr = Re-entrant 1.30 1.30
At Supp Face vRDmax = 0.5 (0.6 (1 - fck /250))1.0 fck / 1.5 Basic Control Perim U1 dist = 2.0D 1.5D
or M N
H B D 1 Ctrs Cov E Fact MEDX MEDY Des fyk fywd
600 1000 540 20 150 50 Def N/A 140 0 U 500 385 30 37 EC2
Type Sr Start Nr Nra X Y Sect F1 FOS Vratio VED udl V kN xD
Pi 405 270 12 12 600 600 Slab Top 1.35 0 3750 0 1.150 4313 2.000
Ult Stress Capacity vRD,c As1 / B mm 2094 0.75 vRD,s Vcap at Face Ult kN
CRD,c As per Leg mm vRD at Face Ult 5.28 N/mm
k = Min (2, (1+200/d)^0.5) 1.609 Asw per Ux mm vED at Face Ult 3.33 N/mm
(1fck)1/3 Sr mm
k1cp = 100Nu / H B U mm U1vc Cap Ratio 0.99
vmin + k1cp 0.280 2 Asw fywd,ef / (Sr Ux) U1 Cap Ratio 0.99
vRD,c 0.438 1.5 Asw fywd,ef / (Sr Ux) 0.585 U Cap Ratio 0.99
Ult EC2 Concrete Stress Capacity 0.75 x (If xD < 2D, 2D / xD else 1.0) x vRD,c 0.328 N/mm
Ult EC2 Concrete Stress Capacity Limit at 2D 2vRD,c 0.875 N/mm
Ult EC2 Conc & Reinf Stress Cap at xD = vRD,cs Using equations = 0.328 + 0.585 0.913 N/mm
Perimeter at Uout = 1000 x ( 4313 - 0 = 4313 ) / ( 0.438 x 540 ) mm
U1 = Basic Control Perimeter 2400 + ( ( 2.0 x 3.142 ) x 540 ) x 2.00 mm
U = Check Control Perimeter at xD 2400 + ( ( 2.0 x 3.142 ) x 540 ) x 2.00 mm
EC2 Capacity at U1using 2vRD,c or if no legsvRD,c Uvc Cap kN
EC2 Capacity at U1 based on Min of equations or 2vRD,c (or vRD,c if no legs) limit U1 Cap kN
EC2 Capacity at U based on Min of equations or 2vRD,c (or v,RD,c if no legs) limit U Cap kN
xD From Uout to Dro (Must be <= 1.5D) xD at Uout - xD at Dro 1.172 632.7 mm
xD at Uout = ( - 2400 ) / ( 2.0 x 3.142 x 540 ) = 4.672 mm
xD & Distance From Face to U1 - Basic Control Perimeter xD at U1 2.0 1080 mm
xD & Distance From Face to Start of Main Radials xD at Drim 270 mm
xD & Distance From Face to Start of Additional Radials Dri xD at Dria mm
xD & Distance From Face to Outermost Radials Perimeter Dro xD at Dro mm
% Area of Legs Min = 0.088 % AsL% at Dro 0.109 % AsL% at Dria 0.136 %
Tangential Spacing / D at Perimeter St / D at Dro 1.323 St / D at Dria 1.059
Number of Legs in a longitudinal direction per Radial Main 5 Secondary 3
0.500
2.000
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Leg
u1 x d
20
0.120
2.266
6843
405
9186
18251
1080
4341
1890 3.500
314
Circle
9186
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
PUNCHING SHEAR METHOD
fck / fcu
Main Sheet
3770
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
Per B
Displayed 0.000
0.780
2523
18251
9186
4341
4341
Punching Shear
X X
Y
Y
42
PUNCH 2
Calculation of Values
Where moments occur in the columns or piles that support a flat slab, the punching shear around the support will
not be even. The values take account of this by applying a factor to the analysis value.
EC2 BS
Default values are shown adjacent for the general Pi = Internal 1.15 1.15
flat slab case where the spans are nearly equal. Pe = Edge 1.4 1.4
Where the exact method gives very low values, Pc = Corner 1.5 1.25
consider using the default values. Pr = Re-entrant (suggested) 1.3 1.3
Where the spans are not even or the arrangement is irregular, the Value depends on the Shear Eccentricity.
This is defined as Column Moment / Shear Force = MED / VED (EC2) and Mt / Vt (BS8110) and is in mm.
xD is the number of effective depths from the support to Perimeter. Control Perimeter = 1.5D (BS) & 2.0D (EC2).
due to MEDxx or MEDyy or both Pi N/A Pr N/A Pe N/A Pc N/A
BS8110 Ref Cl 3.7.6.2 x = Col Dim + (xD)d(2 if Pi, 1.5 if Pr or 1 if Pe)
x x
Pi = Max of ( 1 + 1.5 ( Mt / Vt ) / x about each axis 2220 N/A 2220 N/A N/A
Pr = Max of ( 1.25 + 1.5 ( Mt / Vt ) / x about each axis 1815 N/A 1815 N/A N/A
Pe = Max of 1.25 & 1.25 + 1.5 ( Mtxx / Vt ) / x 1410 N/A N/A N/A
Pc = 1.25 Vt N/A
EC2 Ref Cl 6.4.3
c1 c2 k
Pi = Internal 600 600 0.60 N/A
Fig 6.19 600 600 0.60 N/A
c1 & c2 relate to axis of bending 600 600 N/A
c1 c2 k
Pr = Re-entrant 600 600 0.60 N/A
600 600 0.60 N/A
c1 & c2 relate to axis of bending 600 600 N/A
c1 / c2 <=0.5 1 2 >=3
k = Depends on c1 / c2 ratio K = 0.45 0.6 0.7 0.8
= 1 + k (MED / VED) x (u1 / W1)
W1 = Pi c1 / 2 + c1c2 + (2)(xD)C2d + (4)(xD)d + (xD)dc1 xD = 2, gives value at u1
Pr c1 / 3 + c1c2 + (2)(xD)C2d + (3)(xD)d + (0.75)(xD)dc1 This allows the Value at smaller
xD values including 0 for col face
Circ = Pi 1 + 0.6 (MED / VED) / (Dia + (2)(xD)d) xD must not exceed 2.0
Pr 1 + 0.6 (MED / VED) / (Dia + (1.5)(xD)d)
If Bi-Axial EC2 states that formula applies to a rectangular column, If circular, conservatively, set c2 = c1
= Pi 1 + 1.8 ( ( (MEDxx / VED) / (c1 + 2(xD)d) )^2 + ( (MEDyy / VED) / (c2 + 2(xD)d) )^2 ) ^ 0.5
Pr 1 + 1.8 ( ( (MEDxx / VED) / (c1 + 1.5(xD)d) )^2 + ( (MEDyy / VED) / (c2 + 1.5(xD)d) )^2 ) ^ 0.5
c1 c2 k
Pe = Edge 600 600 0.70 N/A
Fig 6.20 a 600 600 N/A
c1 & c2 are fixed = Constant Myy part + (Mxx part -1) = N/A
k = Depends on c2 / c1 ratio where c1 = 0.5 x actual to give 2c2 / c1 (not c1 / 2c2 as in EC2)
= Myy part (Always Present) + Mxx part -1 = u1 / u1* + k (MEDYY / VED) x (u1 / W1)
u1* = u1 - c1 W1 = c2 / 4 + c1c2 + (2)(xd)C1d + (2)(xd)d + 0.5(xd)dc2
c1 c2
Pc = Corner 600 600 N/A
Fig 6.20 b
c1 & c2 are fixed = u1 / u1* u1* = u1 - c1 / 2 - c2 / 2
Mxx
Bi - Axial
Mxx 5193
7489
Bi - Axial
MYY
2896
u1
5193
N/A
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
u1
9186 N/A
u1
6802014
W1
Bi - Axial
5096676
N/A
Y - Y X - X
7489
8537352
6802014
W1
N/A
N/A Mxx
MYY
MED / VED
PUNCHING SHEAR METHOD
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
Mxx
MED / VED
8537352
W1
MYY
u1 MED / VED
9186
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
43
PUNCH 3
Minimum area of leg per (transverse x radial) area must be > 0.088 % for Fck = 30 N/mm
Amendment No. 1 of The National Annex was published in Dec 2009 and limits the shear stress vED at the first
control perimeter (i.e. at 2.0D or closer if chosen) to 2 x the unreinforced stress capacity vRdc.
This restriction has been incorporated into the program.
See following sheet for an example that links to the graphics from the MAIN sheet.
The example can also display the results for a BS design in order to show the differences.
The whole EC2 procedure is quite complex at first but with practice this method is quite practical.
It displays the xD factor for the minimum (inner) intermediate leg perimeter (Dri) and %AsL & St / D values.
Enter radial spacing at 0.75D or less and start by making additional radials number (nra) equal to 0.
Spaces must be a whole number (12) per quadrant. i.e. typically, for Pr, nr = (3 x 3) + 1 = 10.
It also allows a direct comparison with the equivalent BS design. Enter spacing instead of nr.
Check capacity, transverse St/D and %As at Dro and Dri and adjust dia, radial spacing and nrs to comply.
Full code compliance and leg radials geometry can be displayed in one column without the need for a diagram.
The Dri %Asl & St / D values apply to the main radials to demonstrate compliance without the intermediates.
The output displays the perimeter U appropriate to the entered xD factor for info and for checking purposes.
Set xD factor to 2.0 and enter primary radial leg dia 1 and basic nr of legs. Keep to rules below.
Note: basic nr of legs = nr of spaces + 1 for Pc, Pe, and Pr. Spaces = nr for Pi.
The diagram will show the support, U1 perimeter in red and Uout perimeter( if > U1) in blue.
You can check that the Cap Ratio = 1.0 when this value is entered into the xD data field.
The xD factor (Dout) where the concrete is sufficient without shear legs (Uout) is displayed in the output.
With Shear Legs
All radials finish at Dro at a spacing interval that is within 1.5D of the Outer Perimeter Uout.
EC2 PUNCHING SHEAR METHOD
Where legs are required, a minimum of 2 perimeters are provided.
Radial (outwards) spacing of the legs must not exceed 0.75D. Capacity is increased with closer spacing.
The method is based on multiples of the Average Effective Depth (D) from support face.
Additional intermediate radials may start at Dri if they are not required closer to the support.
The shear value is automatically adjusted according to the udl load (w) within the perimeters considered.
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Without Shear Legs
Principles
Main (capacity design) radials must start between 0.3D & 0.5D from the support face.
Capacity is calculated on the basic number of legs around the basic control perimeter (U1) at 2.0D.
Additional smaller dia radials may be added to satisfy spacing and minimum %As requirements.
Perimeter spacing must be (2.0D outside and 1.5D inside and on U1).
Copyright 2009 HAC
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
EC2 Punching Shear Design
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
Example
Note: nr of additional radials will be basic nr -1 for Pc, Pe and Pr. i.e. typically, for Pr, nr = 10 and nra = 9.
The output displays the xD factor for the maximum (outer) leg perimeter (Dro) and %AsL & St / D values.
If required, add additional intermediate radials 2 to satisfy %AsL & St / D .
Enter radial distance from support to 1st Leg (Sr1) ensuring that it is between 0.3D and 0.5D.
Note: EC2 punching shear fixes the strut angle at 26.6 and Cot 26.6 = 2. This program fixes the leg angle at 90.
Tangential Spacing / D (St/D) and %As are displayed according to Dro and Dri and non compliance is shown.
The program checks the support perimeter Uo and displays Uo Fail if Cap Ratio is > 1.
Enter average element section data over the support. Note: average cover will be basic cover + 0.5 x bar dia.
Enter the appropriate Punching Shear Type, Pi, Pe, Pc or Pr to enable Punching Shear Output.
If Dout is 2.0 (which sets Control Perimeter U1), no legs are required, section is satisfactory.
If Uo check is unsatisfactory, increase the slab thickness or add a column head.
Set leg dia, radial (outward) spacing (Sr) and transverse (perimeter) nrs (nr and nra) to 0.
Enter Px and Py Support Dimensions. If circular, type Dia instead of the Py value.
Enter the Punching Shear Value the program will multiply the value by the appropriate Beta.
44
FLEX 1
Derivation of Code formula for Lever Arm Z where As2 = 0 or is ignored
Mrc = Moment of Resistance of Concrete acting about As1 Excel maths notation is used.
BS 8110 Clause 3.4.4.4 Fact = 0.67 m = 1.5 normally
Conc = ( Fact ) * ( 1 / m ) * Fcu = 0.9 z = d - ( 0.9 / 2 ) X So X = ( d - z ) / 0.45
Mrc = b * ( Fact / m ) * Fcu * 0.9 * X * z = b * ( Fact / m ) * Fcu * 0.9 * ( ( d - z ) / 0.45 ) * z
= b * ( Fact / m ) * Fcu * 2 * ( d - z ) * z
= b * ( 2 * Fact / m ) * Fcu * d * z - b * ( 2 * Fact / m ) * Fcu * z^2
So b * ( 2 * Fact / m ) * Fcu * z^2 - b * ( 2 * Fact / m ) * Fcu * d * z + Mrc = 0
Divide through by bdFcu and set 2 * Fact / m = J and Mrc / bdFcu = K to give:-
( J / d ) z^2 + ( - J / d ) z + K = 0
Divide through by J / d to give:-
( 1 / d ) z^2 + ( - 1 ) z + ( d K / J ) = 0 This is a quadratic equation a z^2 + b z + c = 0
z = ( 1 + ( 1 - 4 ( 1 / d ) ( d K / J ) ) ^ 0.5 ) / ( 2 / d )
Replace the 1 term within the square root by 4 ( 0.25 ) and cancel the d terms
z = ( 1 + ( 4 ( 0.25 ) - 4 ( K / J ) ) ^ 0.5 ) / (2 / d )
4 ^ 0.5 = 2. So this can be brought outside of the square root term
z = ( 1 + ( 2 )( ( 0.25 ) - ( K / J ) ) ^ 0.5 ) / ( 2 / d )
Multiply top and bottom by d / 2
= d ( 0.5 + ( 0.25 - K / J ) ^ 0.5 )
= d ( 0.5 + ( 0.25 - ( K / ( 2 * Fact / m ) ) ) ^ 0.5 )
Fact = 0.67 and if m = 1.5 this becomes Z = d ( 0.5 + ( 0.25 - ( K / 0.893 ) ) ^ 0.5 )
Code Formula is approximated to Z = d ( 0.5 + ( 0.25 - ( K / 0.9 ) ) ^ 0.5 )
EC2 cc = 0.85 (NA value) m = 1.5 normally
Conc = ( cc / m ) * Fck = 0.8 z = d - ( 0.8 / 2 ) X So X = ( d - z ) / 0.4
Mrc = b * ( cc / m ) * Fck * 0.8 * ( ( d - z ) / 0.4 ) * z = b * ( cc / m ) * Fck * 2 * ( d - z ) * z
= b * ( cc / m ) * 2 * Fck * d * z - b * ( cc / m ) * 2 * Fck * z^2
So b * ( 2 * cc / m ) * Fck * z^2 - b * ( 2 * cc / m ) * Fck* d * z + Mrc = 0
Divide through by bdFck and set 2 * cc / m = Je and Mrc / bdFck = Ke and solve as above to give:-
z = d ( 0.5 + ( 0.25 - ( Ke / ( 2 * cc / m ) ) ) ^ 0.5 )
cc = 0.85 and if m = 1.5 this becomes = d ( 0.5 + ( 0.25 - ( Ke / 1.133 ) ) ^ 0.5 )
Formula can be approximated to Z = d ( 0.5 + ( 0.25 - ( Ke / 1.13 ) ) ^ 0.5 )
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
STEP BY STEP FOR FLEXURE ONLY Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
45
FLEX 2
Calculation of K' = Max M / Bd fcu and M / bd fck without considering As2
Mrc = b * ( Fact / m ) * Fcu * 0.9 * X * Z X = d * ( - 0.4 ) = b = Mred / M or 1
Mrc / fcu = b * ( Fact / m ) * 0.9 * d * ( - 0.4 ) * d * ( 1 - ( 0.45 * ( - 0.4 ) ) )
Mrc / b d fcu = K' = ( Fact / m ) * 0.9 * ( - 0.4 ) * ( 1 - ( 0.45 * ( - 0.4 ) ) )
Mrc / b d fck = Ke' = ( cc / m ) * 0.8 * ( - 0.4 ) * ( 1 - ( 0.4 * ( - 0.4 ) ) )
Equates to K' or Ke' = ( J /2 ) * * ( - 0.4 ) - ( J /2 ) * ( / 2 ) * ( - 0.4 )^2
BS Fact m J
0.67 1.5 0.893 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75 0.7
Max M / bd fcu = 0.176 0.156 0.144 0.132 0.119 0.104
EC2 cc m Je
0.85 1.5 1.133 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75 0.7
Max M / bd fck = 0.207 0.181 0.167 0.152 0.136 0.120
When Z = 0.95d Min M / bd fcu = 0.042 Min M / bd fck = 0.054
If M / bd(fcu or fck) < K' or Ke' As1 = M (kNm) x 10
6
/ Z mm
If As2 is Taken into Account If Fs2 < 0 it is in tension and is ignored
Calculation of Balanced Neutral Axis Distance (Xo) where Fs1 = Fyd and As1 and As2 are known.
Fyd = Fyk / s Conc = (BS) 0.67 x Fcu / c or (EC2) cc x Fck / c If As1 only, set As2 = 0
1. If Fs2 = Fyd Xo1 = (As1 x Fyd - As2 x (Fyd - Conc) ) / ( B x x Conc )
If Xo1 > d1 / ( 1 + Fyd / 700 ) = T d1 ( = 0.617 d1 if Fyd = 434.8 ) Solution is Invalid, Fs1 < Fyd
If Xo1 < d2 * 700 / ( 700 - Fyd ) = C d2 ( = 2.639 d2 if Fyd = 434.8 ) Solution is Invalid, Try Xo2a
2. If Fs2 is Variable and Displaced As2 Concrete Stress Adjustment = DC2 = - Conc
Xo2a = ( - ( As1*Fyd+As2*(700+DC2)) - ((( As1*Fyd+As2*(700+DC2))^2 - ( 4 * - B * * Conc * As2 * 700 * d2))^0.5 ))
Divided By 2 * - B * * Conc
If Xo1 > d1 / ( 1 + Fyd / 700 ) = T d1 ( = 0.617 d1 if Fyd = 434.8 ) Solution is Invalid, Fs1 < Fyd
If Xo2a < d2 / , As2 is outside Concrete Compression Block. Solution is Incorrect. Recalculate with DC2 = 0 to give Xo2b
Xo will be the valid solution from Xo1 or Xo2a or Xo2b. The section is balanced and Mrc = Mrt
If Xu Due to Redistribution ( ( - 0.4 ) * d1 ) < Xo then Xu is used to calculate Mrc & Mrt and Mrt > Mrc
If X < Min X (0.1 * d1 / ) then Z > 0.95 * d1, and Mrt is calculated using Z = 0.95d1 and Mrt < Mrc
Fconc = B * Conc * * X / 1000 F2 = Fs2 * As2 / 1000 F1a = Fyd * As1 / 1000 - F2 F1b = F2
If Fs2 < 0, F2 = 0
Mrc (a + b) = Fconc * Z + F2 * ( d1 - d2 ) Fs2 includes displaced concrete adjustment
Mrt (a + b) = F1a * Z + F1b * (d1 - d2) Z = Min of ( 0.95 * d1 ) or ( d1 - ( 0.5 * * X ) )
Mr = Min of Mrc & Mrt Cap = Mu / Mr If As2 = 0, X = Xo1 = Xo2a = Xo2b
Input Shear V 400 21.8 Red App Max Face 1 Face 2
Code B H c cc Fyk s Mu z / d1 1 Ctr, nr Cov 2 Ctr, nr Cov
EC2 30 37 1000 600 1.5 0.85 500 1.15 0.85 1196 0.95 32 130 60 16 300 60
Ftd = 0.5 * V * Cot kN a1 = 0.5 * Z * Cot mm Md = Ftd * Z kNm
Output Shear Shift or Md Ftd 500 a1 566.4 or Md 226.5 Mu + Md <= Mmax for Span or Supp
Conc Fyd Cd2 d2 / Xo1 Xo2a Xo2b Xo Xu X Fs2 As1 d1 DC1 As2 d2 DC2
0.8 17.0 434.8 179 85 177 177 177 177 236 177 415 6187 524 0 670 68 -17.0
Fconc F2 F1a F1b d1-d2 .95d1 Mrta Mrtb Mrt Mrca Mrcb Mrc Mr Cap Z Ke
2412 277.9 2412 277.9 456 498 1093 126.7 1219 1093 126.7 1219 1219 0.981 453.1 0.145
Info
Mrt = Mrc
Fck / Fcu
STEP BY STEP FOR FLEXURE ONLY Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Redistribution
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
Redistribution
46
FLEX 3
Flexure Case 1
Code EC2 Mu 1196 Conc 30 / 37 H 600 bw 1000 fyk 500 0.85
Dia1 32 Ctrs or Nr ( < 50 ) 130 Cov 1 60 As1 6187 % = 1.181 d1 524 fyd 434.8
Dia2 16 Ctrs or Nr ( < 50 ) 300 Cov 2 60 As2 670 % = 0.128 d2 68 d1-d2 456 Min% 0.151
As1 Ke' = 0.453 * ( - 0.4 ) - 0.18 * ( - 0.4 ) = 0.167 Ratio
Ke = M / bw d1 fck = 0.145 Ratio
Mr = Ke' x bw x d1 x fck = Mr ignoring As2 = 1378 kNm
Z (Max = 0.95d1) = d1 ( 0.5 + ( 0.25 - ( Min of Ke or Ke') / 1.13 ) ) ^ 0.5 ) = 445 mm
As1 Req = M / ( Z fyd ) If As2 req Mr / Z fyd + (M - Mr) / ( (d1 - d2) fyd ) = mm <Prov
As2 = Neutral axis X = ( d1 - Z ) / 0.4 = N/A mm
Fs2 Status = As2 stress limited at X > 2.64 d2 Limit is at = N/A mm N/A
Fs2 = (If Lim, fyd, If Var, 700 x (X - d2) / X) - (fck x 0.85 / 1.5) = N/A N/mm
As2 Req = (M - Mr) / (d1 - d2) x Fs2 = mm N/A
Flexure Case 2
Code BS Mu 1196 Conc 30 / 37 H 600 bw 1000 fyk 500 0.85
Dia1 32 Ctrs or Nr ( < 50 ) 130 Cov 1 60 As1 6187 % = 1.181 d1 524 fyd 434.8
Dia2 16 Ctrs or Nr ( < 50 ) 300 Cov 2 60 As2 670 % = 0.128 d2 68 d1-d2 456 Min% 0.13
As1 K' = 0.402 * ( - 0.4 ) - 0.18 * ( - 0.4 ) = 0.144 Ratio
K = M / bw d1 fcu = 0.118 Ratio
Mr = K' x bw x d1 x fcu = Mr ignoring As2 = 1466 kNm
Z (Max = 0.95d1) = d1 ( 0.5 + ( 0.25 - ( Min of K or K') / 0.9 ) ) ^ 0.5 ) = 443 mm
As1 Req = M / ( Z fyd ) If As2 req Mr / Z fyd + (M - Mr) / ( (d1 - d2) fyd ) = mm >Prov
As2 = Neutral axis X = ( d1 - Z ) / 0.45 = N/A mm
Fs2 Status = As2 stress limited at X > 2.64 d2 Limit is at = N/A mm N/A
Fs2 = (If Lim, fyd, If Var, 700 x (X - d2) / X) - (fcu x 0.67 / 1.5) = N/A N/mm
As2 Req = (M - Mr) / (d1 - d2) x Fs2 = mm N/A
Flexure Case 3
Code EC2 Mu 1500 Conc 30 / 37 H 600 bw 1000 fyk 500 0.85
Dia1 32 Ctrs or Nr ( < 50 ) 10 Cov 1 60 As1 8042 % = 1.535 d1 524 fyd 434.8
Dia2 16 Ctrs or Nr ( < 50 ) 5 Cov 2 60 As2 1005 % = 0.192 d2 68 d1-d2 456 Min% 0.151
As1 Ke' = 0.453 * ( - 0.4 ) - 0.18 * ( - 0.4 ) = 0.167 Ratio
Ke = M / bw d1 fck = 0.182 Ratio >Ke'
Mr = Ke' x bw x d1 x fck = Mr ignoring As2 = 1378 kNm
Z (Max = 0.95d1) = d1 ( 0.5 + ( 0.25 - ( Min of Ke or Ke') / 1.13 ) ) ^ 0.5 ) = 429 mm
As1 Req = M / ( Z fyd ) If As2 req Mr / Z fyd + (M - Mr) / ( (d1 - d2) fyd ) = mm <Prov
As2 = Neutral axis X = ( d1 - Z ) / 0.4 = 237 mm
Fs2 Status = As2 stress limited at X > 2.64 d2 Limit is at = 180 mm Lim
Fs2 = (If Lim, fyd, If Var, 700 x (X - d2) / X) - (fck x 0.85 / 1.5) = 418 N/mm
As2 Req = (M - Mr) / (d1 - d2) x Fs2 = mm <Prov
Flexure Case 4
Code BS Mu 1500 Conc 30 / 37 H 600 bw 1000 fyk 500 0.85
Dia1 32 Ctrs or Nr ( < 50 ) 10 Cov 1 60 As1 8042 % = 1.535 d1 524 fyd 434.8
Dia2 16 Ctrs or Nr ( < 50 ) 5 Cov 2 60 As2 1005 % = 0.192 d2 68 d1-d2 456 Min% 0.13
As1 K' = 0.402 * ( - 0.4 ) - 0.18 * ( - 0.4 ) = 0.144 Ratio
K = M / bw d1 fcu = 0.148 Ratio >K'
Mr = K' x bw x d1 x fcu = Mr ignoring As2 = 1466 kNm
Z (Max = 0.95d1) = d1 ( 0.5 + ( 0.25 - ( Min of K or K') / 0.9 ) ) ^ 0.5 ) = 419 mm
As1 Req = M / ( Z fyd ) If As2 req Mr / Z fyd + (M - Mr) / ( (d1 - d2) fyd ) = mm >Prov
As2 = Neutral axis X = ( d1 - Z ) / 0.45 = 233 mm
Fs2 Status = As2 stress limited at X > 2.64 d2 Limit is at = 180 mm Lim
Fs2 = (If Lim, fyd, If Var, 700 x (X - d2) / X) - (fcu x 0.67 / 1.5) = 418 N/mm
As2 Req = (M - Mr) / (d1 - d2) x Fs2 = mm <Prov
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
8220
N/A
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
GENERAL FLEXURE
6211
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
0.7 > <= 0.9
N/A
0.7 > <= 0.85
180
0.7 > <= 0.85
6186
7998
641
0.7 > <= 0.9
47
FLEX 4
Ultimate Flexure Only Calculation - Out of Balance Check When Redistribution Factor Forces X < Xo
Comparison between Centre Line Equilibrium Method and Lever Arm Equilibrium Method
1 Centre Line Method which checks equilibrium about Centre Line
Using Xo This is the value of X when is not applied
-137 0 0 -535 10 1 1 -200 -100 1 0 965
Case 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Xo mm 98 63 61 0 66 77 61 72 47 60 121 141
X / D Ratio 0.19 0.12 0.11 0.00 0.28 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.08 0.11 0.32 0.68
Fs1 N /mm -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435
Fs3 N /mm -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -45
Fs2 N /mm 166 29 4 -435 46 137 4 16 -50 134 325 362
Ult Axial Capacity kN -459 0 0 -2075 27 7 3 -1324 -380 419 0 963
Mo Ult Moment Capacity kNm 992 467 467 0 191 710 467 794 380 419 461 241
Using Min of Xu or Xo If 0.7 < < 1.0. If Xo < Xu, Xo is used and there will be no out of balance.
Min of Xu or Xo mm 98 63 61 0 66 77 61 72 47 60 115 141
X / D Ratio 0.19 0.12 0.11 0.00 0.28 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.08 0.11 0.30 0.68
Fs1 N /mm -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435
Fs3 N /mm -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -45
Fs2 N /mm 166 29 4 -435 46 137 4 16 -50 134 304 362
Ult Axial Capacity kN -459 0 0 -2075 27 7 3 -1324 -380 419 -81 963
Ult Moment Capacity kNm 992 467 467 0 191 710 467 794 380 419 449 241
Out of balance force kN -596 0 0 -2610 37 8 4 -1524 -480 420 -81 1928
At an Eccentricity of mm 224 240 240 102 84 238 240 224 250 252 157 57
M Out of Bal about Centre Line kNm -134 0 0 -267 3 2 1 -341 -120 106 -13 110
Mb If O / B Force is removed Mb = kNm 859 467 467 -267 194 712 468 453 260 525 437 351
2 Lever Arm Method which is based on a couple about Tension and Compression Centroids
Using Min of Xu or Xo If 0.7 < < 1.0. If Xo < = Xu results will be the same as above.
If X < 0.1D / then Lever Arm Z > 0.95D. A maximum value of Z = 0.95D is used below.
Min of Xu or Xo mm 98 63 61 0 66 77 61 72 47 60 115 141
X / D Ratio 0.19 0.12 0.11 0.00 0.28 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.08 0.11 0.30 0.68
Fs1 N /mm -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435
Fs3 N /mm -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -435 -45
Fs2 N /mm 166 29 4 -435 46 137 4 16 -50 134 304 362
F conc in comp kN 1328 851 903 1 902 1143 904 974 635 822 935 1149
F Reinf in Comp allowing for displ conc kN 544 60 7 -1038 35 287 9 33 -104 179 382 712
F Reinf in Tension kN -2331 -911 -911 -1038 -911 -1423 -911 -2331 -911 -583 -1399 -898
Lever Arm Z Conc Block to Tens Reinf mm 485 513 513 240 207 503 513 495 523 524 336 151
Lever Arm Comp Reinf to Tens Reinf mm 452 480 480 205 172 478 480 454 500 504 320 143
Mr Concrete Block about Tens Reinf kNm 644 436 463 0 187 575 464 483 332 431 314 173
Mr Comp Reinf about Tens Reinf kNm 246 29 4 -212 6 137 4 15 -52 90 122 101
Mc Mr Comp Total kNm 890 465 467 -212 193 712 468 498 280 522 437 275
F Ten Reinf acting against conc block kN -1787 -851 -903 -2076 -876 -1136 -902 -2298 -1015 -404 -1016 -187
F Ten Reinf acting against Comp Reinf kN -544 -60 -7 1038 -35 -287 -9 -33 104 -179 -382 -712
Mr Ten Reinf acting about Conc Block kNm -867 -436 -463 -498 -182 -571 -462 -1138 -530 -212 -342 -28
Mr Ten Reinf acting about Comp Reinf kNm -246 -29 -4 212 -6 -137 -4 -15 52 -90 -122 -101
Mt Mr Tens Reinf Total kNm -1112 -465 -467 -285 -188 -708 -467 -1153 -478 -302 -464 -130
If T is reduced by kN -596 0 0 -2610 37 8 4 -1524 -480 420 -81 1928
F ten reinf about Conc Block becomes kN -1191 -851 -903 534 -912 -1144 -905 -774 -535 -823 -935 -2114
Mr Ten Reinf about conc block becomes kNm -577 -436 -463 128 -189 -575 -464 -383 -279 -432 -314 -319
Mr = Mr Tens total becomes kNm -823 -465 -467 340 -195 -712 -468 -399 -227 -522 -437 -420
Mc = Mb
Therefore, if the out of balance tensile force is removed the section
can be in equilibrium about the centre line or by the lever arm method.
This is best done by reducing the tension reinforcement if Mrt > Mrc
It can also be done by increasing the compression reinforcement if M > Mrc
The main purpose of redistributing moments is to reduce tension reinforcement.
The purpose of limiting X is also to ensure Mrc > Mrt so it fails in tension first.
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
STEP BY STEP FOR FLEXURE ONLY Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
48
FLEX 5
Ultimate Flexure Only Calculation - Out of Balance Check When Redistribution Factor Forces X < Xo
Comparison between Centre Line Equilibrium Method and Lever Arm Equilibrium Method
1 Centre Line Method which checks equilibrium about Centre Line
Using Xo This is the value of X when is not applied
0 0 0 1600 2500 2500 2500 1500 1500 1 1 -400
Case 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Xo mm 89 63 203 1058 280 341 338 233 227 80 77 17
X / D Ratio 0.17 0.16 0.54 2.71 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.96 0.93 0.15 0.15 0.07
Fs1 N /mm -435 -435 -435 264 -379 -393 -403 -33 -52 -435 -435 -435
Fs3 N /mm -435 -435 -435 418 75 84 69 418 418 -435 -435 -435
Fs2 N /mm 197 37 418 402 418 418 418 418 418 62 30 -435
Nu kN 0 0 0 2945 2501 2510 2658 1571 1516 286 285 -2617
Mo Mu kNm 840 197 658 9 665 833 832 122 126 286 285 33
Using Min of Xu or Xo If 0.7 < < 1.0. If Xo < Xu, Xo is used and there will be no out of balance.
Min of Xu or Xo mm 89 63 113 1058 280 341 338 233 227 80 77 17
X / D Ratio 0.17 0.16 0.30 2.71 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.96 0.93 0.15 0.15 0.07
Fs1 N /mm -435 -435 -435 264 -379 -393 -403 -33 -52 -435 -435 -435
Fs3 N /mm -435 -435 -435 418 75 84 69 418 418 -435 -435 -435
Fs2 N /mm 197 37 300 402 418 418 418 418 418 62 30 -435
Nu kN 0 0 -883 2945 2501 2510 2658 1571 1516 286 285 -2617
Mu kNm 840 197 562 9 665 833 832 122 126 286 285 33
Out of balance force kN 0 0 -883 2945 2501 2510 2658 1571 1516 ###### 285 -2617
At an Eccentricity of mm 236 163 153 165 109 139 139 94 94 228 228 98
M Out of Bal about Centre Line kNm 0 0 -135 486 273 349 370 148 143 ###### 65 -255
Mb If O / B Force is removed Mb = kNm 840 197 427 495 938 1183 1202 270 268 ###### 350 -222
2 Lever Arm Method which is based on a couple about Tension and Compression Centroids
Using Min of Xu or Xo If 0.7 < < 1.0. If Xo < Xu results will be the same as above.
If X < 0.1D / then Lever Arm Z > 0.95D. A maximum value of Z = 0.95D is used below.
Min of Xu or Xo mm 89 63 113 1058 280 341 338 233 227 80 77 17
X / D Ratio 0.17 0.16 0.30 2.71 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.96 0.93 0.15 0.15 0.07
Fs1 N /mm -435 -435 -435 264 -379 -393 -403 -33 -52 -435 -435 -435
Fs3 N /mm -435 -435 -435 418 75 84 69 418 418 -435 -435 -435
Fs2 N /mm 197 37 300 402 418 418 418 418 418 62 30 -435
F conc in comp kN 1213 517 925 2678 2287 2316 2511 951 927 652 683 228
F Reinf in Comp allowing for displ conc kN 494 30 377 162 1008 1008 1009 672 672 61 29 -1423
F Reinf in Tension kN -1707 -546 -2185 106 -793 -814 -862 -52 -83 -427 -427 -1423
Lever Arm Concrete Block to Tens Reinf mm 500 363 333 -33 247 303 287 151 153 496 493 235
Lever Arm Comp Reinf to Tens Reinf mm 474 328 316 330 291 371 371 188 188 455 455 195
Mr Concrete Block about Tens Reinf kNm 606 187 308 -88 565 702 721 143 142 323 337 54
Mr Comp Reinf about Tens Reinf kNm 234 10 119 53 294 374 375 126 126 28 13 -277
Mc Mr Comp Total kNm 840 197 427 -35 859 1076 1096 270 268 351 350 -224
= Mb F Ten Reinf acting against conc block kN -1213 -517 -1808 268 215 194 147 620 589 -366 -398 -2846
F Ten Reinf acting against Comp Reinf kN -494 -30 -377 -162 -1008 -1008 -1009 -672 -672 -61 -29 1423
Mr Ten Reinf acting about Conc Block kNm -606 -187 -601 -9 53 59 42 93 90 -181 -196 -669
Mr Ten Reinf acting about Comp Reinf kNm -234 -10 -119 -53 -294 -374 -375 -126 -126 -28 -13 277
Mt Mr Tens Reinf Total kNm -840 -197 -721 -62 -241 -316 -332 -33 -36 -209 -209 -392
If T is reduced by kN 0 0 -883 2945 2501 2510 2658 1571 1516 ###### 285 -2617
F ten reinf about Conc Block becomes kN -1213 -517 -925 -2678 -2287 -2316 -2511 -951 -927 ###### -683 -228
Mr Ten Reinf about conc block becomes kNm -606 -187 -308 88 -565 -702 -721 -143 -142 ###### -337 -54
Mr = Mr Tens total becomes kNm -840 -197 -427 35 -859 -1076 -1096 -270 -268 ###### -350 224
Mc = Mb
Therefore, if the out of balance tensile force is removed the section
can be in equilibrium about the centre line or by the lever arm method.
This is best done by reducing the tension reinforcement if Mrt > Mrc
It can also be done by increasing the compression reinforcement if M > Mrc
The main purpose of redistributing moments is to reduce tension reinforcement.
The purpose of limiting X is also to ensure Mrc > Mrt so it fails in tension first.
Copyright 2009 HAC
STEP BY STEP FOR FLEXURE ONLY Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
49
SLEN 1
Comparison between BS8110 & EC2 Slender Columns
1.35 1.35 1.40 1.35 1.35 1.40 1.40 1.35 1.20 1.35 1.40 1.40
Common Data 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ultimate Applied Axial Load kN NEd 965
Ultimate Applied Maximum End Moment kNm BS , EC2 M2,Mc2 50
Ultimate Applied Minimum End Moment kNm BS , EC2 M1,Mc1 30
Effective Length Leff, BS = le , EC2 = lo le , lo 9000
Unbraced (U) or Braced (B) U or B B
Primary Loading - Transverse (T) or Vertical (V) T or V V
BS Design
le / h limit - determines if slender le/h lim 20
le / h - where h = depth H & b = width B le/h 30
Status - Slender or Short Status SLEN
Total Area of reinf = As1 + As1a + As2 mm Asc 4909
Ult Axial Only Cap = 0.45 fcu*h*b + Asc*0.87*fy kN Nuz 5132
Nbal = Axial Load at max moment resistance kN Nbal 1040
K = (Nuz - NEd) / (Nuz - Nbal) < 1 K 1.000
a = (1 / 2000) x (Le / h) a 0.450
u = K h mm au 135
Mi = 0.4M1 + 0.6M2 >= 0.4M2 kNm Mi 60
Madd = NEd x au kNm Madd 130
Design Moment = MEd = Mi + Madd kNm MEd 190
EC2 Design - First Order & Imperfections
ef = creep x ratio of Mperm / Mdesign = 0.75(,to) ef 1.178
= As fyd / Ac fcd 0.697
n = NEd / (Ac fcd) n 0.315
rm = If Unbraced or Transverse = 1, else Mc1 / Mc2 rm 0.600
A = 1 / ( 1 + 0.2 ef ) A 0.809
B = ( 1 + 2 ) B 1.548
C = 1.7 - rm C 1.100
n n 0.562
lim = 20 x A x B x C / n - determines if slender lim 49
= lo / (0.2887 x H) 104
Status - Slender or Short Status Slender
MoE = 0.4Mc1 + 0.6Mc2 >= 0.4Mc2 kNm MoE 60
ei = Accidental Eccentricity = H / 400 mm ei 23
Mi = ( N ) x ( ei ) kNm Mi 22
MoEd = Total First Order Moments MoE + Mi kNm MoEd 82
Second Order - Nominal Curvature Method
= 0.35 + fck / 200 - / 150 0.000
K = 1 + ef >= 1 K 1.000
yd = fyd / Es = 434.7 / 200000 yd 0.002
1 / ro x 10E3 = (yd / 0.45d) x 10E3 / mm 1/ro 0.021
nu = 1 + nu 1.697
nbal = Nbal / N and is taken by EC2 as 0.4 nbal 0.400
Kr = (nu - n ) / (nu - 0.4 ) = axial load correction Kr 1.000
1 / r x 10E3 = Kr K (1 / ro ) x 10E3 1 / r 0.021
C = curve distribution constant C 10
e2 = Deflection = (1 / r ) ( 1o ) / C mm e2 166
M2 = Additional Moment NEd x e2 kNm M2 160
Design Moment = MEd = MoEd + M2 kNm MEd 242
Second Order - Nominal Stiffness Method
K1 = ( fck / 20 ) K1 1.225
K2 = n / 170 K2 0.193
Ecd = Ecm / 1.2 = 32836 / 1.2 N/mm Ecd 27364
Ic x 10E4 = B x H / 12 mm4 Ic 135000
Isx10E4=As1(d1-H/2)+As1a(d1a-H/2)+As2(H/2-d2) Is 2871
EI x 10E9 =((K1)(K2)(Ecd)(Ic)/(1 + )) + (Is)(Es) Nmm EI 9747
Nb = Buckling Load = EI / lo kN Nb 1188
= / 8 1.234
Design Moment MEd = MoEd (1+ / ((Nb/NEd) -1)) kNm MEd 519
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
STEP BY STEP FOR SLENDER COLUMNS Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
Case
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
50
SLEN 2
Comparison between BS8110 & EC2 Slender Columns
1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40
Common Data 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Ultimate Applied Axial Load kN NEd 1500 1500
Ultimate Applied Maximum End Moment kNm BS , EC2 M2,Mc2 80 80
Ultimate Applied Minimum End Moment kNm BS , EC2 M1,Mc1 -50 -50
Effective Length Leff, BS = le , EC2 = lo le , lo 5670 6050
Unbraced (U) or Braced (B) U or B B B
Primary Loading - Transverse (T) or Vertical (V) T or V V V
BS Design
le / h limit - determines if slender le/h lim 20 20
le / h - where h = depth H & b = width B le/h 19 20
Status - Slender or Short Status Short SLEN
Total Area of reinf = As1 + As1a + As2 mm Asc 3217
Ult Axial Only Cap = 0.45 fcu*h*b + Asc*0.87*fy kN Nuz 2898
Nbal = Axial Load at max moment resistance kN Nbal 587
K = (Nuz - NEd) / (Nuz - Nbal) < 1 K 0.605
a = (1 / 2000) x (Le / h) a 0.203
u = K h mm au 37
Mi = 0.4M1 + 0.6M2 >= 0.4M2 kNm Mi 32
Madd = NEd x au kNm Madd 55
Design Moment = MEd = Mi + Madd kNm MEd 87
EC2 Design - First Order & Imperfections
ef = creep x ratio of Mperm / Mdesign = 0.75(,to) ef 1.178 1.178
= As fyd / Ac fcd 0.914 0.914
n = NEd / (Ac fcd) n 0.980 0.980
rm = If Unbraced or Transverse = 1, else Mc1 / Mc2 rm -0.625 -0.625
A = 1 / ( 1 + 0.2 ef ) A 0.809 0.809
B = ( 1 + 2 ) B 1.682 1.682
C = 1.7 - rm C 2.325 2.325
n n 0.990 0.990
lim = 20 x A x B x C / n - determines if slender lim 64 64
= lo / (0.2887 x H) 65 70
Status - Slender or Short Status Slender Slender
MoE = 0.4Mc1 + 0.6Mc2 >= 0.4Mc2 kNm MoE 32 32
ei = Accidental Eccentricity = H / 400 mm ei 14 15
Mi = ( N ) x ( ei ) kNm Mi 21 23
MoEd = Total First Order Moments MoE + Mi kNm MoEd 53 55
Second Order - Nominal Curvature Method
= 0.35 + fck / 200 - / 150 0.064 0.034
K = 1 + ef >= 1 K 1.075 1.040
yd = fyd / Es = 0 / 200000 yd 0.002 0.002
1 / ro x 10E3 = (yd / 0.45d) x 10E3 / mm 1/ro 0.020 0.020
nu = 1 + nu 1.914 1.914
nbal = Nbal / N and is taken by EC2 as 0.4 nbal 0.400 0.400
Kr = (nu - n ) / (nu - 0.4 ) = axial load correction Kr 0.617 0.617
1 / r x 10E3 = Kr K (1 / ro ) x 10E3 1 / r 0.013 0.013
C = curve distribution constant C 10 10
e2 = Deflection = (1 / r ) ( 1o ) / C mm e2 42 46
M2 = Additional Moment NEd x e2 kNm M2 63 70
Design Moment = MEd = MoEd + M2 kNm MEd 117 124
Second Order - Nominal Stiffness Method
K1 = ( fck / 20 ) K1 1.225 1.225
K2 = n / 170 K2 0.200 0.200
Ecd = Ecm / 1.2 = 0 / 1.2 N/mm Ecd 27364 27364
Ic x 10E4 = B x H / 12 mm4 Ic 67500 67500
Isx10E4=As1(d1-H/2)+As1a(d1a-H/2)+As2(H/2-d2) Is 2843 2843
EI x 10E9 =((K1)(K2)(Ecd)(Ic)/(1 + )) + (Is)(Es) Nmm EI 7763 7763
Nb = Buckling Load = EI / lo kN Nb 2383 2093
= / 8 1.234 1.234
Design Moment MEd = MoEd (1+ / ((Nb/NEd) -1)) kNm MEd 165 225
Case
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EC2 DESIGN TOOL
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
51
STAAD 1
STAAD PRO OUTPUT ASSEMBLER Includes Wood and Armer Mxy Adjustment
The following method allows STAAD output to be copied in one operation and arranged to be
suitable for copying and pasting into the MAIN spreadsheet. Section dimensions are in mm.
Note:- v is always an Absolute (+ve) value of SQ and n = - S so that N is negative if in Tension
SQ, S, v & n are in N / mm Output M is in kNm per width B
Shear Force V = v x H x B / 1000 kN Axial Force N = n x H x B / 1000 kN
Results For All 4 Nodes
Load Case 2 FTB
1 W & A Y Plate Node SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy
Panel 1 Type Wall 48 2 FTB 39 -0.22 -0 0.197 -0.03 0.006 -184 -21 -12
Mh at Loc int 40 -0.22 0.11 0.244 0.052 0.003 -277 -73 -1
Corner H 600 57 -0.22 0.11 0.271 0.055 -0.04 -267 -18 -40 v 0.222 0.11
48 B 1000 56 -0.22 -0 0.224 -0.03 -0.04 -173 -35 -51 n -0.271 -0.055
X & Y 57 -0.222 0.11 0.271 0.055 -0.044 -267 -18 -40 V kN 133 66
Mx1 -227 My1 22 Mx2 -180 My2 -12 Mxd 0 Myd -12 N kN -163 -33
Mx1 -307 My1 -58 Mx2 -354 My2 -24 Mxd -307 Myd -58 M kNm -307 -58
Basic Procedure
Copy the loadcase plate values from STAAD output.
Paste into the shaded cell which will vary in position according to the data type selected.
Plate and Load Case values will only display for the first node in a group. Otherwise, enter missing data manually.
Enter Design Description. Plate number is inserted automatically. This can be copied and pasted into MAIN sheet.
Enter Section Data. This can be copied and pasted into MAIN sheet.
Enter Direction of results, X or Y or X & Y.
Enter Node Ref for the All 4 Nodes case.
Select if Wood and Armer analysis is required to include Mxy values or delete Mxy. See below.
The values will automatically fill up and arrange the data at the right so V is always +ve and N is -ve if in Tension.
Copy the V N M values and Paste into the MAIN sheet. Use Paste Special & Values Only
The centre or single node or summary table is more compact and is usable for most cases.
Wood and Armer Procedure
It is undertaken twice as the results depend on the sign of Mx and My. +ve M denotes tension on the +ve Z face.
The method produces one appropriate result for each direction. These are selected automatically by the program.
A Mx1 =Mx +abs(Mxy) If both Mx1 and My1 are positive, Mxd =Mx1 and Myd =My1.
My1 =My +abs(Mxy) If both Mx1 and My1 are negative, Mxd =0 and Myd =0.
Mx2 =Mx +abs(Mxy / My) If Mx1 is negative and My1 positive, Mxd =0 and Myd =My2.
My2 =My +abs(Mxy / Mx) If My1 is negative and Mx1 positive, Mxd =Mx2 and Myd =0.
B Mx1 =Mx - abs(Mxy) If both Mx1 and My1 are positive, Mxd =0 and Myd =0.
My1 =My - abs(Mxy) If both Mx1 and My1 are negative, Mxd =Mx1 and Myd =My1.
Mx2 =Mx - abs(Mxy / My) If Mx1 is negative and My1 positive, Mxd =Mx2 and Myd =0.
My2 =My - abs(Mxy / Mx) If My1 is negative and Mx1 positive, Mxd =0 and Myd =My2.
The procedure can be disabled by entering N after the W & A cell or setting Mxy =0.
Centre or Node or Summary Mx1, My1, Mx2, My2, Mxd, Myd are Wood and Armer X Y
Ref 1 Dir X & Y Load Case 2 FTB v 0.221 0.053
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n -0.234 -0.013
Mh at Loc int 46466 48 2 FTB -0.221 0.053 0.234 0.013 -0.019 -225 -37 -26 V kN 133 32
Corner H 600 Mx1 -199 My1 -11 Mx2 -207 My2 -34 Mxd 0 Myd 0 N kN -140 -8
48 B 1000 Mx1 -251 My1 -63 Mx2 -243 My2 -40 Mxd -251 Myd -63 M kNm -251 -63
Ref 2 Dir X Load Case = 2 FTB v 0.221
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate Node SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n -0.234
Mh at Loc int 48 40 -0.221 0.053 0.234 0.013 -0.019 -277 -73 -1 V kN 133
Corner H 600 Mx1 -276 My1 -72 Mx2 -277 My2 -73 Mxd 0 Myd 0 N kN -140
48 B 1000 Mx1 -278 My1 -74 Mx2 -277 My2 -73 Mxd -278 Myd -74 M kNm -278
Ref 3 Dir Y Load Case 12 1.35(SW) +1.2(FTB) v 0.053
Panel 1 Type Wall Val Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n -0.013
Mv at Loc int Min My 136 (SW) + 1 -0.221 0.053 0.234 0.013 -0.019 -41 -294 1 V kN 32
Base H 600 Mx1 -39 My1 -293 Mx2 -41 My2 -294 Mxd 0 Myd 0 N kN -8
136 B 1000 Mx1 -42 My1 -296 Mx2 -41 My2 -294 Mxd -42 Myd -296 M kNm -296
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
STAAD PRO OUTPUT CONVERTER Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
X
Wood and Armer
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Node Ref Direction
Y Dir
Moments
Centre
Node
Summary
52
STAAD 2
Centre or Node or Summary Mx1, My1, Mx2, My2, Mxd, Myd are Wood and Armer X Y
Ref 1 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 2 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 3 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 4 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 5 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 6 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 7 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 8 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 9 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 10 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 11 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 12 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
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EC2 DESIGN TOOL
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
53
STAAD 3
Centre or Node or Summary Mx1, My1, Mx2, My2, Mxd, Myd are Wood and Armer X Y
Ref 13 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 14 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 15 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 16 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 17 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 18 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 19 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 20 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 21 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 22 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 23 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
Ref 24 Dir X Load Case v
Panel 1 Type Wall Plate SQx SQy Sx Sy Sxy Mx My Mxy n
Mh at Loc int V kN
Corner H 600 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd N kN
B 1000 Mx1 My1 Mx2 My2 Mxd Myd M kNm
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STAAD PRO OUTPUT CONVERTER
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EC2 DESIGN TOOL
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
54
Tables 1
Capacity Charts and Tables Chart Service Capacity is based on Wmax = 0.2 mm
Reinf fyk 500 Gain N Depth H mm 600 Ambient T C 15 fck,cyl N/mm 40 Linear CC 1.5
Bond - k1 0.800 Conc PSFc 1.5 Width B mm 1000 Load Age d 28 fctm,t N/mm 3.509 Linear MR 14.2
Reinf PSF s 1.15 1.5 RH % 85 Max Ec,t kN/mm 35.22 1.5
28 Day Cube 50 Ult / Serv LF 1.35 ExpFaces 1 LT ho 1200 MR at kfck 14.2
Design Age 28 Agg 0.45 0.7 k factor x fck 18 k3 x fyk 350
Equiv Equiv
1 2
A 10 60 150 535 524 A 10 60 150 65 262
B 12 60 150 534 754 B 12 60 150 66 377
C 16 60 150 532 1340 C 16 60 150 68 670
D 20 60 150 530 2094 D 20 60 150 70 1047
E 25 60 150 527.5 3272 E 25 60 150 73 1636
F 32 60 150 524 5362 F 32 60 150 76 2681
G 40 60 150 520 8378 G 40 60 150 80 4189
Crack Control & Elastic Method Y Limit State Method N
Show Beyond Balance Point Y Shear Capacity N
Auto As2 / As1 0.50 Show Beyond X = 0.2H or 50mm Y Linear after 0.45fck N
S Notation:- N & M are within a yellow circle N & V are within a blue square
Ref M kNm N kN V kN Ref M kNm N kN V kN
1 Drives Stress Diagrams 296 -137 220 5
2 Design 2 6
3 Design 3 7
4 Design 4 8
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
The chart shows crack width limits and stress limits or shear limits. Reinforcement data is entered so that the chart curves
show increasing capacity. The markers show where X = -, X = 0, X = Min 50mm or 0.2H, N = 0 & X = 0.45fck limit. Values
are based on Design Age. Load & Creep Age and RH% control Auto Creep Coefficient (CC).
CC or Auto
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
20
40
20
Ref
10
F1 Bars
16
12
25 Srmax
different alt
Description Description
DESIGN VALUES
Service
Chart Values
32
25
40
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
CAPACITY CHARTS AND TABLES
As1
Creep Age Yr
LT or ST
Equiv
Default
bar dias in
Equ 7.11
Cov1
fyk k3 factor fck k factor
allow for
Ctrs d1
12
16
32
Ref F2 Bars
10 is used to
Cov2 d2 Ctrs
CC at kfck
As2
A
A
B
C
D
E
F
1
B
C
D
E
F
G
1
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
M kNm & V kN
N
kN
A - 10 B - 12 C - 16 D - 20 E - 25 F - 32 G - 40
Combined Forces Capacity Limits
55
Tables 2
Capacity Charts and Tables Cont.
Service N & M capacity values are taken as linear between the values at X = 0, N = 0 and fc = kfck.
Minimum value of X = 50mm or X = 0.2X. Maximum value is where crack limit capacity is limited by kFck.
Service N & V capacity is linear between Min & Max. Max beneficial axial stress is 0.2 Fck / c (typically 0.133 Fck).
Nu = N x Load Factor. Nu at Vu = 0, Vu at Nu = 0 and Vu at Numax are calculated and then divided by LF.
NOTE Sheets 1 & 3 can be edited and printed to pdf or a printer to create your own reference document
Tabular Format Cells with Bold Green Text can be adjusted to update the values in the block
Verification Example Cells with Bold Blue Text read the values at the head of sheet NMV 1
The values are grouped together as in the block below and automatically inserted. The block can be used for verification.
W = 0.2 Ctrs = 150
mm
As2 = 0.50 As1 Fck
40
H
600
CC
1.5
LF
1.35
149 151
M N N V
Xcub 309.1 If X cub does not give fc = kFck,
Max 869 2310 2370 570 kFck 18.00 Use Goal Seek on X-goal & fc-goal
N = 0 422 0 0 260 X 309.1
Min 208 -907 -1982 0
fc 18.00 X-goal = 309.1 fc-goal = 18.00
SERVICE CAPACITY TABLE k1
0.800
Default
Note This table cannot be edited directly. It reads values from the first table on the next sheet
W = 0.2 Ctrs = 150
mm
As2 = 0.50 As1 Fck
40
H
600
CC
1.5
LF
1.35
39 41 49 51 59 61 69 71
M N N V M N N V M N N V M N N V
Max 616 2903 2370 512 614 2947 2370 504 612 2981 2370 496 609 3006 2370 487
N = 0 59 0 0 184 47 0 0 182 39 0 0 179 36 0 0 177
Min 36 -86 -1328 0 28 -70 -1335 0 23 -60 -1342 0 20 -53 -1350 0
Max 650 2650 2370 511 644 2720 2370 502 638 2777 2370 494 633 2822 2370 486
N = 0 120 0 0 184 96 0 0 181 83 0 0 179 76 0 0 176
Min 68 -204 -1330 0 53 -168 -1337 0 43 -144 -1344 0 37 -130 -1351 0
Max 703 2399 2370 520 691 2496 2370 513 680 2579 2370 505 670 2644 2370 497
N = 0 206 0 0 194 166 0 0 193 149 0 0 191 135 0 0 189
Min 113 -377 -1413 0 88 -312 -1426 0 72 -267 -1440 0 62 -246 -1455 0
Max 791 2310 2370 549 769 2401 2370 541 750 2467 2370 534 732 2512 2370 526
N = 0 332 0 0 225 294 0 0 223 262 0 0 221 235 0 0 219
Min 177 -642 -1643 0 146 -560 -1659 0 118 -480 -1676 0 104 -448 -1693 0
Max 942 2034 2370 587 903 2192 2370 578 869 2310 2370 570 838 2396 2370 562
N = 0 520 0 0 264 466 0 0 262 422 0 0 260 386 0 0 257
Min 271 -1045 -1944 0 234 -957 -1963 0 208 -907 -1982 0 182 -846 -2002 0
Max 1162 1568 2370 626 1093 1821 2370 617 1035 2010 2370 608 985 2150 2370 600
N = 0 823 0 0 306 719 0 0 303 638 0 0 300 573 0 0 297
Min 409 -1659 -2264 0 344 -1485 -2287 0 301 -1387 -2310 0 268 -1317 -2333 0
20
32
16
32
40
12
Dia
Dia
25
Cov
60 70 50 40
Axial (N kN) with Moment (M kNm) or Shear (V kN)
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Copyright 2009 HAC
CAPACITY CHARTS AND TABLES
Note:
60
Cov
Service Axial & Moment
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 200 400 600 800 1000
M kNm
N
kN
Service Axial & Shear
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
V kN
N
kN
56
Tables 3
SERVICE CAPACITY TABLES k1
0.800
Default
W = 0.2 Ctrs = 150
mm
As2 = 0.50 As1 Fck
40
H
600
CC
1.5
LF
1.35
39 41 49 51 59 61 69 71
M N N V M N N V M N N V M N N V
Max 616 2903 2370 512 614 2947 2370 504 612 2981 2370 496 609 3006 2370 487
N = 0 59 0 0 184 47 0 0 182 39 0 0 179 36 0 0 177
Min 36 -86 -1328 0 28 -70 -1335 0 23 -60 -1342 0 20 -53 -1350 0
Max 650 2650 2370 511 644 2720 2370 502 638 2777 2370 494 633 2822 2370 486
N = 0 120 0 0 184 96 0 0 181 83 0 0 179 76 0 0 176
Min 68 -204 -1330 0 53 -168 -1337 0 43 -144 -1344 0 37 -130 -1351 0
Max 703 2399 2370 520 691 2496 2370 513 680 2579 2370 505 670 2644 2370 497
N = 0 206 0 0 194 166 0 0 193 149 0 0 191 135 0 0 189
Min 113 -377 -1413 0 88 -312 -1426 0 72 -267 -1440 0 62 -246 -1455 0
Max 791 2310 2370 549 769 2401 2370 541 750 2467 2370 534 732 2512 2370 526
N = 0 332 0 0 225 294 0 0 223 262 0 0 221 235 0 0 219
Min 177 -642 -1643 0 146 -560 -1659 0 118 -480 -1676 0 104 -448 -1693 0
Max 942 2034 2370 587 903 2192 2370 578 869 2310 2370 570 838 2396 2370 562
N = 0 520 0 0 264 466 0 0 262 422 0 0 260 386 0 0 257
Min 271 -1045 -1944 0 234 -957 -1963 0 208 -907 -1982 0 182 -846 -2002 0
Max 1162 1568 2370 626 1093 1821 2370 617 1035 2010 2370 608 985 2150 2370 600
N = 0 823 0 0 306 719 0 0 303 638 0 0 300 573 0 0 297
Min 409 -1659 -2264 0 344 -1485 -2287 0 301 -1387 -2310 0 268 -1317 -2333 0
W = 0.15 Ctrs = 150
mm
As2 = 0.50 As1 Fck
40
H
600
CC
1.5
LF
1.35
39 41 49 51 59 61 69 71
M N N V M N N V M N N V M N N V
Max 628 3186 2370 512 626 3226 2370 504 623 3255 2370 496 621 3273 2370 487
N = 0 44 0 0 184 35 0 0 182 29 0 0 179 27 0 0 177
Min 27 -64 -1328 0 21 -53 -1335 0 17 -45 -1342 0 15 -40 -1350 0
Max 659 2976 2370 511 654 3041 2370 502 648 3091 2370 494 643 3128 2370 486
N = 0 90 0 0 184 72 0 0 181 62 0 0 179 57 0 0 176
Min 51 -153 -1330 0 40 -126 -1337 0 33 -108 -1344 0 28 -98 -1351 0
Max 706 2775 2370 520 695 2867 2370 513 685 2940 2370 505 676 2995 2370 497
N = 0 155 0 0 194 124 0 0 193 112 0 0 191 101 0 0 189
Min 85 -283 -1413 0 66 -234 -1426 0 54 -200 -1440 0 47 -184 -1455 0
Max 783 2660 2370 549 764 2734 2370 541 747 2783 2370 534 731 2828 2370 526
N = 0 262 0 0 225 221 0 0 223 197 0 0 221 177 0 0 219
Min 140 -506 -1643 0 110 -420 -1659 0 89 -360 -1676 0 78 -336 -1693 0
Max 916 2497 2370 587 882 2629 2370 578 852 2721 2370 570 825 2782 2370 562
N = 0 425 0 0 264 383 0 0 262 350 0 0 260 319 0 0 257
Min 222 -858 -1944 0 190 -781 -1963 0 156 -682 -1982 0 136 -634 -2002 0
Max 1106 2195 2370 626 1047 2403 2370 617 997 2552 2370 608 954 2656 2370 600
N = 0 657 0 0 306 578 0 0 303 516 0 0 300 467 0 0 297
Min 330 -1337 -2264 0 282 -1217 -2287 0 249 -1147 -2310 0 223 -1096 -2333 0
W = 0.1 Ctrs = 150
mm
As2 = 0.50 As1 Fck
40
H
600
CC
1.5
LF
1.35
39 41 49 51 59 61 69 71
M N N V M N N V M N N V M N N V
Max 638 3548 2370 512 635 3580 2370 504 632 3600 2370 496 630 3608 2370 487
N = 0 29 0 0 184 23 0 0 182 19 0 0 179 18 0 0 177
Min 18 -43 -1328 0 14 -35 -1335 0 12 -30 -1342 0 10 -27 -1350 0
Max 667 3393 2370 511 661 3447 2370 502 656 3486 2370 494 651 3509 2370 486
N = 0 60 0 0 184 48 0 0 181 41 0 0 179 38 0 0 176
Min 34 -102 -1330 0 27 -84 -1337 0 22 -72 -1344 0 19 -65 -1351 0
Max 707 3253 2370 520 697 3332 2370 513 688 3389 2370 505 679 3427 2370 497
N = 0 103 0 0 194 83 0 0 193 74 0 0 191 68 0 0 189
Min 56 -189 -1413 0 44 -156 -1426 0 36 -133 -1440 0 31 -123 -1455 0
Max 774 3084 2370 549 757 3192 2370 541 741 3275 2370 534 726 3334 2370 526
N = 0 175 0 0 225 147 0 0 223 131 0 0 221 118 0 0 219
Min 93 -338 -1643 0 73 -280 -1659 0 59 -240 -1676 0 52 -224 -1693 0
Max 887 3046 2370 587 858 3140 2370 578 832 3197 2370 570 809 3226 2370 562
N = 0 317 0 0 264 274 0 0 262 240 0 0 260 213 0 0 257
Min 162 -625 -1944 0 127 -520 -1963 0 104 -455 -1982 0 91 -423 -2002 0
Max 1046 2917 2370 626 997 3068 2370 617 956 3166 2370 608 919 3223 2370 600
N = 0 491 0 0 306 437 0 0 303 394 0 0 300 355 0 0 297
Min 250 -1016 -2264 0 207 -894 -2287 0 174 -799 -2310 0 150 -737 -2333 0
50
60
70 60
CAPACITY CHARTS AND TABLES
Axial (N kN) with Moment (M kNm) or Shear (V kN)
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
70
60
40
40
16
Dia Cov
12
20
25
20
25
32
50
Cov
40
12
16
Copyright 2009 HAC
50 70
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
40
Dia Cov
32
32
40
40
20
25
12
16
Dia
57
Tables 4
Crack Width Formulae and Derivation of Charts and Tables Ref EN 1992-1-1 Clause 7.3.4 & National Annex
W = (Crack Spacing = Srmax) x (Basic Strain Due to Applied Forces - Strain Due to Concrete Stiffening)
= ((k3 * Cov) + (k1 * k2 * k4 * / p,eff)) * ( (Fs1 / Es) - ((Kt * fct,eff / p.eff) / Es) - (Kt * fct,eff * MR / Es) )
= ((3.4*Cov) + (k1*0.5*0.425**B*Teff /As1)) * ( (Fs1/Es) - ((0.4*fct,eff*B*Teff /As1))/Es) - (0.4*fct,eff*MR/Es) )
With the proviso that:- (0.4 * fct,eff * B * Teff / As1) + (0.4 * fct,eff * MR) <= 0.4 Fs1
Fs1 = (W * Es / ( (3.4 * Cov) + (0.2125 * k1 * * B * Teff / As1))) + ((0.4 * fct,eff * B * Teff / As1) + (0.4 * fct,eff * MR))
Basic Stress = (W * Es / Spacing) Stress + Stiffening Stress
Es = Modulus for Reinf Teff = Concrete in Tension Depth k1 = Bond Factor
Ec = Modulus for Conc Kt = Long Term Factor = 0.4 k2 = 0.5 For 0 < X < H
MR = Es / (Ec / (1 + Creep)) fct,eff = fctm28 = 28 day Tensile Strength Fs1 = F1 Tensile Stress
Teff = Min Of (H - X) / 3 or 2.5 * ( Cov + Dia / 2 ) = 190 or H / 2
Maximum F1 bar centres < = 5 x (Cov + Dia / 2) i.e. for 12 mm Dia & 60 mm Cover = 330 mm
Reinforcement Data Equiv Equiv
Reads Data From sheet 3 1 2
Single Bars Only 32.0 60 150 524 5361.7 32.0 60 300 76.0 2680.8
Fs1 is limited by the Cl 7.2 k3 factor Fs1max = 0.70 x 500 = 350 N/mm
Max Conc Stress is limited by the Cl 7.2 k value. Fcmax = 0.45 x 40 = 18.00 N/mm
Key Values Min At At If N = 0, X is found by the following Quadratic Equation.
50 N = fc =
0.2X 0 kFck 0.5*B X ^ 2 + ((As1*MR)+(As2*(MR-1))) X
X 0.0 50 200.9 309.1 + ((-As1*D1*MR)+(-As2*D2*(MR-1)) = 0 X =
WEs kN/mm 40 40 40 40
Srmax mm 397 390 339 302 At k Fck - Values From Cubic, Quadratic & Simple Equations
Basic N/mm 101 103 118 132
Stiff N/mm 67 68 55 45 Teff = (H - X) / 3 = 96.95 X =
Fs1 N/mm 168 170 173 178 If Stiffening stress is limited to 0.4Fs1 X =
Conc N/mm 0.00 1.27 7.57 18.00 Teff = 2.5(Cov +Dia/2) = 190 X =
MR1 Factor 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 If Stiffening stress is limited to 0.4Fs1 X =
MR2 Factor 14.2 14.2 13.2 13.2 =
F1Strn x Ec 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.5
Where Capacity is Controlled by Crack Width & Fsmax & Concrete Stress is Variable but <= kFck
X = X = At At
Axial Resistance AR F1Strn value is -ve when in tension kN 0 50 N = 0 kFck
F1 As1 * F1Strn * Ec * MR1 -901 -914 -926 -952
F2 As2 * F1Strn * Ec * ( (D2 - X ) / (D1 - X) ) * MR2 -65 -25 166 480
Conc - 0.5 * X * B * F1Strn * Ec * ( X / (D1 - X) ) 0 32 760 2782
N -966 -907 0 2310
Moment Resistance about Centre MoR to a Clockwise Moment kNm
F1 - As1 * F1Strn * Ec * MR1 * (D1 - 0.5 H) 201.8 204.7 207.5 213.3
F2 + As2 * F1Strn * Ec * ( (D2 - X ) / (D1 - X) ) * MR2 * (0.5H - D2) -14.6 -5.62 37.27 107.6
Conc - 0.5 * X * B * F1Strn * Ec * ( X / (D1 - X) ) * (0.5H - (X / 3) ) 0.0 9.0 177.1 548.0
M 187.2 208.1 421.8 868.8
Where X > = k Fck limit and Capacity is Controlled by Compression - Selected Values
X = X = X = X =
Axial Resistance AR F1Strn value is -ve when in tension kN 309.1 406.1 503 600
F1 - As1 * MR1 * k * Fck * (D1 - X) / X -952 -398 -57.1 161.3
F2 - As2 * MR2 * k * Fck * (D2 - X ) / X 480.2 517.6 540.6 556.1
Conc 0.5 * X * B * Conc 2782 3655 4527 5400
N 2310 3775 5011 6117
Moment Resistance about Centre MoR to a Clockwise Moment kNm
F1 - As1 * MR1 * k * Fck * (D1 - 0.5 H) * (D1 - X) / X 213.3 89.1 12.78 -36.1
F2 + As2 * MR2 * k * Fck * (0.5H - D2) * (D2 - X ) / X 107.6 115.9 121.1 124.6
Conc 0.5 * X * B * k * Fck * (0.5H - (X / 3) ) 548 601.7 599.1 540
M 868.8 806.8 732.9 628.4
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
X Used
284.8
N/A
Ctrs As2
309.1
N/A
309.1
200.9
F1 Bars d1 F2 Bars As1 Cov1 Ctrs
32 32
Cov2
Copyright 2009 HAC
d2
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
CAPACITY CHARTS AND TABLES
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
58
SERV 1
Service Method Auto CC = CC Used 1.500 Grade = C 30 / 37
C T
Ec = Ecm (at Crack Age) / (1 + Creep Coeff)
MR = Es / Ec or ( Es / Ec ) - 1 If in Comp
Conc Stress = Strain x Ec
Fs1 Reinf = F1Strain x Ec x MR1
Fs3 Reinf = L3Strain x Ec x MR3
Fs2 Reinf = F2Strain x Ec x MR2
H = 1 = 2 = E 0 Ecm (at Crack Age) 32.8 kN / mm
B = Sp or nr = Sp or nr = Fact 0 Modular Ratio (tens) 15.2
F1 Cov = Cov = Exposure 1 & 85 N when X = 0 (No) -1567 kN
CC = Load Age CC at Year N when X = H (Nh) 2794 kN
CODE Crack Age Ms kNm 296 Max Allowed Conc Stress 13.5 N / mm
As1 5362 mm D1 524.0 mm
Where X is between 0 and H X = As3 0 mm D3 524.0 mm
Where X < 0 or X > H X = As2 3272 mm D2 72.5 mm
Forces & Strain Equilibrium for 0 > X < H As1 >= As2
Axial Resistance AR F1Strn value is Neg in tension
F1 = As1 * MR1 * (F1Strn * Ec)
+ L3 = As3 * MR3 * (F1Strn * Ec) * ((D3 - X) / (D1 - X))
+ F2 = As2 * MR2 * (F1Strn * Ec) * ((D2 - X ) / (D1 - X))
+ Conc = - 0.5 * X * B * (F1Strn * Ec) * ( X / (D1 - X) ) (Max)
Moment Resistance about Centre MoR to a Clockwise Moment M =
F1 = - As1 * MR1 * (F1Strn * Ec) * (D1 - 0.5 H)
+ L3 = - As3 * MR3 * (F1Strn * Ec) * ((D3 - X) / (D1 - X)) * (D3 - 0.5H)
+ F2 = + As2 * MR2 * (F1Strn * Ec) * ((D2 - X ) / (D1 - X)) * (0.5H - D2)
+ Conc = - 0.5 * X * B * (F1Strn * Ec) * ( X / (D1 - X)) * (0.5H - (X / 3))
AR / MoR must equal applied N / M so AR = (N /M) * MoR. Therefore - AR + (N/M) * MoR = 0
So, re-arranging and dividing by F1Strn * Ec gives
- As1 * MR1 - As1 * MR1 * (D1 - 0.5 H)
- As3 * ( (D3 - X) / (D1 - X) ) * MR3 - As3 * ( (D3 - X) / (D1 - X) ) * MR3 * (D3 - 0.5H) = 0
- As2 * ( (D2 - X) / (D1 - X) ) * MR2 + As2 * ( (D2 - X) / (D1 - X) ) * MR2 * (0.5H - D2)
+ 0.5 * B * ( X / (D1 - X) ) * X - 0.5 * B * ( X / (D1 - X) ) * X * (0.5H - (X / 3) )
The value of MR1, MR3 & MR2 must be established in each case by testing the applied N / M against
the values of N part of the equation. Values at X = 0 and X =H are also established.
For an applied Moment of M, N = M * AR / MoR If X is known N can be found
Therefore the values of N at key positions of X can be found and the Cubic Equation can be solved.
N = M * + As1 * MR1 - As1 * MR1 * (D1 - 0.5 H)
+ As3 * ( (D3 - X) / (D1 - X) ) * MR3 - As3 * ( (D3 - X) / (D1 - X) ) * MR3 * (D3 - 0.5H)
+ As2 * ( (D2 - X) / (D1 - X) ) * MR2 + As2 * ( (D2 - X) / (D1 - X) ) * MR2 * (0.5H - D2)
- 0.5 * B * ( X / (D1 - X) ) * X - 0.5 * B * ( X / (D1 - X) ) * X * (0.5H - (X / 3) )
For N = -137 kN N N N N N Modular
at at at at at
M = 296 kNm X = X = X = X = X =
0 d2 d3 d1 H
N / M = -0.463 /m kN kN kN kN kN MR1 MR3 MR2
-1567 -1128 2131 2131 2794 15.2 15.2 14.2
H
kN
0
0 < X < H
4.8 & 0
44.2
Basic Stress
N/mm
0.0
-133.2
Add Stress
0.0
Ratios
N / M *
/
In Compression)
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
SERVICE ANALYSIS
-137 Ns kN
1.553
32
(Reduced by 1 If
+
m
188.8
F
after at
M / N
X =
N / M *
X =
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
60
Days
1.50
Bot
600
Max
N / M *
N/mm
150
25
150
60
N/A
185.1
1000
EC2
Days
28
28
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
135.2
Stress
N/mm
Total
-133.2
44.2
kN
0.0
Force
0.0
0.0
0.0
441.8 4.8 & 0
0.0
X<0 or X>H
-714.0
0.0
N / M *
0.0
296 0
105.3 0.0
30.8
-137
Add M CL
0.0
0.0
kNm
M CL
kNm
159.9 0.0
Serv Reinf Stress (Neg is in Tension)
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
Reinf Axis Stress
Cross Section
59
SERV 2
Derivation of Key Values
The following shows the method used to calculate the key values used in the program.
The program values can be checked using the equations below (where Excel notation is used * = x & ^ = Power).
As3, Centroid3, 3c, L3 & d3 refer to bars in 3rd Layer (L3) and includes column side bars.
1 = bars near Face 1, 2 = bars near Face 2, E = Extra bars bundled with 1 or 1 & 2 or placed in Layer 3.
BF = Extra Bars Bundle Factor 0 = No Bundle 1 = Bundled Once 2 = Bundled Twice
Layer 3 Extra Bars Factors Lgap = Layer 3 with Gap in mm from 1 Max S1 = Col Side Bars
1 2 E
a & b Refer to Alt Bar Dias First Alt Bar a 32 25 0
If same Dia, a = b Second Alt Bar b 32 25 0
Extra Bars Factor 0
Use 1 BF or 2 BF as appropriate Extra Bars Bundle Factor BF 0 0
Centroid of Bar Group Measured from Start of Bars & Away from Relevant Face
1 Centroid (BF = 0) = 0.5 * (1a + 1b) / (1a + 1b)
1 Centroid (BF > 0) = 0.5 * (1a + 1b + BF*Ea + BF*Eb) / (1a + 1b + BF*Ea + BF*Eb)
3 Centroid (Extra Bar Factor = Lgap or S1) = 0.5 * (Ea + Eb) / (Ea + Eb)
2 Centroid (As2 > 0 & BF = 0) = 0.5 * (2a + 2b) / (2a + 2b)
2 Centroid (As2 > 0 & BF > 0) = 0.5 * (2a + 2b + BF*Ea + BF*Eb) / (2a + 2b + BF*Ea + BF*Eb)
2 Centroid (As2 = 0 & BF > 0) = 0.5 * (BF*Ea + BF*Eb) / (BF*Ea + BF*Eb)
Reinforcement Areas
As1 = x (0.125 * (1a + 1b) + 0.125 * (BF*Ea + BF*Eb)) * (Nr1 or B / Spacing1)
As3 = (Extra Bar Factor = Lgap) = * 0.125 * (Ea + Eb) * (Nr1 or B / Spacing1)
(Extra Bar Factor = S1) = * 0.125 * (Ea + Eb) * 2
As2 = * (0.125 * (2a + 2b) + 0.125 * (BF*Ea + BF*Eb)) * (Nr2 or B / Spacing2)
Composite (Equivalent Similar Bar Size = c )
1c (BF = 0) = ((1a + 1b) / 2 ) ^ 0.5
1c (BF > 0) = ((1a + 1b + BFEa + BFEb) / (2 + 2BF )) ^ 0.5
3c (Extra Bar Factor = Lgap or S1) = ((Ea + Eb) / 2 ) ^ 0.5
2c (As2 > 0 & BF = 0) = ((2a + 2b) / 2 ) ^ 0.5
2c (As2 > 0 & BF > 0) = ((2a + 2b + BF*Ea + BF*Eb) / (2 + 2BF)) ^ 0.5
2c (As2 = 0 & BF > 0) = ((BF*Ea + BF*Eb) / (2BF)) ^ 0.5
Centroid of Bar Groups mm If As3 = 0, Centroid3 = Centroid1 Centroid1 Centroid3 Centroid2
Centroid 1 & Centroid 3 are away from Face1 Program 16.0 16.0 12.5
Centroid 2 is away from Face 2 Check 16.0 16.0 12.5
Effective Depths mm If As3 = 0, d3 = d1 d1 d3 d2
d1 = H - Cov1 - As1Centroid d2 = Cov2 + As2Centroid Program 524.0 524.0 72.5
d3 = H - Cov1 - 1Max - LGap - As3 Centroid or H/2 or d1 Check 524.0 524.0 72.5
Reinforcement Areas mm As1 As3 As2
As1 & As2 includes bundled bars as per appropriate BF Program 5362 0 3272
As3 refers to the Extra bars in Layer 3 or Column Side Bars Check 5362 0 3272
Composite mm (c) 1c 3c 2c
Equivalent single size bar which gives same total Area Program 32.0 0.0 25.0
Elevation diagrams display bars using c Check 32.0 0.0 25.0
SERVICE ANALYSIS
Copyright 2009 HAC
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
60
SERV 3
Mult all By (D1 - X)
-(As1 * MR1) * (D1 - X) +
N / M *
- As1 * MR1 * (D1 - (0.5*H)) * (D1 - X)
-(As3 * (D3 - X) ) * MR3 +
N / M *
- (As3 * (D3 - X) ) * MR3 * (D3 - (0.5*H))
-(As2 * (D2 - X) ) * MR2 +
N / M *
+ (As2 * (D2 - X) ) * MR2 * ( (H/2) - D2 )
+(0.5 * B) * X * X +
N / M *
- (0.5 * B) * X * X * (( 0.5*H) - (X/3)) = 0
Multiply Out
- As1 * MR1 * D1 + As1 * MR1 * X
Key Data
- As3 * D3 * MR3 + As3 * X * MR3
H B As1 As3 As2 D1 D3 D2
+ As2 * X * MR2 - As2 * D2 * MR2 600 1000 5362 0 3272 524 524 72.5
+ 0.5 * B * X^2
+
- (N/M * As1 * MR1* D1 * D1) + (N/M * As1 * MR1 * D1 * X) + (N/M * As1 * MR1* 0.5 * H * D1) - (N/M * As1 * MR1 * 0.5 * H * X)
- (N/M * As3 * MR3 * D3 * D3) + (N/M * As3 * MR3 * D3 * 0.5 * H) + (N/M * As3 * MR3 * X * D3) - (N/M * As3 * MR3 * X * 0.5 * H)
+ (N /M * As2 * MR2 * D2 * 0.5 * H) - (N/M * As2 * MR2 * D2 * D2) - (N/M * As2 * MR2 * X * 0.5 * H) + (N/M * As2 * MR2 * X * D2)
- (N/M * 0.5 * B * 0.5 * H * X^2) + (N/M * 1/3 * 0.5 * B * X^3 )
=
0
Which is re-arranged to give the Cubic Equation
+ (N/M * 1/3 * 0.5 * B ) X^3
+
- (N/M * 0.5 * B * 0.5 * H)
+ (0.5 * B) X^2
+
+ (As1 * MR1)
+ (As3 * MR3)
+ (As2 * MR2)
+ (N/M * As1 * MR1 * D1) - (N/M * As1 * MR1 * 0.5 * H)
+ (N/M * As3 * MR3 * D3) - (N/M * As3 * MR3 * 0.5 * H)
+ (N/M * As2 * MR2 * D2) - (N/M * As2 * MR2 * 0.5 * H) X
+
- (As1 * D1 * MR1)
- (As3 * D3 * MR3)
- (As2 * D2 * MR2)
- (N/M * As1 * MR1* D1 * D1) + (N/M * As1 * MR1* 0.5 * H * D1)
- (N/M * As3 * MR3 * D3 * D3) + (N/M * As3 * MR3 * 0.5 * H * D3)
- (N/M * As2 * MR2 * D2 * D2) + (N /M * As2 * MR2 * 0.5 * H * D2)
=
From Cubic / Quadratic Equation Solution Xo = mm
For N = 0, the equation becomes a Quadratic So X =
(-((As1*MR)+(As3*MR)+(As2*(MR-1)))+(((As1*MR)+(As3*MR)+(As2*(MR-1)))^2 - 4*0.5*B*((-As1*D1*MR)+(-As3*D3*MR)+(-As2*D2*(MR-1))))^0.5)
+ ( ( - ) ^ 0.5
mm
-128198.98 -92311100627
Divided By
-42780131.03
201.6
4435258.99
185.1
(2*0.5*B)
1000
=
16434978152
0.00
Copyright 2009 HAC
SERVICE ANALYSIS
-488847.068
23064583.3
69.42567568
81641.47
0.00
19499971.9
-42075708.1
0.000
Divided By
-0.000463
Using Xo
N/M
Using Constants
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
-42075708.15
500.00
-8464.23
0.00
-3375419.28
124637.05
0.00
46557.51
-355416.83
4902.30
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
569.4256757
-0.08
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
61
SERV 4
Solution of a X^3 + b X^2 + c X + d = 0 Using Iteration or Goal Seek (As1 & As2 only)
a = (1 / 6) * B * N/M Valid where 0 < X < H
b = 0.5 * B * ( 1 - ( 0.5 * H * N/M) )
c = (MR1 * As1 + MR2 * As2) + ( (N/M) * ( MR1 * As1 * (D1 - 0.5H) + MR2 * As2 * (D2 - 0.5H) ) )
d = - ( (MR1 * As1 * D1) + (MR2 * As2 * D2) ) + (N/M) * ( (MR1 * As1 * D1) * (D1 - 0.5H) + (MR2 * As2 * D2) * (D2 - 0.5H ) )
Ctrs Ctrs
Data Nr Nr N M
<50 <50 H B kN kNm D1 D2 As1 As2
150 150 600 1000 -137 296 524 72.5 5362 3272
1 N / M When X = 0 If N < No, Set X = 0 & Add Additional Stresses as Step 8
= - (As1 + (As2 * ( D2 / D1 ) ) ) / (As1 * (D1 - 0.5 H) + As2 * ( D2 / D1 ) * ( D2 - 0.5H) )
= / = No = -1567 kN
2 N / M When X = H If N > Nh, Set X = H & Add Additional Stresses as Step 9
(As1*(MR-1) + As2*((D2-H)/(D1-H))*(MR-1) - 0.5*B*(H/(D1-X))*H)
/ (-As1* (MR-1)*(D1-0.5H) + As2*((D2-H)/(D1-H))*(MR-1)*(0.5H-D2) - 0.5*B*(H^2/(D1-H))*(0.5H-(H/3)))
= / = Nh = 2794 kN
3 N / M When X = D2
If N / M > Nd2 / M, MR2 = MR -1
As1 * MR - 0.5 * B * ( D2 / (D1 - D2) ) / - As1 * MR * (D1 - 0.5H) - 0.5 * B * (D2 / (D1 - D2) ) * D2 * (0.5H - (D2 / 3) )
= / = MR2 14.2 Nd2 = -1128 kN
4 N / M When X = D1
If N / M > Nd1 / M, MR1 = MR-1
( (As2 * (D2 - D1) ) * (MR-1) - (0.5 * B) * D1^2 ) / ( (As2 * (D2 - D1) ) * (MR-1) * ( (H/2) - D2 ) - (0.5 * B) * D1^2 * (( 0.5*H) - (D1/3) ) )
= / = MR1 15.2 Nd1 = 2131 kN
5 Equation Constants Using MR1 & MR2 Values
a = b = c = d =
6 If No < N < Nh, Change X by Iteration until Equation Value = 0 (Start with X = 0.5H)
mm If N < No Set X =0 If N = 0, X quadratic = 201.6 mm
+ + + =
7 Stresses in As1 & As2 for 0 < X < H.
Fs1 = - MR1*M/(As1*MR1*(D1-0.5H) + As2*((D2-X)/(D1-X))*MR2*(0.5H-D2) - 0.5*X*B*(X/(D1-X))*(0.5H-(X/3))) -133 N/mm
Fs2 = Fs1* ( (D2 - X ) / (D1 - X) ) * (0.5H - D2)*MR2 / MR1 = 41 N/mm
8 Additional Stresses If N < No
Ecc = As1 * (0.5H - Cov1 - 0.5Dia) - As2 * (0.5H - Cov2 - 0.5Dia2) / (As1 + As2) = N/A mm
N - No = kN Mecc = (N - No) * er = N/A kNm
Extra Fs1 = (N - No) / (As1 + As2) - (Mecc / (d1 -d2) / As1 = N/A - N/A = N/A N/mm
Extra Fs2 = (N - No) / (As1 + As2) + (Mecc / (d1 -d2) / As1 = N/A + N/A = N/A N/mm
0 -42075708 19499972 23064583
Cov2
60
2767847
2
293271108
1
32.0
-42075708
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
N / M
-0.005295
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
SERVICE ANALYSIS
25.0 -0.000463 15.2
MR Cov1
60
-5814
0.007199
0.009438
-21988975227
-19893281 -0.003811 75821
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
124637 -0.07713964
-158308715
N/A
-488847
569
185.05 X =
(N / Nmm)
1098003
62
SERV 5
9 Additional Stresses If N > Nh
The reinforcement will be within the concrete compression zone so, in order to avoid taking the
area twice, the equivalent concrete area for reinforcement factor is reduced by 1.
The calculated reinforcement in compression stress is less than the real stress by the concrete stress.
Eccentricity of Centroid of Composite Section about Centre Line
er = As1*MR1*(0.5H - Cov1 - 0.51) - As2*MR2*(0.5H - Cov2 - 0.52) / (As1*MR1+ As2*MR2 + B*H)) N/A mm
Area of Composite Section
A = As1*MR1 + As2*MR2 + B * H mm
Moment of Inertia about Composite Centroid
Ixx = (B*H^3/12)+(B*H*Ecc^2)
+ As1*MR1*(0.5H-Cov1-0.51-Ecc)^2 + As2*MR2*(0.5H-Cov2-0.52+Ecc)^2
+ As2*MR2*(0.5H-Cov2-0.52+Ecc)^2 mm4
N - Nh = kN Mecc = (N - Nh) * er = N/A kNm
Concrete Stress at Faces 1 & 2
F1 = (N-Nh) / A - Mecc*(0.5H - Ecc) / Ixx - = N/mm
F2 = (N-Nh) / A + Mecc*(0.5H + Ecc) / Ixx + = N/mm
Reinforcement Stresses at As1 and As2
Fs1 = (N-Nh) / A - MR*Mecc * (0.5H-Cov1-0.51-Ecc) / Ixx N/A - N/A = N/A N/mm
Fs2 = (N-Nh) / A + MR*Mecc * (0.5H-Cov2-0.52+Ecc) / Ixx N/A + N/A = N/A N/mm
Concrete Forces
Stress H B F Ecc about Centre
Rect Part x x 1000 = N/A kN Rect 0 mm
Tri Part x x 1000 x 0.5 = N/A kN Tri 100 mm
Total N/A kN
Reinforcement Forces
Stress As1 F Ecc about Centre
As1 x = N/A kN As1 224 mm
As2 x = N/A kN As2 227.5 mm
Total N/A kN
Check Concrete Force + Reinf Force = N - Nh N/A + N/A = N/A kN
Check Moments about Centre Equate to Zero
Concrete x / 1000 = 0
x / 1000 = N/A kNm Total N/A kNm
Reinf x / 1000 = N/A
x / 1000 = N/A kNm Total N/A kNm
Total N/A kNm
The concrete and reinforcement stresses are calculated about the Composite Centroid
The equations are simpler in respect of the reinforcement.
The section must also be in overall equilibrium about the Centre of the Section
As there is no additional moment applied after N = Nh, The resultant Moment must equal Zero.
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Copyright 2009 HAC
N/A
N/A
N/A 100
3272
0
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
SERVICE ANALYSIS
228
N/A 600
N/A 600
224
N/A
N/A
N/A 5362
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
63
SERV 6
SERVICE ANALYSIS Cont.
Stress Diagrams Relating to Key Points
At X = - At X = 0
At X = Min 50mm or 0.2H At N = 0
At fc = 0.45fck At X = H
HAC
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
SERVICE ANALYSIS Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
64
ULT 1
Ultimate Method Based on Ultimate Theory Grade = C 30 / 37
Notation For X Dependant Constants Cap 0.39 S or U U F1 32 Type Wall
LF 1.35 @ , nr 150 Face 1 Int
L, K & DC have suffixes according to As1 or As3 or As2 Cov 50 H 600
HY If X / < = H = 1, else = 0 so stress block <= H. F2 25 B 1000
L If the value is -1, Fs = -Fsmax, if 1, Fs = Fsmax, if 0, Fs is variable. @ , nr 150 V or T 297
BC If 1, "Hinge Point" is at X = 0, if 0, it is at X = 0.5H for EC2 and X > H Cov 50 N -187
K (1 - L^2)cuEs*0.5*(BC+1) = Fs at "Hinge Point" if variable Fs, if fixed = 0. Ex 0 M 400
DC Displaced Concrete stress reduction of reinforcement in compression. Fact 0 B,M,
Q If EC2 and X > H value is 0.5H, otherwise 0. Sets "hinge" point. Code EC2
- / 2 + / 2 - / 2 + / 2 - / 2 + / 2
X mm 39 329 1409 750 64 92 N/A N/A 650 685
N kN -3230 3516 12925 12377 -1394 -402 N/A N/A 10825 11332
M kNm 357 1624 -8 135 800 1036 N/A N/A 534 415
deg
138 192 270 264 170 178 N/A N/A 244 250
Design Constants
B As1 As3 As2 Fsmax d1 d3 d2 deg
1000 5362 0 3272 434.8 534 534 63 177.3
X Dependant Constants which relate to N / M
L1 K1 K3 K2 DC1 DC3 DC2 Q X
-1.0 0 0 700 0.00 0.00 -15.99 0 89.5
As1 * ( - K1 * (d1 - X ) / (X - Q) ) + L1 * Fsmax + DC1) + As3 * ( - K3* (d3 - X ) / (X - Q) ) + L3 * Fsmax + DC3)
+ As2 * ( - K2 * (d2 - X ) / (X - Q ) ) + L2 * Fsmax - DC2) + HY * (B * * Conc * X ) + ( B * * Conc * H / ) * (1 - HY)
EQUALS (N / M) * - As1 * ( - K1 * (d1 - X ) / (X - Q) ) + L1 * Fsmax + DC1) * (d1 - H / 2)
+ (N / M) * - As3 * ( - K3* (d3 - X ) / (X - Q ) ) + L3 * Fsmax + DC3) * (d3 - H / 2)
+ (N / M) * - As2 * ( - K2 * (d2 - X ) / (X - Q ) ) + L2 * Fsmax + DC2) * (d2 - H / 2)
+ (N / M) * + HY * (B* * Conc * X ) * ( (0.5 * H ) - ( 0.5* * X ) )
H TD2
N/A
1279
234.2 185
1395 N/A 718
600
9940
-0.0004675
HY
N/A
N / M H
600
N/A
N/A
Conc
17.00 0.80

N/A
BC
Re-arrange to Give
1.0 0.0
aX + bX + cX + d = 0
1.0 -1.0
L2
H /
D3 / D2 /
L3
N/A
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
ULTIMATE EQUATION
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
D1 /
TD3 TD1
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
CD2 CD1 CD3
165 N/A
Cross Section
Ult Strain x Es & Reinforcement Stress
& 10 x Concrete Stress
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
N/mm2
X = 0.61d2 X = 2.63d2 X = 0.61d3 X = 0.61d1
Border StrainxEs Hinge Point Reinf F1
Reinf L3 Reinf F2 Xo N/A
Ult N & M Capacity Curve & N & M Ratio Line
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
M (kNm)
N (kN)
X = 0.61d2 X = 2.63d2 X = 20.49d2
X = 0.61d3 X = 0.61d1 X = H
X = H / 0.8 (EC2) N/A N/A
Ratio Mu
65
ULT 2
DERIVATION OF THE UNIVERSAL ULTIMATE N - M EQUATION
Establish Following Values:-
Steel Modulus of Elasticity Es - This value is fixed by the program Es 200 kN / mm
Maximum concrete compressive strain cu2 Value reduces if Fcu > 50 N/mm Abbrev Used cu 0.0035
Maximum Strain x Es value (i.e. equiv Reinf Stress) at compression face unless EC2 and X > H cuEs 700 N / mm
Strain x Es value (i.e. equivalent Reinforcement Stress) at centre for EC2 when X >= H 350 N / mm
Max Reinf Stress fpd = fyk / This is defined in Global values. 435 N / mm
Max concrete stress either EC2 or BS value but EC2 symbol used (NA ct = 0.85) 17.00 N / mm
TD where reinf Tens value is locked = 1 / ( (1 + ( Fsmax / Es ) / cu ) ) * D = 0.616 x D
CD where reinf Comp value is locked = cu / (cu - ( Fsmax / Es ) ) * D = 2.639 x D
= 20.4 x D2
N & M values and polar angle value when X = H / in order to set moment due to stress block to zero and lock any increase in length of it
N & M polar angle values for X / at start and finish of F1, L3 & F2 reinf bars using equivalent squares to establish if within stress block
N & M values and polar angle values for X at control pointsTD and CD for F1, L3 & F2 reinforcement to check for locks.
N / M polar angle of applied N - M Forces. Angle is 90 when M=0 and N is negative and increases in an anticlockwise rotation
How To deal with All the Variables and Create a Universal Equation for BS and EC2
It is essential to set up a system of abbreviations and "variable constants" which are established according to where X is along the N - M curve
The polar angle of the applied N - M ratio is then checked against the angles for the key control points and the constants are then established
Once all of the constants are known, the equation can be completed, re-arranged into a Cubic Equation and then solved
How To Find N / M and Polar Angle when X is at the key Locking Points and Reinforcement Locations.
Variable BC IF code is EC2 and X > H virtual hinge at X = 0.5 H = 0 Fs =0.5cuEs N/mm at X = 0.5H
Constants Otherwise virtual hinge at X = 0 = 1 Fs = cuEs N/mm2 at X =0
L1 or L3 IF X < 0.616 D1 or D3 = -1 Stress = - Fs max
IF X > 2.639 D1 or D3 except if EC2 & X > H = 1 Stress = + Fsmax
Otherwise and including if EC2 & X > H = 0 Stress is Variable
L2 IF X < 0.616 D2 (CeD2 value relates to H and D2) = -1 Tens Stress = - Fs max
IF X > 2.639 D2 and if EC2 & X > H & X < CeD2 = 1 Comp Stress = + Fsmax
Otherwise, incl if = EC2 & X > H & X > CeD2 = 0 Stress is Variable
DC1 Displaced concrete stress x prop of bar in stress block = 0 to -17.00 N / mm
DC3 Displaced concrete stress x prop of bar in stress block = 0 to -17.00 N / mm
DC2 Displaced concrete stress x prop of bar in stress block = 0 to -17.00 N / mm
HY If X / > = H HY = 0 but to avoid a divide / zero use = 1E-07 Ensures the conc stress
Otherwise, where stress block is within section = 1 block does not exceed H
N = (N / M) * Moment about Centre N / M values is always known Excel notation has been used for mult ( * ) and power ( ^ )
N = As1 * ( - ( 1 - L1^2) * 0.5cuEs * (BC+1) * (d1 - X ) / (X - ( 0.5H*(1-BC) ) ) ) + L1 * Fsmax + DC1)
+ As3 * ( - ( 1 - L3^2) * 0.5cuEs * (BC+1) * (d3 - X ) / (X - ( 0.5H*(1-BC) ) ) ) + L3 * Fsmax + DC3)
+ As2 * ( - ( 1 - L2^2) * 0.5cuEs * (BC+1) * (d2 - X ) / (X - ( 0.5H*(1-BC) ) ) ) + L2 * Fsmax + DC2)
+ HY * (B * * Conc * X ) + ( B * * Conc * H / ) * (1 - HY)
=
( - As1 * ( - ( 1 - L1^2) * 0.5cuEs * (BC+1) * (d1 - X ) / (X - ( 0.5H*(1-BC) ) ) ) + L1 * Fsmax + DC1) * (d1 - H / 2) )
+ ( - As3 * ( - ( 1 - L3^2) * 0.5cuEs * (BC+1) * (d3 - X ) / (X - ( 0.5H*(1-BC) ) ) ) + L3 * Fsmax + DC3) * (d3 - H / 2) )
+ ( - As2 * ( - ( 1 - L2^2) * 0.5cuEs * (BC+1) * (d2 - X ) / (X - ( 0.5H*(1-BC) ) ) ) + L2 * Fsmax + DC2) * (H / 2 - d2) )
+ ( HY * (B * * Conc * X ) * ( (0.5 * H ) - ( 0.5* * X ) ) )
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
fpd = Fsmax =
0.5cuEs
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
N & M values and polar angle value when X = H in order to reset the hinge point for EC2 design.
Check at X = H / and EC2 only for the case where X is > H and > CeD to see if reinf is variable again for L2 and note L2e.
(N / M) *
Enter values into equations below to find N & M and N / M at each point. Then calculate the Polar Angles for all key points
(N / M) *
These terms are multiplied out and re-arranged and ordered to give a Cubic Equation in the format:-
aX + bX + cX + d = 0
Check X at bar locations i.e. D2 - /2 to D2 + /2, D1 - /2 to D1 + /2, D3 - /2 to D3 + /2 to calculate displaced concrete deductions
Compare X against TD and CD to establish if the reinf stress is fixed at -Fsmax (ten) or + Fsmax (comp) or variable and set L1, L3 and L2
CeD2 stress variable again if EC2 & X>H & ((Fsmax*0.5*H) - (0.5*cuEs*D2))/(Fsmax - (0.5*cuEs))*D2
(N / M) *
(N / M) *
fcd = Conc =
Values in Bold Blue derive from Global & Local Input
ULTIMATE EQUATION
66
COEFF 1
Extract From Moody Charts For a Wall Panel
Values are for Hydrostatic, Full to Brim, Fixed at Base and Sides and Free at Top for a/b = 3/4 & a/b = 1
NOTES a = Length / 2 b = Height x = hor distance y = vert distance
If a / b = 3 / 4, L / H = 1.5 If a / b = 1, L / H = 2
x / a = 1 is at Mid Length y / b = 1 is at Top of Wall
Mx = Horizontal Moment Coeff My = Vertical Moment Coeff
Rx = Horizontal Reaction Coeff Ry = Vertical Reaction Coeff
Values are for Hydrostatic, Full to Brim, Fixed at Base and Sides and Free at Top
Highlighted Zones indicate key Mx & Rx (hor) & My & Ry (vert) Coefficients
These tables can be difficult to use and normally the highlighted values are all that are needed or used.
The following sheet displays the key values graphically for various Loadings, Depths and Top Fixity.
Common a / b or Length / Height ratios are available together with 2 additional values for Mvert.
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
MOMENT AND SHEAR COEFFICIENTS
67
COEFF 2
Rectangular Tanks Values taken From:
Moments and Reactions For Rectangular Plates
Moment and Shear Coefficient Charts Engineering Monograph No. 27 by W. T. Moody
Base and Sides Fixed United States Department of the Interior
Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado
Mv = Mv Coeff x Base Pressure x H
Mh = Mh Coeff x Base Pressure x H
Rv = Rv Coeff x Base Pressure x H a / b 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.5 3 24
Rh = Rh Coeff x Base Pressure x H L / H = 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 6 48
Rv Coeff T 0 0 0 0 0
Rv Coeff B 0.195 0.3235 0.4055 0.4564 0.505 0.4234 0.500
Rh Coeff 0.1514 0.2421 0.2542 0.2564 0.313
N N Y Y N N N
http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/pubs/EM/EM27.pdf
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
MOMENT AND SHEAR COEFFICIENTS
Free Top Display
1.000
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Depth / H
Load Type Hydro
Vertical Wall Moment Coefficients - Base & Sides Fixed
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
-0.040 -0.020 0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100
Mv Coeff
H
Mv L / H = 0.5 Mv L / H = 1 Mv L / H = 1.5 Mv L / H = 2
Mv L / H = 3 Mv L / H = 6 Mv L / H = 48
Horizontal Wall Moment Coefficients - Base & Sides Fixed
-0.040
-0.020
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
L
Mh
Coeff
Mh L / H = 3.0 Mh L / H = 2.0 Mh L / H = 1.5 Mh L / H = 1.0 Mh L / H = 0.5
68
COEFF 3
Circular Tanks Values taken From:
Circular Tanks Without Prestressing
Tension, Moment and Shear by
Coefficient Charts Portland Cement Association
Full Depth Skokie, Illinois, USA
(H)/Dt 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
Rv Coeff 0.436 0.374 0.339 0.317 0.299 0.262 0.236 0.213 0.197 0.174 0.158 0.145 0.135 0.127
(H)/Dt Exact 3.00 Max V = 0.262 x 360 = 94 kN / m
(H)/Dt Used 3.00
Base P kN/m 60.0 Max T = 0.362 x 1200 = 434 kN / m
kN/m Base P x H 360
K Factor Base P x Dia /2 1200 Min M = -0.033 x 2160 = -72 kNm / m
Base P x H 2160 Max M = 0.010 x 2160 = 21 kNm / m
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
MOMENT AND SHEAR COEFFICIENTS
10
1.00
Display (A = Auto)
http://www.cement.org/bookstore/profile.asp?pagenum=1&pos=9&catID=&id=218
Base
t m
H m
Dia m
Fixed
6.0
40.0
0.30
Hoop Tension Coefficients
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
T Coeff
H
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 3 4 5
6 8 10 12 14 16
Vertical Moment Coefficients
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
-0.040 -0.035 -0.030 -0.025 -0.020 -0.015 -0.010 -0.005 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015
Mv Coeff
H
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 3 4 5
6 8 10 12 14 16
69
EXAM 1 / 13
Worked Examples
1 Rectangular Tank
Design a concrete tank 16m x 12m x 8m high on piles at 4m ctrs with a settlement of 300kN / mm
The normal water level is at 7m. Interpolate chart values between 0.667 H and 1.0 H
It is possible that the tank can be full to the brim in occasional but short duration cases.
Design as Free at top and then consider possibilities of connecting the tops of the long sides
Backfill is granular and ground level is at 2 / 3 of tank ht for charts analysis and at 5m for computer analysis.
Ground Water is taken to be at ground level
Surcharge is a Variable Action of 10 kN / m
Design for Tightness Class 1 under Normal Conditions
For Full To Brim Conditions - Assess acceptable crack widths. (Class 0 or 1)
Aggregate is Default. Relative Humidity on non water retaining faces is 85%
Drying will be from 1 Face
Concrete grade is C 30 / 37, Class N with 340 kg / m3 O/A cement with 50% GGBS
Construction will be in Summer. Seasonal Temp drop is 20 Deg for Walls and 15 Deg for Slabs
Exposure class is XC2. Design life to a major maintenance / repair = 60 yrs. Permitted Cover Dev = 10mm
Walls are designed as Edge Restrained. Base is End Restrained to some degree by piles.
Assess what Restraint Factors should be used
Consider the restraint provided by piles a 350 x 350 Driven Piles
b 700 Dia CFA Piles
+ +
Use Coefficient Charts and Moody Tables to calculate the maximum horizontal & vertical forces
Calculate the base slab flat slab moments by hand and distribute into column and middle strips
Calculate the ultimate pile loads, multiply by appropriate factors and consider punching shear
Assess Uplift on Piles for case where tank is empty
Compare results for Full to Brim from those generated from a computer model.
Assess Reinforcement for Shrinkage and Applied Loads based on results from computer model.
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
WORKED EXAMPLES Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Full To Brim Lvl
Normal Lvl
Surcharge
qs qe qaw qw-ult qw-serv
qaw = additional pressure due
to Ground Water
or
70
EXAM 2 / 13
Questions
Geotechnical and External Effects
1 What is a reasonable K factor (Ke) to apply to the external earth to give horizontal forces
For a granular soil, Ke is usually taken as 0.5
2 How does ground water affect and combine with the soil forces
Add water as a separate load and give it a density of 10 x (1 - Ke) and a K value of 1.0.
3 What factors need to be considered when assessing surcharge value
Compaction forces, vehicle loads, plant slabs, raft loads.
4 What Pile settlement values should be chosen in relation to the SWL in clay and in granular ground
A settlement of 3 to 4mm per Safe Working Load is normally proved in pile tests.
5 How much relief can the external earth and water loads give to the design of a full tank
None
6 What FOS should be applied to uplift when resting on the ground
It should now be based on 1.1 x Uplift Forces - 0.9 x Down Forces.
7 What can be a problem with achieving a tension resistance from piles
It may be difficult to mobilise enough friction before the pile reaches a refusal in dense gravels.
8 What are the implications of aggressive chemicals on the concrete
Increased cover and cement content, combination mixes and lower water cement ratio
9 What publications are used if the soil is classified as AC
BS EN 206 - 1, BS8500 and BRE Special Digest 1 : 2005 Concrete in aggressive ground
10 What cover is required if the soil is classified as AC
50mm if cast against formwork and 75mm if cast against the ground
11 What other protection is often required for high AC values
Low permeability formwork may be required for AC-4 and AC-5 categories
Show Answers
WORKED EXAMPLE Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
71
EXAM 3 / 13
Rectangular Tank
Analysis Using "Moments and Reactions For Rectangular Plates" by W. T. Moody
For Automatic Design:- L / H or W / H must be :- 0.5 or 1 or 1.5 or 2 or 3
Length = 16 m Width = 12 m Height = 8 m =
Panel 1 L / H = 16 / 8 = 2.00
Panel 2 L / H = 12 / 8 = 1.50
All Actions are considered to be Permanent (Gk) except Surcharge which is a Lead Variable (Qk)
All Actions are considered Fixed and Direct. All loads are the full characteristic values.
The design must ensure that the full to brim case is a reversible service limit state
Full To Brim case applies a reduced Partial Safety Factor and a more relaxed Leakage Class
Permanent Loads are accurately definable so Gksup = Gkinf
Characteristic Loads are used for serviceability design
Max Service Wmm
Actions - Fixed and Direct Ult Hydrostatic
U1 U2 U3 Ratios 1a 1b
Gk Self Weight 1.35 1.35 1.00 ho H ho/H Acc Gen
Internal Water at Normal level 1.35 7000 600 11.7 0.2
Internal Water at Top Of Tank 1.20 8000 600 13.3 0.3
External Earth & Water 1.35 5333 600 8.9 0.2
Qk External Surcharge 1.50 5333 600 8.9 0.2
Internal Actions Coefficients are interpolated between 0.667 H values and 1.0 H values
Design Level Gk Depth = 0.875 H Loading
Pressure at base = 10 x 1.00 x 0.875 x 8 = 70.0 kN/m S U
1.0 1.35
Panel 1 Mv at Base = 0.0701 x 70.0 x 8 x 8 = 313.98 423.88 kNm / m
Mv at mid ht = -0.0138 x 70.0 x 8 x 8 = -61.98 -83.68 kNm / m
Rv Max at Top = 0.0000 x 70.0 x 8 = 0 0 kN / m
Rv Max at Base = 0.4053 x 70.0 x 8 = 226.95 306.39 kN / m
Mh at Sides = 0.0480 x 70.0 x 8 x 8 = 215.19 290.51 kNm / m
Mh at Mid - Span = -0.0207 x 70.0 x 8 x 8 = -92.87 -125.4 kNm / m
Rh Max at Sides = 0.2191 x 70.0 x 8 = 122.69 165.63 kN / m
Panel 2 Mv at Base = 0.0500 x 70.0 x 8 x 8 = 223.79 302.12 kNm / m
Mv at mid ht = -0.0130 x 70.0 x 8 x 8 = -58.35 -78.77 kNm / m
Rv Max at Top = 0.0000 x 70.0 x 8 = 0 0 kN / m
Rv Max at Base = 0.3661 x 70.0 x 8 = 205.01 276.76 kN / m
Mh at Sides = 0.0342 x 70.0 x 8 x 8 = 153.12 206.71 kNm / m
Mh at Mid - Span = -0.0163 x 70.0 x 8 x 8 = -73 -98.55 kNm / m
Rh Max at Sides = 0.2199 x 70.0 x 8 = 123.16 166.27 kN / m
Full To Brim Loads Gk Depth = 1.000 H Loading
Pressure at base = 10 x 1.00 x 1.000 x 8 = 80.0 kN/m S U
1.0 1.20
Panel 1 Mv at Base = 0.0845 x 80.0 x 8 x 8 = 432.64 519.17 kNm / m
Mv at mid ht = -0.0159 x 80.0 x 8 x 8 = -81.41 -97.69 kNm / m
Rv Max at Top = 0.0000 x 80.0 x 8 = 0 0 kN / m
Rv Max at Base = 0.4564 x 80.0 x 8 = 292.1 350.52 kN / m
Mh at Sides = 0.0644 x 80.0 x 8 x 8 = 329.73 395.67 kNm / m
Mh at Mid - Span = -0.0276 x 80.0 x 8 x 8 = -141.3 -169.6 kNm / m
Rh Max at Sides = 0.2564 x 80.0 x 8 = 164.1 196.92 kN / m
Panel 2 Mv at Base = 0.0584 x 80.0 x 8 x 8 = 299.01 358.81 kNm / m
Mv at mid ht = -0.0143 x 80.0 x 8 x 8 = -73.22 -87.86 kNm / m
Rv Max at Top = 0.0000 x 80.0 x 8 = 0 0 kN / m
Rv Max at Base = 0.4055 x 80.0 x 8 = 259.52 311.42 kN / m
Mh at Sides = 0.0433 x 80.0 x 8 x 8 = 221.7 266.04 kNm / m
Mh at Mid - Span = -0.0214 x 80.0 x 8 x 8 = -109.6 -131.5 kNm / m
Rh Max at Sides = 0.2542 x 80.0 x 8 = 162.69 195.23 kN / m
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Copyright 2009 HAC
Free
0.158
Free Top
Class
Hydro
Factor
Hydro
Full Depth
1c
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
Factor
WORKED EXAMPLE
72
EXAM 4 / 13
External Actions
Dry Earth Gk Depth = 0.667 H Loading = K = 0.5
Pressure at base Dry Soil 18 x 0.50 x 0.667 x 8 = 48.0 kN/m
S U
1.0 1.35
Panel 1 Mv at Base = 0.0461 x 48.0 x 8 x 8 = 141.69 191.28 kNm / m
Mv at mid ht = -0.0104 x 48.0 x 8 x 8 = -31.96 -43.15 kNm / m
Rv Max at Top = 0.0000 x 48.0 x 8 = 0 0 kN / m
Rv Max at Base = 0.3202 x 48.0 x 8 = 123.02 166.07 kN / m
Mh at Sides = 0.0208 x 48.0 x 8 x 8 = 63.93 86.305 kNm / m
Mh at Mid - Span = -0.0093 x 48.0 x 8 x 8 = -28.58 -38.59 kNm / m
Rh Max at Sides = 0.1570 x 48.0 x 8 = 60.318 81.429 kN / m
Panel 2 Mv at Base = 0.0359 x 48.0 x 8 x 8 = 110.34 148.96 kNm / m
Mv at mid ht = -0.0109 x 48.0 x 8 x 8 = -33.5 -45.23 kNm / m
Rv Max at Top = 0.0000 x 48.0 x 8 = 0 0 kN / m
Rv Max at Base = 0.3005 x 48.0 x 8 = 115.45 155.86 kN / m
Mh at Sides = 0.0190 x 48.0 x 8 x 8 = 58.397 78.836 kNm / m
Mh at Mid - Span = -0.0078 x 48.0 x 8 x 8 = -23.97 -32.36 kNm / m
Rh Max at Sides = 0.1629 x 48.0 x 8 = 62.585 84.49 kN / m
Extra Due To Water Gk Depth = 0.667 H Loading = Ke = 0.5
Note Equivalent Density For Additional Water = 10 - (10 x Ke) = 10 - 5 = 5 kN/m
Pressure at base Extra Due to Water 5 x 1.00 x 0.667 x 8 = 26.7 kN/m
S U
1.0 1.35
Panel 1 Mv at Base = 0.0461 x 26.7 x 8 x 8 = 78.717 106.27 kNm / m
Mv at mid ht = -0.0104 x 26.7 x 8 x 8 = -17.76 -23.97 kNm / m
Rv Max at Top = 0.0000 x 26.7 x 8 = 0 0 kN / m
Rv Max at Base = 0.3202 x 26.7 x 8 = 68.343 92.264 kN / m
Mh at Sides = 0.0208 x 26.7 x 8 x 8 = 35.516 47.947 kNm / m
Mh at Mid - Span = -0.0093 x 26.7 x 8 x 8 = -15.88 -21.44 kNm / m
Rh Max at Sides = 0.1570 x 26.7 x 8 = 33.51 45.239 kN / m
Panel 2 Mv at Base = 0.0359 x 26.7 x 8 x 8 = 61.3 82.755 kNm / m
Mv at mid ht = -0.0109 x 26.7 x 8 x 8 = -18.61 -25.13 kNm / m
Rv Max at Top = 0.0000 x 26.7 x 8 = 0 0 kN / m
Rv Max at Base = 0.3005 x 26.7 x 8 = 64.139 86.587 kN / m
Mh at Sides = 0.0190 x 26.7 x 8 x 8 = 32.443 43.798 kNm / m
Mh at Mid - Span = -0.0078 x 26.7 x 8 x 8 = -13.32 -17.98 kNm / m
Rh Max at Sides = 0.1629 x 26.7 x 8 = 34.769 46.939 kN / m
Surcharge Qk Depth = 0.667 H Loading = Ke = 0.5
Pressure at base Surcharge 10 x 0.50 = 5.0 kN/m
S U
1.0 1.50
Panel 1 Mv at Base = 0.1184 x 5.0 x 8 x 8 = 37.888 56.832 kNm / m
Mv at mid ht = -0.0296 x 5.0 x 8 x 8 = -9.472 -14.21 kNm / m
Rv Max at Top = 0.0000 x 5.0 x 8 = 0 0 kN / m
Rv Max at Base = 0.6149 x 5.0 x 8 = 24.596 36.894 kN / m
Mh at Sides = 0.0753 x 5.0 x 8 x 8 = 24.096 36.144 kNm / m
Mh at Mid - Span = -0.0271 x 5.0 x 8 x 8 = -8.672 -13.01 kNm / m
Rh Max at Sides = 0.4093 x 5.0 x 8 = 16.372 24.558 kN / m
Panel 2 Mv at Base = 0.0835 x 5.0 x 8 x 8 = 26.72 40.08 kNm / m
Mv at mid ht = -0.0255 x 5.0 x 8 x 8 = -8.16 -12.24 kNm / m
Rv Max at Top = 0.0000 x 5.0 x 8 = 0 0 kN / m
Rv Max at Base = 0.5438 x 5.0 x 8 = 21.752 32.628 kN / m
Mh at Sides = 0.0617 x 5.0 x 8 x 8 = 19.744 29.616 kNm / m
Mh at Mid - Span = -0.0271 x 5.0 x 8 x 8 = -8.672 -13.01 kNm / m
Rh Max at Sides = 0.4133 x 5.0 x 8 = 16.532 24.798 kN / m
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Factor
UDL
Copyright 2009 HAC
Factor
Hydro
Hydro
Factor
Hydro
Hydro
UDL
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
WORKED EXAMPLE
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
73
EXAM 5 / 13
External Actions Cont
Combination Of All Three External Actions
Service Ultimate Fundamental
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.35 1.35 1.50
Earth Water Surch Earth Water Surch
Panel 1 Mv at Base = 141.7 78.7 37.9 = 258.3 191.3 106.3 56.8 = 354.4 kNm / m
Mv at mid ht = -32.0 -17.8 -9.5 = -59.2 -43.2 -24.0 -14.2 = -81.3 kNm / m
Rv Max at Top = 0.0 0.0 0.0 = 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 = 0.0 kN / m
Rv Max at Base = 123.0 68.3 24.6 = 216.0 166.1 92.3 36.9 = 295.2 kN / m
Mh at Sides = 63.9 35.5 24.1 = 123.5 86.3 47.9 36.1 = 170.4 kNm / m
Mh at Mid - Span = -28.6 -15.9 -8.7 = -53.1 -38.6 -21.4 -13.0 = -73.0 kNm / m
Rh Max at Sides = 60.3 33.5 16.4 = 110.2 81.4 45.2 24.6 = 151.2 kN / m
Panel 2 Mv at Base = 110.3 61.3 26.7 = 198.4 149.0 82.8 40.1 = 271.8 kNm / m
Mv at mid ht = -33.5 -18.6 -8.2 = -60.3 -45.2 -25.1 -12.2 = -82.6 kNm / m
Rv Max at Top = 0.0 0.0 0.0 = 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 = 0.0 kN / m
Rv Max at Base = 115.4 64.1 21.8 = 201.3 155.9 86.6 32.6 = 275.1 kN / m
Mh at Sides = 58.4 32.4 19.7 = 110.6 78.8 43.8 29.6 = 152.3 kNm / m
Mh at Mid - Span = -24.0 -13.3 -8.7 = -46.0 -32.4 -18.0 -13.0 = -63.4 kNm / m
Rh Max at Sides = 62.6 34.8 16.5 = 113.9 84.5 46.9 24.8 = 156.2 kN / m
Slab Design Gk Unfactored Values
Self Wt 24 x 0.6 = 14.4 kN / m
NWL Loading 10 x 7 = 70 kN / m
FTB Loading 10 x 8 = 80 kN / m
Pile Spacing 4.00 m SW Water
NWL Loading 14.4 + 70 = 84.4 kN / m 0.171 0.829
FTB Loading 14.4 + 80 = 94.4 kN / m 0.153 0.847
Design Water Level Analysis
Load per Width of Panel 84.4 x 4 = 337.6 kN / m L / F
Load per Span 337.6 x 4 = 1350 kN Ult = 1823 kN 1.35
Support Moment 1350 x 4 / 12 = 450.1 kNm / Panel 112.5 / m
Column Strip 450.1 x ( ) Use 0.7 = 315 kNm
Middle Strip 450.1 x ( ) Use 0.3 = 135 kNm
Span Moment 1350 x 4 / 24 = 225 kNm / Panel
Column Strip 225 x ( ) Use 0.55 = 124 kNm
Middle Strip 225 x ( ) Use 0.45 = 101 kNm
Full To Brim Analysis
Load per Width of Panel 94.4 x 4 = 377.6 kN / m kNm / Panel L / F
Load per Span 377.6 x 4 = 1510 kN Ult = 1847 kN 1.223
Support Moment 1510 x 4 / 12 = 503.5 kNm / Panel 125.9 / m
Column Strip 503.5 x ( ) Use 0.7 = 352 kNm x 1.35 = 476 kNm
Middle Strip 503.5 x ( ) Use 0.3 = 151 kNm x 1.35 = 204 kNm
Span Moment 1510 x 4 / 24 = 252 kNm / Panel
Column Strip 252 x ( ) Use 0.55 = 138 kNm x 1.35 = 187 kNm
Middle Strip 252 x ( ) Use 0.45 = 113 kNm x 1.35 = 153 kNm
Note that the moments from the independent base slab analysis will rarely match the panel base fixed moments
In order to give realistic values, the reinforcement will be calculated from the results of a Grillage / Finite Element Analysis
Copyright 2009 HAC
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
0.6 to 0.8
0.6 to 0.8
0.2 to 0.4
0.5 to 0.7
0.2 to 0.4
0.2 to 0.4
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
0.6 to 0.8
0.3 to 0.5
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
WORKED EXAMPLE
74
EXAM 6 / 13
Grillage Analysis
Input and Output Diagrams For Load Combination S1
SW + Full To Brim
Elements are at 1m ctrs
Loading / Element
50% of Vertical Load is applied
onto slab in each direction
SW is calculated by program but density
is 50% Normal to avoid taking the weight twice
Shear / Element
kN
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
WORKED EXAMPLE
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
-229 kN
280 kN
217 kN
-167 kN
162 kN
230 kN
191 kN
75
EXAM 7 / 13
Grillage Analysis
Output For Load Combination S1
SW + Full To Brim
Elements are at 1m ctrs
Moments / Element
kNm
Negative Denotes Tension on Ext Face
Axial / Element
kN
Negative Denotes Tension
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP WORKED EXAMPLE
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
-83.7 kNm
-88.2 kNm
-92.4 kNm
368 kNm
-136 kNm
215 kNm
316 kNm
-162 kNm
-105 kNm
216 kNm
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
381 kN 347 kN
-242 kN
-168 kN -148 kN
368 kN
-226 kN
-152 kN
-154 kN
381 kN
368 kN
-151 kN
-195 kN
-168 kN
-97 kN
76
EXAM 8 / 13
Grillage Analysis
Output For Load Combination S1
SW + Full To Brim
Elements are at 1m ctrs
Displacements
Note: Value for
Panel 1 under
NWL = 12mm
Pile Loads
Copyright 2009 HAC
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP WORKED EXAMPLE
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6.28 mm
6.11 mm
6.11 mm
6.11 mm
18.5 mm
6.11 mm
6.35 mm
10 10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 10
1221 kN 1221 kN 1252 kN 1259 kN 1252 kN
1239 kN 1239 kN 1255 kN 1270 kN 1255 kN
1239 kN 1239 kN 1255 kN 1270 kN 1255 kN
1221 kN 1221 kN 1252 kN 1259 kN 1252 kN
77
EXAM 9 / 13
Combinations
= 1.0
Service S1
S2
S3 Surcharge
= 1.35 1.35 1.0 1.5
Ultimate U1 SW
U2 SW
U3 SW Surcharge
Forces v = Shr Stress N/mm n = Axial Stress N/mm V = Shr kN N = Axial kN M = Mom kNm
Some FEA programs generate output as stress Values per element width or per m for FEA
Values are arranged so they can be Copied and Pasted Special as Values into the MAIN sheet
Walls Panel 1 H = 600 Panel 2 H = 600
S1 S2 S3 U1 U2 U3 S1 S2 S3 U1 U2 U3
Vert Base v
n
V 229 220 183 275 297 247 230 170 167 276 230 225
N -168 -137 150 -202 -185 203 -148 -124 140 -178 -167 189
M 368 296 -225 442 400 -304 215 209 -173 258 282 -234
Vert Span v
n
V 30 20 20 36 27 27 20 10 20 24 14 27
N 30 30 70 36 41 95 20 20 60 24 27 81
M -92 -67 62 -110 -90 84 -84 -62 58 -101 -84 78
Hor Corn v
n
V 162 125 115 194 169 155 162 125 115 194 169 155
N -154 -123 110 -185 -166 149 -154 -110 110 -185 -149 149
M 316 205 -131 379 277 -177 316 205 -131 379 277 -177
Hor Span v
n
V 20 10 5 24 14 7 20 20 5 24 27 7
N -97 -90 40 -116 -122 54 -158 -92 56 -190 -124 76
M -162 -86 57 -194 -116 77 -151 -69 35 -181 -93 47
Base Slab X Dir H = 600 Y Dir
S1 S2 S3 U1 U2 U3 S1 S2 S3 U1 U2 U3
At Wall v
n
V 280 212 130 336 286 176 230 205 120 276 277 162
N -242 -215 184 -290 -290 248 -195 -172 163 -234 -232 220
M 368 300 -225 442 405 -304 215 209 -173 258 282 -234
Column v
Strip at n
Pile T Pi 1461 1342 -404 1753 1812 -545 1461 1300 -404 1753 1754 -545
N -226 -200 172 -271 -270 232 -145 -121 127 -174 -163 171
M 216 180 -50 259 243 -68 216 180 -40 259 243 -54
Middle v
Strip at n
Supp T V 80 70 30 96 95 41 90 80 50 108 108 68
N -226 -200 172 -271 -270 232 -145 -121 127 -174 -163 171
M 50 45 -50 60 61 -68 88 66 -50 106 89 -68
Span v
Strips B n
V 50 45 30 60 61 41 50 50 50 60 68 68
N -226 -200 172 -271 -270 232 -145 -121 127 -174 -163 171
M -136 -120 92 -163 -162 124 -88 -80 40 -106 -108 54
Punching VED 1270 1167 -351 1565 1575 -474 1270 1130 -351 1565 1526 -474
Water at NWL
Water at FTB
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
1.2
Copyright 2009 HAC
Water at FTB
1.0
1.35
PRO 1 - 5 - 2
SW
SW
Water at NWL
SW
WORKED EXAMPLE
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
1.0
Earth & Water at GL
Earth & Water at GL
1.0
78
EXAM 10 / 13
Reinforcement
All Reinforcement and Section Compliance is calculated and displayed via the MAIN sheet
Typical Calculations Input
Shear, Axial and Moments Above values are copied and pasted into the MAIN sheet
Shrinkage This sheet allows the designer to add additional explanation
and derive actual restraint values..
The values are copied and pasted (values only) into the MAIN sheet
Walls Shrinkage Data Formwork Fmwk Ply
Faces & Rel Humidity Rh 1 & 95
Edge Restraint Values T1 value or Auto T1 Auto
Seasonal Temp drop T2 20
1 Horizontal Edge Restraint Wall Restraint type Restr Edge
Ref Restraint Diagram H Edge 3 Day curing restraint R1 0.60
adjusted to suit C660 Restr 28 Day / T2 curing restraint R2 0.60
Base Long Term drying restraint R3 0.30
2 Horizontal Edge Restraint Wall Restraint type Restr Edge
Ref Restraint Diagram H Edge 3 Day curing restraint R1 0.35
adjusted to suit C660 Restr 28 Day / T2 curing restraint R2 0.35
Mid Ht Long Term drying restraint R3 0.15
3 Vertical Edge Restraint Wall Restraint type Restr Edge
Ref Restraint Diagram V Edge 3 Day curing restraint R1 0.35
adjusted to suit C660 Restr 28 Day / T2 curing restraint R2 0.35
Base Long Term drying restraint R3 0.00
Slab Shrinkage Data Formwork Fmwk Grnd
Faces & Rel Humidity Rh 1 & 95
End Restraint Values T1 value or Auto T1 Auto
Seasonal Temp drop T2 15
4 End restraint Slab Restraint type Restr End
Assuming near full restraint End 3 Day curing restraint R1 0.77
As an Example Restr 28 Day / T2 curing restraint R2 0.77
High Long Term drying restraint R3 0.77
5 End Restraint Slab Restraint type Restr End
According To Pile Siffness End 3 Day curing restraint R1 0.20
More Realistic Restr 28 Day / T2 curing restraint R2 0.20
See Below Piles Long Term drying restraint R3 0.20
Actual End Restraint Offered By Piles
Free Strain due to T2 = 15 deg & alpha = 12 = 180
Maximum Restrained Strain = 0.65 x 180 = 117 `
Free Shrinkage over 8 m due to T2 = 15 deg & alpha = 12 = 1.44 mm
Free Shrinkage over 4 m due to T2 = 15 deg & alpha = 12 = 0.72 mm
Pile Resistance = 150 kN per mm Slab = 12 m x 600 mm
Force at Centre = 4 x 150 x 1.44 = 864 kN
4 x 150 x 0.72 = 432 kN = 1296 kN
Average Restrained Stress 0.65 x 1296 / ( 12 x 600 ) = 0.18 N / mm
Average Restrained Strain = Stress / (Es / MR28) = 0.18 / ( 200 / 6.09 ) = 5
Therefore Maximum End Restraint Factor R = 5 / 117 = 0.047 Adopt 0.2
WORKED EXAMPLE Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
79
EXAM 11 / 13
Finite Element Analysis - SW + Full to Brim
Horizontal in Walls
Lengthways in slab
Vertical in Walls
Crossways in Slab
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
WORKED EXAMPLE
MX (local)
kNm/ m
<= -275
-247
-220
-192
-164
-136
-109
-81.1
-53.3
-25.6
2.1
29.8
57.5
85.3
113
141
>= 168
MY (local)
kNm/ m
<= -389
-357
-325
-293
-260
-228
-196
-164
-132
-99.5
-67.3
-35.1
-2.93
29.3
61.4
93.6
>= 126
80
EXAM 12 / 13
Worked Examples Cont.
2 Circular Tank
Design a concrete tank 40m dia x 6m high cast on ground with Subgrade Reaction 10kN/m2 / mm
Base Slab slopes 2m towards a 2m deep central sump
Service design water level is full to brim
Wall is either fixed or hinged to the base slab
Other criteria are as for rectangular tank
Use Coefficients from provided charts
Consider how much base fixity can be generated
Consider the effects of high tension on reinforcement stresses and crack widths
Consider thermal implications
Consider how to reinforce the main base and the hopper bottom
For a 300 thick wall
For a Fixed Base
Hoop Tension per M width = 434 kN
Vertical Moment at Base = -72 kNm
Max Reverse Vertical Moment = 21 kNm
For a Hinged Base
Hoop Tension per M width = 623 kN
Vertical Moment in Wall = 33 kNm
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
WORKED EXAMPLE
Serv Lvl
qw-serv
81
EXAM 13 / 13
Circular Tank - Finite Element Analysis
Vertical Moments in Wall M at base = - 58 kNm Mspan = 22 kNm
Hoop Tension in Wall Max Stress = 1.576 N/mm = 472 kN for a 300mm Thick Wall
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
WORKED EXAMPLE
MX (local)
kNm/ m
<= -30
-26.8
-23.5
-20.2
-17
-13.7
-10.5
-7.21
-3.95
-0.686
2.57
5.83
9.09
12.4
15.6
18.9
>= 22.1
SY (local)
N/ mm2
<= 0.037
0.134
0.231
0.328
0.425
0.522
0.619
0.716
0.813
0.91
1.01
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.49
>= 1.59
82
RESTR 1
Control Of Cracking Due To Restrained Shrinkage Ref:- EC2 Pt 3 & CIRIA C660
Free Shrinkage Strain Types
Thermal T x Temperature Drop x Coefficient of Expansion which depends on Aggregate Type
Autogenous Ag Due to the chemical reaction causing a reduction in volume.
Drying Cd Due to the drying out of the concrete over the long term
Restraint Types
Edge Induces cracking strain due to restraint at side of new pour.
End Induces cracking strain due to restraint at ends or from piles or ground friction.
Internal Induces cracking strain due to restraint caused by internal temperature differentials.
Restraint Values
R1, R2, R3 R varies between 1 for Full and 0 for None. Suffix denotes Shrinkage Stage - see below.
Creep Factor K1
K1 Value Due to relaxation of the concrete under load. Fixed at 0.65 at all stages.
Restrained Strain
+ +
Key Data Affecting Shrinkage and Strain Capacity
Example Values
30 / 37 Ult Microstrain Capacity Agg Exp
LT Drying Period 60 Yrs Aggregate 3 Day 28 Day LT Factor
LT Strength at 60 Yrs Basalt 63 90 98 0.826 10
LT Strain at 60 Yrs Default 76 109 119 1 12
Creep K1 = 0.65 Dolomite 85 122 133 1.119 9
R1 = 0.32 Flint 65 93 102 0.853 12
R2 = 0.40 Gabbro 75 108 118 0.991 10
R3 = 0.19 Granite 75 108 118 0.991 10
Aggregate = Limestone 85 122 133 1.119 9
3 Day = 76 Quartzite 76 109 119 1 14
28 Day = 109 Sandstone 108 155 169 1.422 12.5
LT = 119.1 Gain beyond 28
Agg Factor = 1 is within Drying
Exp = 12 If Drying > Gain
Variation Of Values According To Strength and Age
At 28 Days Age Factors
Concrete Strength Fck 30 3D 28D LT
Strain Capacity 109 0.698 1 1.092
Autogenous Strain 33 x 0.448 1 1.531
Drying Shrinkage Strain 1 Age 0 0 1.000
Fctm N/mm2 2.90 Factor 0.598 1 1.174
Modular Ratio 6.09 1.167 1 0.930
Note: If drying shrinkage is based on Fck = 30 N/mm the reduction where Fck = 32 N/mm is < 3%.
CIRIA C660 LT Values
C660 advises using the 28 Day Strain Capacity, Tensile Strength and Modular Ratio for the Long Term (LT) stage check.
This program allows the full LT values to be displayed and used for information and to demonstrate the effects.
1.167
30 / 37
1.000
1.000
1.250
0.976 1.000
1.000
1.000 1.073
k1 R3 Drying
1.100
15 50 33
35 / 45 40 / 50
1.067 1.333
1.040 1.015
0.942
1.500
28 Days to LT
Strength Factors
32 / 40
0.887
1.130 1.030 1.080
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP
Default
Autogenous
Up To 3 Days
k1 R1 (T1 + Ag1) k1 R2 (T2 + Ag2)
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
3 Days to 28 days
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
Strength
83
RESTR 2
Shrinkage Cont.
Thermal Strain Due To T1 Curing Temperature Drop
Fresh concrete heats up as a result of the chemical reaction.
It is called heat of hydration.
This process takes about 24 hours to reach a peak temperature.
The rise is dependant on the placing temperature,
cement content, formwork and section thickness.
It then cools down to the ambient temperature over the next
2 to 6 days and shrinks.
The rate at which it cools down depends on the type of formwork
and strike time and external temperature.
Shrinkage Calculations assume the cooling is complete at 3 days.
Thermal strain Due To T2 Seasonal Temperature Drop
T2 is normally taken as 20 deg for exposed structures and 15 deg for buried structures.
The design method in this program conservatively assumes that T2 drop will occur evenly between 3 days and 28 days
Drying Shrinkage For RH% Between 60 & 95 Value for RH% = 100 = 0 ho = H x (2 / Exp Faces)
Based On Data Basic Value
Control Sheet Value Used
RH% 85 kh 0.85 0.75 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70
Period - Yrs 60 432.1 60 365 321 302 296 295 293 290 288 286 281 276 271
Fck - N/mm 30 362.1 70 306 269 253 248 247 245 243 242 240 236 231 227
Depth H 600 269 80 227 200 188 185 183 182 181 179 178 175 172 169
Exp Faces 1 212.7 85 180 158 149 146 145 144 143 142 141 138 136 133 138.4
u = 2 / Exp 2 149.4 90 126 111 105 102 102 101 100 100 99 97 95 94
ho = 1200 79 95 66 58 55 54 54 53 53 52 52 51 50 49
Example From Table = 138 From charts or formula = 138.4
LT Strain = Maximum of:- (LT Autogenous - 28 Day Autogenous) & Drying Shrinkage = 138.4
600 500 400
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
700 300
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
200 1000 ho 800 900 1200 1600 1400
Drying Shrinkage Microstrain Against
ho = H x (2 / Exp Faces) For Values of RH%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
ho
60% 70% 80%
85% 90% 95%
Example
cd
Drying Shrinkage Microstrain against RH%
For ho = H x (2 / Exp Faces) = 200 to 1600
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
RH
200 300 400 600
800 1000 1200 1400
1600 Example
cd
Effect of Formwork on Temperature Rise in
500mm thick walls (for 350 kg / m3 CEM 1) Ref
C660 Fig 4.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Days
T
Steel 18mm Ply
84
RESTR 3
Drying Shrinkage Cont.
Drying Shrinkage Equations Ref EN 1992-1-1
Equ B.11 Basic strain cd,0 = 0.85 x (220 + 110 x ds1) x exp(- ds2 x fcm / 10) x 10E-6 x RH
Equ B.12 RH = 1.55 x (1 - (RH% / 100) exp(VALUE) = 2.718
VALUE
For Class S ds1 = 3 ds2 = 0.13 Note: fcm = fck + 8 N/mm
N ds1 = 4 ds2 = 0.12
R ds1 = 6 ds2 = 0.11
Equ 3.9 Strain at Time t days cd(t) = ds(t,ts) x kh x cd,0 ts = start time in days
If Exp Faces = 2, ho = h If Exp Faces = 1, ho = 2h
If ho >=500, kh = 0.7
If ho <=100, kh = 1.0 Otherwise, kh = 0.7 + (0.3 x (500 - ho) / 400)
Equ 3.10 ds(t,ts) = (t - ts) / ( (t - ts) + (0.04 x ho) ) = t / (t +( 0.04 x ho) ) If ts is taken as 0
Fck = 30 N / mm Drying Period = 60 Yrs = Days 21915
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
Copyright 2009 HAC
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Drying Shrinkage Microstrain Against RH%
For ho = H x 2 / (Exp Faces) = 200 to 1600, Fck and Drying Period
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
RH
200 300 400 600 800
1000 1200 1400 1600 Example
cd
85
RESTR 4
Edge Restraint Ref EN 1992 - 3 - 2006 Annex L Fig L1
H = L =
Single values within zones are constant throughout. Multiple values denote a varying restraint.
Values on the edge of a zone or outline show that the restraint varies linearly towards another zone or value.
Horizontal Central Zone Centreline Values For Isolated and Sequential Cases
L / H These values are EC2 Pt 3 Fig L1 values x Factor / 0.5
1 and are multiplied by L / 4.8 if L < 4.8m
2
3 The values are a minimum of 0.25 x Creep Factor / 0.5
4 if construction joints are included. (BS8007 only)
>=8
2.000 Design Values for chosen case are shown in bold
Vertical Central Zone Values - Infill Case Where L <= 2H R = CF (1 - L / 2H) N/A
Vertical Central Zone Values - End Case Where L <= H R = CF (1 - L / H) N/A
VERY IMPORTANT NOTE
These values and diagrams were previously included in BS8007 and are now included in EN1992 - 3
EC2 Pt3 Fig L1 includes a Creep Factor of 0.5 (Ref A.5). C660 uses a creep factor of 0.65 with unfactored R values.
If the published chart values are used with a C660 calculation:-
Multiply all values by (1 / .65 = 1.54) and use K1 = 0.65 in C660 calculations Note:- 0.5 x 1.54 = 0.77
It is vital that the designer makes it absolutely clear what has been done.
The following C660 method shows the restraint is generally < 0.77 unless the wall / base section areas ratio is very small.
0.50
0.3
0.5
0.00
0.5
0.5
1.000 All
0
At Top At Base
0.5
Diagram Displays
0 0.5
L / H =
L / 4.8 =
4.000
Hor Factor 3.333
0.50 Maximum Factor
Copyright 2009 HAC
With Construction Joints 3.200
0.5 x H = 2.000
0.2 x H =
Type of Construction
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
16.000
0.2 x L = 1.600
8.000
Design =
Design =
0.5 0.05
Sequential
No
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP
Wall Restraint Factors h = Horiz, v = Vert
0.12h
0h
0.25h
0.37h
0.5h
0.5v
0.25v
0h
0.25h
0.5h
2.4 m 11.2 m 2.4 m
5.6 m
3.2 m
12.8 m 3.2 m
1.6 m
0v
0.5v
0v
L
H
Vertical Restraint Zone Horizontal Restraint Zone
86
RESTR 5
Edge Restraint Cont.
Ref C660 Equ 4.6
Restraint at Joint Rj = 1 / ( 1 + ( ( An / Ao ) x ( En / Eo ) )
Where An = Cross Section Area of new concrete pour
Ao = Cross Section Area of old restraining concrete
En = Modulus of Elasticity of new pour concrete (assumed 0.7 x Eo)
Eo = Modulus of Elasticity of old concrete
Example Wall ht = 8 m Base Width = 8 m
H = 0.3 m H = 0.4 m
Ao = 8 x 0.4 = 3.2 m An / Ao = 0.75
An = 8 x 0.3 = 2.4 m En / Eo = 0.7
Rj = 1 / ( + ( 0.75 x 0.7 ) ) = 0.656
Simplified For a wall cast at the edge of a slab An / Ao = hn / ho
Method For a wall cast remote from the edge of a slab An / Ao = hn / 2ho
For a slab cast against an existing slab An / Ao = hn / ho
An / Ao = 0.3 / 0.4 = 0.75
Rj = 1 / ( + ( 0.75 x 0.7 ) ) = 0.66
THESE VALUES DO NOT INCLUDE CREEP
Variation of Horizontal Restraint According To Height Above Base
Ref CIRIA Figure 4.17 and Enborg 2003 This can be compared with the data on previous page
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
Proportion of Base Restraint Against Height Above Base
For Various L / H Ratios
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Proportion of Base Restraint
Prop
of
Wall
Height
L / H = 1 L / H = 1.4 L / H = 2 L / H = 3 L / H = 4
L / H = 5 L / H = 6
1
1.4
2
3
4
5
6
87
RESTR 6
End Restraint
Walls can be restrained when a new section is placed between previously cured sections or existing structures.
Slabs can be restrained in a similar way but also by friction, pile stiffness and or passive resistance.
Where the restraint is a robust immovable existing structure R should be = 1.0.
Consequently, it is advisable to try and arrange structures and pours to minimize End Restraints wherever possible.
Note. When a tank is in service or is buried, the liquid retaining faces should not experience any drying shrinkage.
Therefore in those circumstances the design need only consider T1 & Autogenous 1 and T2 and Autogenous 2.
To Calculate Restraint From Piles or Passive Resistance.
1 Establish the sources of Restraint and check at 3 Days or 28 Days or Long Term
2 Using the analysis computer model or manually:-
A Set Ec = the full 28 day value and do not allow for creep coefficient.
The 3 day adjustment factor is 0.86 and the LT factor is 1.07.
Set the correct coeff of expansion
Consider a load case with a 15 degree temperature drop say.
B Restrain the structure horizontally at ends and calculate the restrained stress.
Record the stresses in each direction, which should be uniform.
C Remove all previous restraints
Set the restraint sources to have an elastic force / displacement criteria
For Piles and or Passive Resistance test at 50% of the vertical settlement stiffness.
Record the stresses at the centre and outwardly between restraints.
Multiply these values by 3 Day and LT Ec factors if required.
You will note that the piles offer a cumulative but reducing restraint towards the centre.
D The Restraint Factor R will be:- Stress Due to C / Stress due to B
To Calculate Restraint from Friction
1 Where friction exceeds the tensile strength, no movement can occur so full restraint occurs and R = 1.
2 Establish the coefficient of friction or assume 0.7 say.
3 Establish the fctm in N/mm at 3D, 28D & LT For Fck = 30 N/mm 1.73 2.90 3.40
4 Apply horizontal loads to the slab = Vertical Load x away from each centre line and analyse.
5 Record the stress at each centre line and compare it with the appropriate tensile stress capacity fctm.
6 If k1 (= 0.65) x Stress is more than the appropriate fctm value, the slab cannot slide and Rmax = 1.
7 If k1 (= 0.65) x Stress is less than the appropriate fctm value, Rmax = 0.65 x Stress / fctm
8 Care must be used in calculating the empty condition as the weight of walls must be added.
9 This analysis must be performed using the loads which apply at the stages considered.
10 Therefore, for T2 and Long Term it would be prudent to assume the tank is full.
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
88
RESTR 7
Using Capacity Charts For R1 & R2 End Restraint R Values based on FOS = 1.0
R1 at 3 Days 3 Day Strain Capacity / (K1 * (3D Autogenous + (T1 x ) ) )
T1 Curing Temp Drop = 29.7 Deg R1 Applied =
R1 Crit End = Reserve R = Cracked
Edge = = Cracked
If R2 = R1 - at 28 Days 28 Day Cap - 3 Day Strain / (K1 * (28D - 3D Autogenous + (T2 x ) ) )
Applied 3 Day Restraint R1 = 0.315 Seasonal Temp Drop 20 Deg
Applied 28 Day Restraint R2 = 0.315 T1 + T2 = 29.7 + 20 = 50
R2 Crit End = Reserve R = Cracked
Edge = = Cracked
(R2-end / R2crit-end) = 0.315 / 0.266 = 1.18 = 28Day Proportion Used-End
(R2-edge / R2crit-edge) = 0.315 / 0.133 = 2.36 = 28Day Proportion Used-Edge
A max value of 1.0 is used from hereon when cracked
0.133 -0.182
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
0.315
0.266
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
0.157
-0.049
0.000
Copyright 2009 HAC
0.315
-0.158
R1crit-End Due To Autogenous1 & T1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45
T1
R1
Sandstone Limestone & Dolomite
Granite & Gabbro Default & Basalt
Flint & Quartzite Example
28 Day R1=R2crit-End Due To Autogenous
& T1 & T2
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
T1 + T2
R1
=
R2
Sandstone Limestone & Dolomite
Granite & Gabbro Default & Basalt
Flint & Quartzite Example
R1crit-Edge Due To Autogenous1 & T1
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
15 20 25 30 35 40 45
T1
R1
Sandstone
Limestone & Dolomite
Granite & Gabbro
Default & Basalt
Flint & Quartzite
Example
28 Day R1=R2crit-Edge Due To Autogenous
& T1 & T2
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
T1 + T2
R1
=
R2
Sandstone Limestone & Dolomite
Granite & Gabbro Default & Basalt
Flint & Quartzite Example
89
RESTR 8
R3Crit Chart
At Long Term R3 Crit = 0.112
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Default, Granite, Gabbro & Quartzite Aggregate For RH = 85 % & 1 Exposed Fac
The chart allows a direct reading from the R2 / R2crit proportion without the need for adjusting the
values for the strength gain between 28 Days and Long Term. For an End Restraint, If the section has
cracked at 28 Days, further analysis is irrelevant.
It is acceptably accurate to interpolate within these bands. It can be seen that an accurate assessment
of Relative Humidity has a far greater effect on the value of strain that any loss of accuracy due to
interpolating for ho within the bands.
The bands cover the commonly used %RH values and their spread covers the ho depth range from
400mm to 1600mm. For Edge restraint, R3crit-Edge will be half of these values and if cracked at 28
days use R2 / R2Crit = 1. For other Fck values, divide R3crit by Shrinkage Factor (i.e. 0.942 for Fck =
35), however the capacity increase will be very slight.
Copyright 2009 HAC
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
RH = 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% For ho = 400 to 1600mm
For Specified Aggregate, Fck
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
R2 / R2Crit End
R3Crit
End
Example 95% 95% 90% 90%
85% 85% 80% 80% 70%
70% 60% 60%
90
RESTR 9
End Restraint Crack Development
Long Term Values Used In Example
General MR & Strain Cap & Fctm Values at 60 Yrs
fctm3 is 0.6fctm28 and fctmLT = 1.17fctm28
Cap3 is 0.7Cap28 and CapLT = 1.09Cap28
See adjacent chart for values up to 1000 days.
Cracks occur if Restrained Strain is > Capacity.
A crack will cause a reduction in concrete strain.
End Restraint cracks form at the weakest point.
Crack width = Srmax x Strain based on fctm(t).
Srmax is 2 x bond length x factors + 3.4 x Cover.
Srmax is NOT the End Restraint crack spacing.
Cracks will widen until another crack forms.
At 3 Days - Includes Curing Temperature Drop T1
The stage also includes small autogenous strain.
No cracks occur if the R and T1 are low enough.
The first crack may occur before 3 Days.
Further strain widens the crack before another crack forms.
This process continues until no more cracks form.
At 28 Days - Includes Seasonal Temperature Drop T2
This stage is used to check T2 strain effects.
T2 = 20 for exposed and 15 for buried elements.
Further small autogenous strain occurs.
The strain is checked against the 28 day capacity.
28 Day cracks will be 70% wider than 3 Day cracks.
At Long term - Includes Drying Shrinkage
This shrinkage is due to Autogenous and Drying .
The small amount of autogenous strain is included within the Drying Shrinkage.
The rate of increase in drying shrinkage is slower than the small increase in strain capacity.
70 % of the Drying Strain has occurred after 7 years it takes up to 60 yrs for the process to complete.
If the section is uncracked at 28 Day and Long term it will not have cracked in between.
Drying shrinkage is primarily dependant on the Relative Humidity.
Drying Shrinkage may be ignored where the face is permanently exposed to a liquid.
A Long Term stage crack width will be 17% wider than a 28 Day crack.
Crack Width Scenarios Assuming Strain Increases After First Crack

3D to 28D W + = (Additional Restrained Strain / (28D Cap - 3D Cap ) ) x (Cracked W2 - Cracked W1)
3D to LT W + = (Additional Restrained Strain / (LT Cap - 3D Cap ) ) x (Cracked W3 - Cracked W1)
28D to LT W + = (Additional Restrained Strain / (LT Cap - 28D Cap ) ) x (Cracked W3 - Cracked W2)
Stages 1 1 - 2 2 2 - 3 3
At Which Due to T1 & A1 Due to At Due to At
Cracks 3D T2 & A2 28D Drying LT
Form W1 mm W + mm W2 mm W + mm W3mm
1 No Crack 0 0 0 0 0
2 28 D 0 0 C 0.192 0.026 0.218
3 LT 0 0 0 0 C 0.224
4 28D & LT 0 0 C 0.192 0.032 C 0.224
5 3D C 0.117 0.037 0.154 0.026 0.180
6 3D & 28D C 0.117 0.075 C 0.192 0.026 0.218
7 3D & LT C 0.117 0.037 0.154 0.070 C 0.224
8 3D & 28D & LT C 0.117 0.075 C 0.192 0.032 C 0.224
C660 makes the checks at 3D, 28D and LT. When a crack forms at 3 or 28 Days, it will increase in width (W +) if
there is an increase in strain and capacity. W + will be proportional to the ratio of (restrained strain increase / strain
capacity increase between stages) and the increase in formed crack widths between stages (see below). If the
increase in restrained strain begins to exceed the stage capacity, another crack will form.
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
Copyright 2009 HAC
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
3D 28D
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1 10 100 1000
Fctm(t) / Fctm(28)
Strain (t) Cap / Strain (28) Cap
MR(t) / MR(28)
Strength, Strain Capacity & MR as a Ratio of
Values at 28 Days Against Time in Days
Ratio
Time In Days (t)
MR
Fctm
Strain
Cap
91
RESTR 10
Shrinkage and Restraint Ref C660 Cl 1.4 & 3.2.1 T1 from C660 - Charts or Prog
3 Day Ult (3D ) End 3D x GR / FOS 76.0 Edge 3D x GR x 50% 38.0
28 Day Ult (28D ) 28D / FOS 109.0 28 x 50% 54.5
LT Ult (LT ) LT / FOS 119.1 LT x 50% 59.5
LT-28D Ult (LT-28D ) LT-28D / FOS 10.0 LT-28D x 50% 5.0
Aggregate Strain Factor 3D Autogenous 14.6 2.90
28 Day Cyl Fck N/mm 32.6 6.09
Coeff of Exp x 10
-6
1.73 3.40
3D Modular Ratio 7.11 5.67
Binder Kg/m 350 28 Day Cube Fcu N/mm 37
GGBS % 50 N
PFA % 0 Y
Section Depth H mm PC or SR PC 1.0
60 Yrs 500 1
60 Yrs Creep Coefficient K1 0.65 % RH Value 85
60 Yrs Conc Tension Coeff ct 0.80 Mean Daily Temp Tm C 15
Free T1 x Coeff 357 Placing Temp Tp C 20
Free Autogenous1 15 Edge R1crit 0.157
Free T2 x Coeff 240 Edge R2crit 0.000
Free Autogenous2 18 Edge R3crit 0.000
Wk Limit mm Free Drying 138 3 Day Temp Drop T1 29.7
Reinforcement Cov Ctrs Eq As Asmin Srmax 1 W1 2 W2 3 W3 Wk
End Restraint 60 150 32 5362 884 753.4 186 0.117 306 0.192 356 0.224 0.224
Edge Restraint 60 150 20 2094 884 1014 38 0.039 89 0.090 101 0.102 0.102
BS8007 60 150 20 2094 1040 954.9 73 0.070 122 0.117 0 0.000 0.117
RS = Free Strain x Restr x Creep Fact
- Full Strain Cap For End Restr
- 50% Strain Cap For Edge Restr
0.315 W3D 0.117
End R2crit 0.197 W28 0.192
End R3crit 0.112 WLT 0.224
3D (T1 & AG1) Restr R1
LT (Drying) Restr R3
0.2
Prog
Bond Factor k1
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
28D Autogenous
119.1
76.0
109.0
1.00
Formwork
Section Type - Position
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
10.1
28D fctm N/mm
1.14
LT fctm N/mm 3D fctm N/mm
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP
28D Modular Ratio
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
32
Crack & Strain Diag Ratio
0.315
20
End R1crit
28D (T2 & AG2) Restr R2 0.400
0.190
0.8
20
Default
End-LT
All
Crack & Strain Diagram
Chart Shows Restraint
T2 Temp Drop C
Aggregate Type
600
LT fctm & MR taken at
LT Strain Cap taken at
20
30000 End Restraint Lr or N/A
LT Drying Period
0.8
Reinf fyk N/mm Exposed Faces
Bars
R1 End Restr Strain Ratio
Grnd
Slab
12.0
30
LT Modular Ratio
Class
Copyright 2009 HAC
End Restraint FOS
Show Cracked Strain
Microstrain Against Time
1 D 3 D 28 D 60 Yrs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.00 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00
Years - Logarithmic Scale
End Cap Edge Cap All
Autog Due to T2 Drying
All - End Limited

Crack & Strain Diagram

Reinf Max Uncracked Strain Cracked Strain Crack
R1 End 3D Restrained Strain
Against Capacity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Days
End Strain Capacity Restrained Strain

92
RESTR 11
Example Concrete C 30 / 37 Aggregate Default
Crack Width = Crack Spacing Srmax x Crack Inducing Strain CIS x Lr Factor
End Crack Inducing Strain CIS = (1 / Es) x ( 0.5 x kc x k x ct ) x ( ( fctm x MR) + ( fctm x 0.5 x H x 1000 / As1) )
Concrete in Tension Coefficient ct = 0.8 Mod Ratio MR = Varies - See Below
For kc & k - Ref C660 Table 3.1 If H <= 300, k = 1. If H >= 800, k =0.75 H = 600 For external restraint
Or k = 0.75 + ( 0.25 x ( 800 - H) / 500 ) k = 0.85 kc = 1.0
At 3 Days fctm = 1.73 MR = 7.11 End Restraint If Cracked CIS = 186
End Strain Capacity / ( FOS = 1 ) = 76
T1 Curing Temp Drop = 29.7 Deg Edge Strain Capacity (50% End Cap) = 38
Free Strain = 3 Day Autogenous + (T1 x ) = 15 + ( 29.7 x 12 ) = 371
K1 x Free Strain = 0.65 x 371 = 241
R1 x K1 x Basic Strain = 0.32 x 241 = 76
Strain - Capacity End 76 - 76 = 0 CIS = 186
Edge 76 - 38 = 38 CIS = 38
At 28 Days fctm = 2.9 MR = 6.1 End Restraint If Cracked CIS = 306
End Strain Capacity / ( FOS = 1 ) = 109
T2 Seasonal Temp Drop = 20.0 Deg Edge Strain Capacity (50% End Cap) = 55
Free Strain = 3 to 28 Day Autogenous + (T2 x ) = 18 + ( 20.0 x 12 ) = 258
K1 x Free Strain = 0.65 x 258 = 168
R2 x K1 x Basic Strain = 0.40 x 168 = 67
R1 x K1 x Strain1 + R2 x K1 x Strain2 = 76 + 67 = 143
Uncracked 3D End Strain + 28D End Strain = 0 + 67 = 67
If End Restraint is cracked at 3 Days, the extra strain after 3 days is compared against 28D - 3D capacity
Otherwise, compare the cumulative 28D strain against the 28D capacity. Uncracked 3D strain is added.
End Restraint cracks from 3 Days increase in width according to increased strain & strength.
28D CIS Uncracked Strain
Strain - Capacity End 67 - 33 = 34 306 or 0 = 306
Edge 143 - 55 = 89 CIS = 89
Long Term fctm = 3.4 MR = 5.7 End Restraint If Cracked CIS = 356
End Strain Capacity / ( FOS = 1 ) = 119
Edge Strain Capacity (50% End Cap) = 60
Free Strain = Drying Strain = From Table or Charts ) = 138
K1 x Free Strain = 0.65 x 138 = 90
R3 x K1 x Basic Strain = 0.19 x 90 = 17
R1K1xStrain1 + R2K1xStrain2 + R3K1xStrain3 = 76 + 67 + 17 = 160
Uncracked 28D End Strain + LT End Strain = 0 + 17 = 17
If End Restraint is only cracked at 3 Days, the extra strain after 3 days is compared against LT - 3D capacity
If End Restraint is cracked at 28 Days, the extra strain from 28 days is compared against LT- 28D capacity
Otherwise, compare the cumulative LT strain against the LT capacity. Uncracked strain is added.
End Restraint cracks from 3 Days and 28 Days increase in width according to increased strain & strength.
LT CIS Uncracked Strain
Strain - Capacity End 17 - 10 = 7 356 or 0 = 356
Edge 160 - 60 = 101 CIS = 101
Crack Spacing Srmax = 3.4 x Cov + 1.14 x (K2=1) x 0.425 x / (As1 / (1000 x 2.5 x (H - d)))
For End Restraint Reinf = 204 + 549 = 753 mm
For Edge Restraint Reinf = 204 + 810 = 1014 mm
Asmin per m width = kc k Act fctm(t) / fky Act = 0.5 x H x 1000 Zone Depth = 0.5 k H 255
For First Cracking At 3 Days 884 mm 28 Days 1477 mm Long Term 1735 mm
Lr Factor Using 28 Day MR = 1 / ( 1 + ( Srmax / Lr ) ( k x kc / ( MR x As1 / ( 0.5 x H x 1000 ) ) ) )
1 / ( 1 + ( 0.025 x 0.85 / ( 6.1 x 0.018 ) ) )
1 / ( 1 + ( 0.021 / 0.109 ) ) = 0.836
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
93
RESTR 12
Internal Restraint Ref CIRIA C660
The restrained strain is due to the difference in temperature rise at the centre and surfaces at 3 days.
R in all cases = 0.42 Sect 4.7.4 Coefficient of Expansion = 12 x 10E-6 Values
K1 = Creep Factor = 0.65 Sect 4.9.1 3D Tensile Strain Cap = 76 From
Autogenous = N/A Sect 4.6.1 3D Tensile Strength Cap = 1.73 N/mm Main Sheet
Temperature Differential T
This is best calculated using the software provided with CIRIA C660. Appendix A2
A graph showing values for a typical GGBS blended mix design (Ref Table 4.2) is included below.
The values are similar between 50% & 70% GGBS as more binder is required with higher GGBS% to maintain strength.
Section Thickness 2200 mm Max 65.5 C Surface 21.6 C Differential 43.9 C
Restrained Strain = 0.42 x 0.65 x 43.9 x 12 = 143.8 Equ 3.7
Crack Inducing Strain = 143.8 - ( 76 x 0.5 ) = 105.8 Equ 3.5
As1 Reinforcement Table 3.1, Equs 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, Sect 3.4, Sect 4.13
Internal Restraint Dominant kc = 0.5 k = 1.0 0.2H = 0.2 x 2200 = 440 mm
As1min = 0.5 x 1.0 x 440 x 1000 x 1.73 / 500 = 762.4 mm
Note: - % As1min / Act = 0.173 This is 50% of the general value because kc is normally 1.0
Crack Spacing k1 = 1.14 Cover = 50 = 16.0 Ctrs = 250 As1 = 804.2 mm
heff = 2.5 x (Cov + /2) = 145 Aceff = mm p,eff = As1/Aceff 0.006
Srmax = 3.4 x 50 + 0.425 x 1.14 x 16.0 x 0.006 = 1568 mm
Crack Width = 1568 x 105.8 / = 0.166 mm
Also Check As1 Provided against:- 0.151 % x 1000 x d1 d1 = 2142 mm = 3226 mm
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
1000000
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
Copyright 2009 HAC
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP
145000
Tmax, T1 and Differential
For C30 / 37, 65% GGBS
385 kg/m3 Binder
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Thickness H mm
Deg
C
T max T1 Differential Example
Temperature Variation
Within Section
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Section Width
Deg
C
T max 0.2H
94
REST 13
Calculation of T1 Temperature Drop Using the C660 Adiabatic Program
Whereas it is possible to use the C660 T1 charts to get an accurate value according to the mix used, these values are
only appropriate when the Mean Daily Temperature (MT) = 15 deg and the Placing Temperature (PT) = 20 deg.
In order to take account of variations in MT and PT the C660 Adiabatic spreadsheet must be used.
One of the features of this HAC program is its ability to automatically calculate T1. So a considerable amount of
effort has been expended to devise a viable way of embedding key results from the C660 Adiabatic program into this
program so they can be combined to suit the mix and MT and PT values. The aim is + / - 1 degree of accuracy.
Ranges Considered
The wall thickness H can vary from 200mm to 2200mm with ply or steel formwork. Slabs use steel with H = 1.3 x Depth.
The Mean Temperature can vary from 20 deg down to 5 deg and up to 35 deg
The Placing Temperature can vary from 15 deg down to 5 deg and up to 35 deg
PFA% can vary from 0% up to 55% although the minimum addition would normally be 35%
GGBS% can vary from 0% up to 80% although the minimum addition would normally be 35%.
Values Calculated Over the Range of H
The T1 values for a Control Mix of 350 kg of CEM1 with MT = 15 deg and PT = 20 deg
The effect of varying PT between 5 deg & 35 deg in 5 deg steps.
The effect of varying MT between 5 deg & 35 deg.
The effect of a varying % of PFA for MT = 15 and PT varying between 5 deg and 35 deg.
The effect of a varying % GGBS for MT = 15 and PT varying between 5 deg and 35 deg.
The effect of a varying the kg of CEM1 for MT = 15 and PT varying between 5 deg and 35 deg.
The equivalent extra kg of CEM1 within a total of additional kg when PFA or GGBS blended mixes are used.
Observations
The results were interrogated to see how they varied. Some values diverge between H = 400mm and H = 200mm.
The results can be considered as linear and symmetrical for an MT increase or decrease about the 15 deg Control value.
Varying PT causes slightly different linear changes in T1 between the 5 degree steps from PT = 5 deg to PT = 35 deg.
Varying PT causes a linear change in T1 due to Extra CEM1 kg which lessens as H increases.
Varying PT causes a linear change in T1 due to PFA which lessens as H increases.
Varying PT causes a nearly linear change in T1 due to GGBS up to H 1000mm and increasingly polynomial thereafter.
Varying CEM1 kg causes a linearly proportional increase in T1.
Increasing PFA% causes a linearly proportional decrease in T1.
Increasing GGBS% causes a non linear decrease in T1 which is more pronounced as H increases.
Varying MT causes a linearly proportional change in T1 whatever the value of PT or other variations.
Method
The HAC program uses a sophisticated Excel Lookup procedure coupled with interpolation and extrapolation of linearly
varying data to add the variation effects to the control design values and derive a value of T1.
The GGBS% variation between PT20 and PT35 is taken as linear as this is suficiently accurate and slightly conservative.
The values are shown on composite charts which cover Ply and Steel formwork. The charts show:-
T1 variation due to Extra CEM1 kg between PT = 20 deg & 35 deg - use equiv kg value and interpolate or extrapolate.
T1 variation due to PFA% between PT = 20 deg & 35 deg - interpolate or extrapolate and factor % values as it is linear.
T1 variation due to GGBS between PT 20 deg lines and PT = 35 deg lines and % GGBS lines - interpolate or extrapolate.
T1 variation due to MT between 5 deg & 35 deg - interpolate in between MT = 5 & 15 deg and 15 & 35 deg as it is linear.
T1 variation due to PT between 5 deg & 35 deg - interpolate in between PT = 5, 10, 20, 25, 30 & 35 lines.
The T1 values for the Control parameters.
The T1 values for the Design which combines all of the above.
The charts can be used without a computer as all of the information and ranges of the varying data are shown.
The charts provide a graphical view of what is happening in the program and the program's Auto results are displayed with
an example of how the variables are taken from the chart and deducted from the control value to give a similar value.
The author has tested numerous results against the CIRIA C660 values and believes the program is accurate enough to use.
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
95
REST 14
Variations in T1
The following charts show the variations from the Control design as described in the previous page for a wall with ply fmwk
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Ply - Variation in T1 Against Mean Temp (MT)
for a Selection of H
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
500 1000 1500 2000
Fully Linear.
Charts display at
MT = 5, 15, 25 & 35 deg
Ply - Variation in T1 Against Placing Temp (PT)
for a Selection of H with 350kg of CEM1
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
500 1000 1500 2000
Program calculates values at 5
deg intervals and interpolates.
Charts display at PT =
5, 10, 15, 20, 25,30 & 35 deg
Not Linear
Ply - Variation in T1 Against Extra kg of CEM1
for a Selection of H
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-100 -50 0 50 100 150
500 1000 1500 2000
Fully Linear.
Charts display at 50
kg extra for
PT = 20 & 35 deg
Ply - Drop in T1 Against GGBS% @ PT = 20
for a Selection of H
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
500 1000 1500 2000
Charts display at
35%, 50%, 65% & 80%
for PT = 20 & 35 deg
Not Linear
Ply - Drop in T1 Against PFA% @ PT = 20
for a Selection of H
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
500 1000 1500 2000
Nearly Linear.
Charts display at 35% & 55% for
PT = 20 & 35 deg.
Ply - Drop in T1 Against Placing Temp (PT) for
50%GGBS and a Selection of H
-15
-10
-5
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
500 1000 1500 2000
Typical Linear
Approximation
Charts display at
PT = 20 deg & 35 deg
96
REST 15
Calculation of T1 Temperature Drop Using the Following Charts
Manual Method
1 Select correct chart according to Ply or Steel formwork.
2 Print out the example before deleting any values. Note the values are displayed on the charts in bold colour.
3 Delete the H value in the input box. This will blank out all of the values.
4 Print out as many master sheets as you need.
5 Define H, Total kg, %GGBS or %PFA , Mean Temp (MT) & Placing Temp (PT).
Draw a vertical line against H on all 4 charts.
6 Calculate the equivalent Extra CEM1 kg and enter on sheet.
Equivalent Extra CEM1 kg = ( Total - 350 ) x ( 1 - ( 0.0075 x %PFA ) or ( 0.0025 x %GGBS ) )
7 Use Chart 1 to calculate the T1 effects of Extra CEM1 kg, %PFA or %GGBS at 20 deg PT (PT20).
Use the Equivalent CEM1 kg value and the Actual % of PFA or GGBS
Note that for %GGBS you will have to interpolate in between the 35%, 50%, 65% & 80% lines.
8 Repeat using Chart 2 for 35 deg PT (PT35).
9 Enter the above T1 variations into the spaces in the formulae to calculate the T1 according to the Design PT.
The formulae are arranged as follows.
T1 Variation = Variation at PT20 + ( ( Variation at PT35 - Variation at PT20 ) x ( Design PT - 20 ) / 15 )
10 Use Chart 3 to calculate T1 variations due to Design MT and Design PT
11 Sum up the T1 variations due to Extra CEM1 kg, %PFA or %GGBS, MT & PT to get total T1 Variation.
12 Use Chart 4 to calculate T1 for the Control parameters.
13 Design T1 value = Control T1 value + T1 Variation
Note The Excel charts are fully interactive and the blue values will adjust as the input
parameters are changed.
However, there may be occasions when it is not practical or possible to use Excel
and in these conditions it is possible to derive good results manually.
It may appear complex and slow at first but it becomes faster with practice!
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
97
REST 16
Ply Fmwk Wall T1 Drop for Changes in Mix, Placing Temp and Mean Temp Ref C660 Adiabatic Prog
Control = 350 kg CEM1, Mean T = 15, Placing T = 20 For Slabs See Steel Formwork Chart
Design H 900 kg 370 %GGBS 60 %PFA 0 MT 30 PT 27 Auto T1 34.6 deg
Equivalent Extra CEM1 kg = ( 370 - 350 ) x ( 1 - ( 0.0075 x %PFA ) or ( 0.0025 x %GGBS ) ) = 17.0 kg
Extra kg ( 2.1 + ( ( 2.3 - 2.1 ) x ( 27 - 20 ) / 15 ) ) = 2.2
PFA % ( 0.0 + ( ( 0.0 - 0.0 ) x ( 27 - 20 ) / 15 ) ) = 0.0 Control T1 46.9 deg
GGBS% = -11.7 + ( ( -8.0 - -11.7 ) x ( 27 - 20 ) / 15 ) = -10.0 Variation -12.3 deg
MT > or < 15 deg Directly from Chart 3 = -13.1 Design T1 34.6 deg
PT > or < 20 deg Directly from Chart 3 = 8.6
Total T1 Variation = -12.3 deg
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Copyright 2009 HAC
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP
4 - Ply - Variation in Wall T1 Against Control and
H Due to Extra CEM1, %PFA or %GGBS, PT & MT
46.9
34.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Design Control
1 - Ply - Variation in Wall T1 Against Control and
H @PT20 Due to GGBS or PFA and + 50KgCEM1
2.1
-11.7
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
%GGBS % PFA + 50KgCEM1
80%
65%
50%
35%
+50Kg
35%PFA
55%PFA
2 - Ply - Variation in Wall T1 Against Control and
H @PT35 Due to GGBS or PFA and +50kgCEM1
2.3
-8.0
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
%GGBS % PFA + 50kgCEM1
80%
65%
50%
35%
+50Kg
35%PFA
55%PFA
3 - Ply - Variation in Wall T1 Against Control and
H Due to PT and MT
8.6
-13.1
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
PT = 5 - 35 deg MT = 5 - 35 deg
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
15
35
5
25
98
REST 17
Steel Fmwk T1 Drop for Changes in Mix, Placing Temp and Mean Temp Ref C660 Adiabatic Prog
Control = 350 kg CEM1, Mean T = 15, Placing T = 20 For Slabs H = Depth x 1.3
Design H 900 kg 400 %GGBS 0 %PFA 40 MT 30 PT 27 Auto T1 28.7 deg
Equivalent Extra CEM1 kg = ( 400 - 350 ) x ( 1 - ( 0.0075 x %PFA ) or ( 0.0025 x %GGBS ) ) = 35.0 kg
Extra kg ( 3.9 + ( ( 4.6 - 3.9 ) x ( 27 - 20 ) / 15 ) ) = 4.2
PFA % ( -13.7 + ( ( -16.1 - -13.7 ) x ( 27 - 20 ) / 15 ) ) = -14.8 Control T1 42.4 deg
GGBS% = 0.0 + ( ( 0.0 - 0.0 ) x ( 27 - 20 ) / 15 ) = 0.0 Variation -13.7 deg
MT > or < 15 deg Directly from Chart 3 = -12.4 Design T1 28.7 deg
PT > or < 20 deg Directly from Chart 3 = 9.3
Total T1 Variation = -13.7 deg
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
EC2 INTERACTIVE DESIGN TOOL
THERMAL, SHRINKAGE, RESTRAINT & CREEP
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
2 - Steel - Variation in Wall T1Against Control and
H @PT35 Due to GGBS or PFA and +50kgCEM1
4.6
-16.1
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
+ 50kg CEM1 %PFA %GGBS
+50Kg
35%
50%
65%
80%
35%PFA
55%PFA
3 - Steel - Variation in Wall T1 Against Control and
H Due to PT and MT
9.3
-12.4
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
PT = 5 - 35 deg MT = 5 - 35 deg
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
15
35
5
25
4 - Steel - Variation in Wall T1 Against Control and
H Due to Extra CEM1, %PFA or %GGBS, PT & MT
42.4
28.7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Design Control
1 - Steel - Variation in Wall T1Against Control and
H @PT20 Due to GGBS or PFA and +50kgCEM1
3.9
-13.7
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
+ 50kg CEM1 %PFA %GGBS
+50Kg
35%
50%
65%
80%
35%PFA
55%PFA
99
RC Det 1
Reinforcement Layout and Quantities
PANEL 1 Walls W1 & W2
Key Data Reinforcement Parameters and Data
HOR Ctrs 150 O/A Lap = Dia x 50 Horiz Cov 40
H W3 600 Stag = Diax 65 H W4 600
Cov W3 40 End Bars = U Cov W4 40
Near Gap 1050 Max Bar L 9000 Near Gap 1050
Far Gap 700 Min Gap = 40 Far Gap 700
Vertical Top U Bar Closers Dia Ctrs 300
VERT Ctrs 150 O/A Lap = Dia x 50 Vert Cov 60
H Bot 600 Stag = Diax 65 H Top 0
Cov Bot 40 Starter Bars L Cov Top 50
Near Gap 600 Max Bar L 5000 Near gap 2000
Far Gap 150 Kicker = 150 Far Gap 1800
Top
Horiz ctrs 150 Hor Cov 40 Vert Cov 60
Vert ctrs 150 Horiz Ends are U Bars
Closer ctrs 300 Starters are L Bars
W3 W4
Near Rate kg/m 140.4
Far Total
Bot H = 600 mm
COSTING DATA
Reinf Dia 10 12 16 20 25 32 40
0.0 0.2 2.3 3.5 2.5 2.3 0.0
10.8 Tonne @ 800 / T = Steel 60 / m Ply 40 / m
77 m @ 125 / m = Formwork Ply
256 m @ 40 / m = Rate kg/m 140.4 Total
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
REINFORCEMENT LAYOUT & QUANTITIES
25 20 20
The method also allows the cost of an element to be estimated. The current rates for the reinforcement, concrete
and formwork are entered. The programcalculates the tonnage of reinforcement allowing for laps based on the
specified maximumbar lengths. This is a guide only, as reinforcement and concrete rates depend on the total
project quantities and formwork rates depend on the method and amount of re-use.
W3 W4 Span
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Near Face
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
The following method allows the design reinforcement requirements to be displayed in a manner that is suitable
for briefing for detailing. It also demonstrates the concepts of staggered and alternate bars. It is good practice to
stagger bars to even out the bond transfer. The use of alternate diameters allows more economy and the
diagramshows how the lap length is always based on the smaller bar dia. The sequence should be large dia
followed by small dia to avoid too much bar size variation at laps.
20 25 Dia
16000
16
25 Far Face Dia 20 16
32 Near Face Dia
25 20
25 32
Gap Denotes Bar Offset Distance From Face or Top
12
Top
20
16
16
Span
Far Face
Tonne
Reinft Wt
WALL
Dia
Conc Vol
Fmk Area
8000
12
10,240
16
Bot
20 16 25 16
W1
28,464
28,464
8,624
9,600
20
1050
2350
700
2000
25
20 20
16
25
20
20
16
25
20
25
20
2090
1050
1740
700
1
5
0
1
4
5
0
0
6
0
02
2
2
5
2
5
2
0
2
0
1
6
0
3
2
2
5
3
2
1
6
1
61
2
1
6
1
6
1
2
2
5
8
0
1
8
0
0
2
7
8
0
2
0
0
0
100
RC Det 2
Reinforcement Layout and Quantities Cont.
Cost of Structural Elements
Generally, there will be 2 similar long panels, 2 similar short panels, a base slab and possibly a roof slab and columns.
Wall 1
Wall 2
Wall 3
Wall 4
Base Slab
Columns N/A
Roof Slab N/A
PANEL 2 Walls W3 & W4
Key Data Reinforcement Parameters and Data
HOR Ctrs 150 O/A Lap = Dia x 50 Horiz Cov 40
H W3 600 Stag = Diax 65 H W4 600
Cov W3 40 End Bars = U Cov W4 40
Near Gap 500 Max Bar L 9000 Near Gap 500
Far Gap 300 Min Gap = 40 Far Gap 300
Vertical Top U Bar Closers Dia Ctrs 300
VERT Ctrs 150 O/A Lap = Dia x 50 Vert Cov 60
H Bot 600 Stag = Diax 65 H Top 0
Cov Bot 40 Starter Bars L Cov Top 50
Near Gap 150 Max Bar L 5000 Near gap 2000
Far Gap 150 Kicker = 150 Far Gap 1800
Top
Horiz ctrs 150 Hor Cov 40 Vert Cov 60
Vert ctrs 150 Horiz Ends are U Bars
Closer ctrs 300 Starters are L Bars
W3 W4
Near Rate kg/m 120.1
Far Total
Bot H = 600 mm
COSTING DATA
Reinf Dia 10 12 16 20 25 32 40
0.1 0.3 1.7 2.6 2.2 0.0 0.0
6.9 Tonne @ 800 / T = Steel 60 / m Ply 40 / m
58 m @ 125 / m = Formwork Ply
192 m @ 40 / m = Rate kg/m 120.1 Total Fmk Area
Conc Vol
Reinft Wt
Near Face
Tonne
7,200
WALL
0
0
5,536
14,400
0
16
25
Reinf
8,624
8,624
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
Total
9,600
Fmwk
10,240
Conc
REINFORCEMENT LAYOUT & QUANTITIES
Copyright 2009 HAC
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
28,464
0
7,680
10,240
1,344 33,240
28,464
20,416 7,680
131,000
5,536
0 0
20,416
0
45,816 37,184
25
7,200
9,600
17,496
48,000
W4
20
Span W3 12000
0
20
20
Span
16 20
16 16 12 Near Face
Far Face
Far Face
16
Dia
25 20 20
16
W3
Dia
25
20 25
25 Dia
Bot
Dia 20 25 16 12 12
20,416
8000
Gap Denotes Bar Offset Distance From Face or Top
Top
5,536
20,416
7,200
7,680
666.6666667
2400
400
2133.333333
25
20 20
16
25
20
20
16
25
20
25
20
2053.333333
666.6666667
1786.666667
400
1
5
0
1
1
9
0
0
1
5
0
1
4
5
0
2
5
1
6
2
0
1
2
0
2
5
2
0
2
51
6
1
6
1
2
1
6
1
6
1
2
2
5
8
0
1
8
0
0
2
7
8
0
2
0
0
0
101
RC Det 3
Reinforcement Layout and Quantities Cont.
BASE SLAB
Extra Bars Over Supports Dia 1 Dia 2 Ctrs L Width Tonne
X - X Dir 25 25 150 4000 1200 0.138
Y - Y Dir 25 25 150 4000 1200 0.138 0.276 T
Locations 6 Total Wt 1.654 T
Key Data Reinforcement Parameters and Data
X - X Ctrs 150 O/A Lap = Dia x 50 X - X Cov 60
H W3 600 Stag = Diax 65 H W4 600
Cov W3 40 End Bars = U Cov W4 40
Top Gap 300 Max Bar L 9000 Top Gap 300
Bot Gap 300 Min Gap = 40 Bot Gap 300
Chairs Dia and Centres Each Way Ctrs 1000
Y - Y Ctrs 150 O/A Lap = Dia x 50 Y - Y Cov 40
H W2 600 Stag = Diax 65 H W1 600
Cov W2 40 End Bars = L Cov W1 40
Top Gap 300 Max Bar L 5000 Top Gap 300
Bot Gap 300 Min Gap = 150 Bot Gap 300
W1 Y
X - X ctrs 150 X - X Cov 60 Y - Y Cov 40
Y - Y ctrs 150 X -X Ends are U Bars
Y - Y ends are L Bars
W3 W4
X X
T Rate kg/m 189.8
B Total
W2 Y H = 600 mm
COSTING DATA
Reinf Dia 10 12 16 20 25 32 40 Chairs & Supp
0.0 0.0 0.0 10.2 5.7 3.8 0.0 2.2
21.9 Tonne @ 800 / T = Steel 60 / m Ply 40 / m
115 m @ 125 / m = Formwork Grnd & Ply Edges
34 m @ 40 / m = Rate kg/m 189.8 Total
Top Dia 25
W3
25
Span
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
W4 16000
The bottom base slab reinforcement for a flat slab is often practically taken as the same across the slab. The top
reinforcement must resist the wall moment and tension at the edges and peak moments over the piles or columns. A
common way of detailing the support reinforcement is to provide a blanket top mat that will satisfy thermal and general
support moments with extra bars bundled over the support over a width =pile spacing / 4.
Dia 25 20
20 20 25
25 20 25
Span W2
20
20
Fmk Area
Tonne
SLAB
Bottom
Conc Vol
Reinft Wt
33,240
Top Dia
Dia
20
32
20 25
20 32
Bottom
20
32
17,496
20 20
Base Slab
32
25
33,240
W1
1,344
14,400
Gap Denotes Bar Offset Distance From Face
12000
25
Copyright 2009 HAC
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP REINFORCEMENT LAYOUT & QUANTITIES
300
1600
300
1925
25
20 25
20
25
25
20
20
25
25
25
20
1600
300
1600
300
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2
0
0
1
0
6
7
2
0
0
1
0
6
7
2
5
2
0
2
0
2
0
3
2
2
0
3
2
2
0
2
5
2
0
3
23
2
1
0
6
7
2
0
0
1
0
6
7
2
0
0
102
RC Det 4
Reinforcement Layout and Quantities Cont.
ROOF SLAB
Extra Bars Over Supports Dia 1 Dia 2 Ctrs L Width Tonne
X - X Dir 16 16 150 4000 1200 0.056
Y - Y Dir 16 16 150 4000 1200 0.056 0.113 T
Locations 6 Total Wt 0.677 T
Columns Dia 1 Nr Link Ctrs Ht H Reinf Conc Fmk
T m m
Data 25 8 10 300 8000 500 0.402 2.0 16
Locations 6 Totals 2.414 12 96
Key Data Reinforcement Parameters and Data
X - X Ctrs 150 O/A Lap = Dia x 50 X - X Cov 60
H W3 600 Stag = Diax 65 H W4 600
Cov W3 40 End Bars = U Cov W4 40
Top Gap 300 Max Bar L 9000 Top Gap 300
Bot Gap 300 Min Gap = 40 Bot Gap 300
Chairs Dia and Centres Each Way Ctrs 1000
Y - Y Ctrs 150 O/A Lap = Dia x 50 Y - Y Cov 40
H W2 600 Stag = Diax 65 H W1 600
Cov W2 40 End Bars = L Cov W1 40
Top Gap 300 Max Bar L 5000 Top Gap 300
Bot Gap 300 Min Gap = 150 Bot Gap 300
W1 Y
X - X ctrs 150 X - X Cov 60 Y - Y Cov 40
Y - Y ctrs 150 X -X Ends are U Bars
Y - Y ends are L Bars
W3 W4
X X
T Rate kg/m 144.9
B Total
W2 Y H = 400 mm
COSTING DATA
Reinf Dia 10 12 16 20 25 32 40 Chairs & Supp
0.3 1.7 3.2 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2
11.1 Tonne @ 800 / T = Steel 60 / m Ply 40 / m
77 m @ 125 / m = Formwork Ply
192 m @ 40 / m = Rate kg/m 144.9 Total
20
W2
20
W3
16 12
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
16
20
Bottom
12
12 20
16
Dia
20
16
Span
20 20 20
W1
20
12 12
26,184 7,680
9,600
8,904
Copyright 2009 HAC
16000
20 20
W4
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP REINFORCEMENT LAYOUT & QUANTITIES
Span
16
Fmk Area
Conc Vol
Reinft Wt
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
16 12 16 Bottom
Top
SLAB
Tonne
12000
12
Dia
Dia
Dia Top
Roof Slab
Gap Denotes Bar Offset Distance From Face
26,184
300
1340
300
1340
20
16 20
12
16
16
12
12
20
20
16
12
1080
300
1080
300
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2
0
0
8
9
3
2
0
0
1
0
6
7
1
6
1
6
1
2
1
2
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
1
61
2
2
02
0
7
2
02
0
0
1
0
6
7
2
0
0
103
MC 1
Typical BS & EC2 0.2mm Crack Width Service Moment Capacity Curves
EC2 gives a higher relative capacity as the moment increases and the section depth reduces and the cover increases
B 1000 Cov 40 ctrs 150 fcu 40 fck 32 CR 1.5
H H
Dia 300 12 16 20 25 32 40 400 12 16 20 25 32 40
M kNm BS 48 68 92 128 183 249 77 105 141 195 284 398
M kNm EC2 33 67 100 154 254 400 38 84 137 208 343 545
Kg / m3 20 35 54 85 139 218 15 26 41 64 105 163
H H
Dia 500 12 16 20 25 32 40 600 16 16 20 25 32 40
M kNm BS 113 147 193 265 385 548 195 195 251 339 491 700
M kNm EC2 48 97 170 259 423 677 120 120 205 313 499 797
Kg / m3 12 21 33 51 84 131 17 17 27 43 70 109
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
SERVICE MOMENT CAPACITY COMPARISON
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
BS & EC2 0.2mm Crack Ms kNm against
Dia @ 150 ctrs B = 1000mm Cover = 40mm
H= 400mm
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
BS EC2 Kg/m3
BS & EC2 0.2mm Crack Ms kNm against
Dia @ 150 ctrs B = 1000mm Cover = 40mm
H= 300mm
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
BS EC2 Kg/m3
BS & EC2 0.2mm Crack Ms kNm against
Dia @ 150 ctrs B = 1000mm Cover = 40mm
H= 600mm
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
BS EC2 Kg/m3
BS & EC2 0.2mm Crack Ms kNm against
Dia @ 150 ctrs B = 1000mm Cover = 40mm
H= 500mm
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
BS EC2 Kg/m3
104
MC 2
Typical BS & EC2 0.2mm Crack Width Service Moment Capacity Curves
EC2 gives a higher relative capacity as the moment increases and the section depth reduces and the cover increases
B 1000 Cov 60 ctrs 150 fcu 40 fck 32 CR 1.5
H H
Dia 300 12 16 20 25 32 40 400 12 16 20 25 32 40
M kNm BS 37 49 64 85 114 149 65 83 107 142 199 269
M kNm EC2 26 50 77 113 178 272 32 66 107 163 255 390
Kg / m3 20 35 54 85 139 218 15 26 41 64 105 163
H H
Dia 500 12 16 20 25 32 40 600 16 16 20 25 32 40
M kNm BS 102 121 154 203 286 393 166 166 207 270 379 524
M kNm EC2 35 75 133 212 330 506 84 84 150 255 403 616
Kg / m3 12 21 33 51 84 131 17 17 27 43 70 109
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
SERVICE MOMENT CAPACITY COMPARISON
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
BS & EC2 0.2mm Crack Ms kNm against
Dia @ 150 ctrs B = 1000mm Cover = 60mm
H= 400mm
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
BS EC2 Kg/m3
BS & EC2 0.2mm Crack Ms kNm against
Dia @ 150 ctrs B = 1000mm Cover = 60mm
H= 300mm
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
BS EC2 Kg/m3
BS & EC2 0.2mm Crack Ms kNm against
Dia @ 150 ctrs B = 1000mm Cover = 60mm
H= 600mm
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
BS EC2 Kg/m3
BS & EC2 0.2mm Crack Ms kNm against
Dia @ 150 ctrs B = 1000mm Cover = 60mm
H= 500mm
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
BS EC2 Kg/m3
105
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2 FAT 1
Fatigue
Concrete demonstrates a loss of strength which depends on the number of Cycles N and the ratio between the maximum
and minimum values of the cyclical stress range.
N is defined in multiples of a million and the loss of strength for a given Min / Max stress ratio R relates linearly to Log N.
This is presented in Wohler diagrams as below where Log 1 million = 6 and log 10 million is 7 and so on.
Ref. Fatigue of Normal Weight Concrete and Lightweight Concrete by EuroLightCon
http://www.sintef.no/static/bm/projects/eurolightcon/be3942r34.pdf
By comparing the max / fc,c values at Log N =6 against the EC2 k1 value of 0.85 we can derive k1 for log N = 8 & 7
k1 at Log N = 8 = x / =
k1 at Log N = 7 = x / =
This is compared with a 2nd reference.
Ref. Fracture and fatigue behaviour of high strength
limestone concrete as compared to gravel concrete
by Hordijl, Wolsink, de Vries
TNO Building & Research
By Extrapolating line
k1 at Log N = 7
= x / =
Therefore a consistent value of k1 at N = 10 million is derived
Copyright 2009 HAC
0.85 0.535 0.6
0.76
0.67
0.85
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
FATIGUE
0.42
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
0.42
0.76
0.85 0.33
0.375
106
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2 FAT 2
Fatigue
The following sheets demonstrate the process used in the program Ref EC2 part 1-1 Section 6.8
& Ref 20 by Hendy and Smith
Concrete in Compression
Normal cc = However as K1 is deemed to include for Long Term Effects cc,fat =
Grade C 35 / 45 N Using the insitu strength at loading and setting (to) at 28 days
fcd - non fatigue = cc fck / m = x / = N/mm2
K1 at N = Million Cycles = National Annex Varies logarithmically to a
= See Fat 1 Fatigue Limit at 100 Million
Design Value = Derived from above as per Whler diagrams
cc (to) = exp ( s ( 1 - (28 / to) ^ 0.5 ) ) For Class N Cement s =
= Age at time of loading (to) = Days
Strength Factor = 1 - ( fck / 250 ) = 1 - ( / ) =
fcd, fat = k1 cc (to) (cc,fat / cc) (1 - (fck / 250) fcd = x = N/mm2
Verification Methods
Ratio For Requ = / =
Equ 6.72 Ecd, max, equ + ( Log N / 6 ) x ( ( 1 - Requ ) ^ 0.5 ) < =
Ecd, max, equ = cd max, equ / fcd,fat Where Log N / 6 x =
Requ = ( cd min, equ / fcd,fat ) / ( cd, max / fcd,fat ) = cd min / cd, max
Ecd, max, equ = 1 - x ( ( 1 - Requ ) ^ )
Ecd, max, equ = 1 - x ( ( 1 - ) ^ ) =
cd max, equ = fcd,fat = x = N/mm2
cd max, equ / fcd = / = Fatigue Factor
fck, fat = x = 14 N/mm2 fcu, fat = x = 18 N/mm2
Equ 6.77 c, max / fcd,fat < = 1 + x ( c, min / fcd, fat ) < =
c, max < = 0.5 fcd, fat + ( x c, min ) < = 0.9 fcd, fat
c, max < = 0.5 fcd,fat + x R,equ x c,max < = 0.9 fcd, fat
c, max < = fcd,fat x 0.5 / ( 1 - ( 0.45 x R,equ ) ) < = 0.9 fcd, fat
c, max < = x N/mm2
cd max, equ / fcd = / = Fatigue Factor
fck, fat = x = 14 N/mm2 fcu, fat = x = 18 N/mm2
Note Equ 6.72 factor for LogN > 6 taken from EC2 part 2: Concrete Bridges. For LogN =7, value matches equ 6.77
Equ 6.77 does not include an N term and from above it appears it is based on 10 million cycles.
0.4085
0.4093 45
8.1026
19.833
0.45
0.4085
0.4093
0.4085 45
0.9
8.1026
19.833
0.43
35
8.1182
0.5323
35
8.1182 0.5323
1
19.833
1
1.5
0.1309
0.7689
15.251
250 35
0.85
100
10
382
0.76
0.85
0.67
0.5017
0.5017
1
1
FATIGUE
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
0.5017
0.5
0.5 0.5323
0.25
19.833
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
Copyright 2009 HAC
0.45
0.45
15.251 0.5313
35
0.43
0.85
50 0.1309
28
0.86
15.251
0.4093
107
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2 FAT 3
Concrete in Shear
The EC2 shear design approach differs from BS8110 in that it utilises a strut and tie system when links are required.
Therefore, for EC2 designs utilising a compressive strut, the compression values from Equ 6.7.7 may be used but with the
additional strength reduction factor v for concrete cracked in shear as per 6.2 (6).
Where v = x ( 1 - ( fck / ) ) =
For members not requiring shear reinforcement, the EC2 method is similar to the BS8110 method, see example below.
Equ 6.78 VED,max / VRd,c < = + x ( VED,min / VRd,c ) < =
EC2 VRd,c = ( CRd,c k ( 100 1 fck ) ^ ( 0.333 ) ) bw d / kN Ignoring
Axial Load
& VRd,c min = ( vmin ) bw d / kN
CRd,c = / m = / =
vmin = x k ^ ( 3/ 2) x fck ^ (1/ 2) Appliies where Asl is very low or zero
For d = mm bw = mm Asl = mm2
k = Depth Factor = 1 + ( ( 200 / d ) ^ 0.5 ) ) <= =
100 1 = 100 x As l / ( bw d ) = x / ( x ) =
VRd,c = ( x x ( x ) ^ ) x x / = kN
VRd,c min = x ( ^ ) x ( 35 ^ ) x x / = kN
BS8110 Vc = ( (0.79 / 1.25 ) ( 400 / d ) ^ 0.25) ( ( 100 1 fcu / 25 ) ^ 0.333 ) bw d / 1000 kN
= ( x x ( x ) ^ ) x x / = kN
BS gives an equivalent capacity to EC2 fcu max = 40 N /mm2
Both methods include 1 and fck or fcu terms ^ 0.333
Where Vequ = VED, min / VED, max = / = > = 0
VED,max < = VRd,c x 0.5 + ( x VED,min ) < = 0.9 VRd,c
VED,max < = VRd,c x 0.5 + ( x V,equ x VED,max ) < = 0.9 VRd,c
VED,max < = VRd,c x 0.5 / ( 1 - ( 0.45 x V,equ ) ) < = 0.9 VRd,c
VED,max < = VRd,c x 0.5 / ( 1 - ( x ) ) = VRd,c x
Shear Fatigue Factor = VRd,c = kN Vc = kN
The EC2 Design Tool spreadsheet uses fck,fat and fcu,fat values throughout. So, in order to give the correct values for
shear the spreadsheet program needs to multiply the concrete shear capacity components by the following factors
EC2 VRd,c Shear Fatigue Factor x ( Fck / Fck, fat ) ^ 0.333 =
VRd,c min Shear Fatigue Factor x ( Fck / Fck, fat ) ^ 0.5 =
BS Vc Shear Fatigue Factor x ( Fcu / Fcu, fat ) ^ 0.333 =
0.6059
288.52
0.18 0.18 1.5
1000
1000
1.6086 2
228.12
0.3333
1000
313.36
1000
1000
0.5
3272 1000
35 1000 540
100
1000
0.12
3272
540
540
0.035
540
0.632 0.9277 0.6059
0.12
0.7155
1.6086 0.6059
0.035 1.6086 1.5
0.5313
1.6
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.5
0.3333
0.8304
0.688
166.48
0.1309 0.5313
153.29
1000
382 50 0.1309
540
0.516 0.6 250
0.9
1000
0.45
Copyright 2009 HAC
Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
FATIGUE
108
HAC-PRO 1 - 5 - 2 FAT 4
Reinforcement
The damage caused by a single stress amplitude is determined from the S - N curves in EC2 Fig 6.30 as below
Values are based on yield and do not include s,fat, which must be applied at the end of the process.
3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 2 0 3
0 7 7 4 -2
Straight Bars N* = 1 Million Cycles & Rsk = N/mm2
Bent - mandrel = 7 N* = 1 Million Cycles & Rsk = x = N/mm2
Below N*, the graph relates to the slope where Log Rsk = k1 Log N = 5 Log N
Beyond N*, the graph relates to the slope where Log Rsk = k2 Log N = 9 Log N
At Log ( Million ) = Log ( Rsk ) =
At Log ( Million ) = Log ( Rsk ) = - / 9 =
10 ^ = N/mm2 Reinf yield stress fyk = N/mm2
The fyd value of resisting stress range of the cyclical loading = / m = 1.15 = N/mm2
R = Min Action / Max Action = / =
Max fyd value = / s,fat = 1.15 = N/mm2 R at Max Stress =
Straight Bars Max Stress = / ( 1 - R ) = N/mm2 Factor =
Bent Bars Max Stress = x = N/mm2 Factor =
0 45 90 ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ##
0 1 1 1 0 -1 -1 -1 -0 1 1 1 0 -1 -1 -1 -0 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
R = 0 71 ## ## ## 71 32 16 32 71 ## ## ## 71 32 16 32 71 ## ## ##
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
-50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ##
0.154
0.2895
2.100
0.7484
382
86.5 0.532 162.5
125.88 67
162.5
2.2109
2.2109
500
434.78
126
50 0.1309
0.532
1
10
2.0997423
Copyright 2009 HAC
EC2 DESIGN TOOL
FATIGUE Howes Atkinson Crowder LLP
109.41
6
7
125.82
500
125.82 109.41
1
S - N Curve
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Log Number of Cycles (N)
Log
Resisting
Stress
Range
K1 Slope = 5
K2 Slope = 9
Log N* = 6
(Rsk)
Cyclical Loading
126
16
126
16
126
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Time
Maximum
Stress
Utilisation
N/mm2