TRANSVERSE VIBRATIONAL ANALYSIS

OF A SIMPLY
SUPPORTED
BEAM
A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
IN
Mechanical Engineering
By
Ankit Singh
Roll No: 108ME063
Department of
Mechanical
Enineerin
National
In!tit"te Of
Technolo#
Ro"r$ela
% &'())*
National In!tit"te of Technolo#
Ro"r$ela
+ERTIFI+ATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled, ,Tran!-er!e -i.rational Anal#!i!
of !impl# !"pporte/ .eam0 submitted by AN1IT SIN23 in partial
fulfllment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Technology degree
in Mechanical Engineering at National Institute of Technology, Rourela is an
authentic wor carried out by him under my super!ision and guidance" To the
best of my nowledge, the matter embodied in the thesis has not been
submitted to any other #ni!ersity$Institute for the award of any %egree or
%iploma"
Date4 Prof5 35ROY
%ept" of Mechanical
Engineering
National Institute of
Technology
Ro"r$ela &'())*
B"Tech &ro'ect Report
6)76
A+1NO8L
ED2EMEN
T
I wish to
e(press
my
profoun
d
gratitud
e and
indebted
ness to
Prof5
35ROY,
%epartm
ent of
Mechani
cal
Enginee
ring ,
NIT)
Rourela
for introducing the
present topic and
for their inspiring
guidance ,
constructi!e
criticism and
!aluable
suggestion
throughout the
pro'ect wor"
*ast but not
least, my sincere
thans to all our
friends who ha!e
patiently
e(tended all sorts
of help for
accomplishing
this undertaing"
AN1IT
SIN2397)*ME)'
:;
%ept" of Mechanical
Engineering
National
Institute of
Technology
Rourela + ,-.//0
Mechanical
Engineering
%epartment,
N"I"T" Rourela
&age 1
B"Tech &ro'ect Report 6)76
+ONTENTS
+hapter 7
1. Introduction
1.1 Euler)Bernoulli beam and Timosheno beam
1.2 2b'ecti!e and 3cope of wor
+hapter 6
1" *iterature sur!ey
+hapter :
3. Numerical modeling and formulation
3.1 4ormulation
3.2 4inite element method
+hapter <
5" 6ibration analysis using M7T*7B R1/8/a
+hapter =
9" Results and discussion
+hapter '
-" :onclusion
Reference!
Mechanical Engineering %epartment,
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ABST
RA+T
The
bending
phenomen
on is
common in
simply
supported
beams as
the beams
are
sub'ected
to <e(ural
loading in
design
considerati
ons" In this
paper, the
e=ect of
free
!ibration of
the hinged
beam was
in!estigate
d using a
fnite
element
method
and the basic
understanding of the
in<uence of applied
force on natural
frequencies of cantile!er
beam is presented "
>amilton?s principle
applied to the
*agrangian function is
used to deri!e the
equations of motion" In
addition other factors
a=ecting the !ibration of
beams are discussed"
The !ariables of the
hinged beam are@
1. 3lenderness
ratio
2. 3hearing
consideration
The numerical results for
free !ibration of beam
are presented" These
results are compared
with the results obtained
using M7T*7B R1/8/a to
plot the modal natural
frequency of simply
supported beam" The
module frequencies can
be highly useful for the
!ibration analysis and
the
resonance
in a
structure"
3o, the beam is taen
and its module natural
frequencies are
computed"
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75
INTRO
DU+TI
ON
Beam is a
>oriBontal
or inclined
structural
member
spanning a
distance
between
one or
more
supports,
and
carrying
!ertical
loads
across
Ctrans!erse
toD its
longitudina
l a(is, as a
girder,purli
n, or rafter"
Three basic
types of
beams are@
(1) 3imple
span,
support
ed at
both
ends
(2) :ontinu
ous,
support
ed at
more
than two points
(3) :antile!er, supported
at one end with the
other end
o!erhanging and
free"
Eenerally there are two
types of beams Euler)
Bernoulli?s beam and
Timosheno beam" By
the
classical theory of Euler)
Bernoulli?s beam it
assumes that
1. :ross)sectional plane
perpendicular to the
a(is of the beam
remain plane after
deformation"
2. The deformed cross)
sectional plane is still
perpendicular to the
a(is after deformation"
3. The classical theory
of beam neglect the
trans!erse shearing
deformation, where the
trans!erse shear is
determined by the
equation of equilibrium"
In Euler + Bernoulli
beam theory, shear
deformations and
rotation e=ects are
neglected, and plane
sections remain
plane and normal to
the longitudinal a(is"
In the Timosheno
beam
theory,
plane
sections
still
remain
plane
but are
no
longer
normal
to the
longitud
inal
a(is"
756
O.>ecti-e
an/ Scope
of ?or$
In this
paper, we are using
4inite Element Method to
formulate the equations
of motion of a
homogeneous hinged)
hinged type beam" The
natural frequency of the
homogeneous beam will
be found out at di=erent
!ariables of beam using
M7T*7B R1/8/ " The
results will be compared
with the results found by
fnite element method"
#sing these results,
frequency and beam
!ariables will be
correlated"
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2 !ITERAT"RE S"R#E$
An exact formulation of the beam problem was first investigated in terms of
general elasticity equations by Pochhammer (1876 and !hree (188" # $hey
derived the equations that describe a vibrating solid cylinder# %owever& it is not
practical to solve the full problem because it yields more information than
usually needed in applications# $herefore& approximate solutions for transverse
displacement are sufficient# $he beam theories under consideration all yield
the transverse displacement as a solution#
't was recogni(ed by the early researchers that the bending effect is the single
most important factor in a transversely vibrating beam# $he )uler *ernoulli model
includes the strain energy due to the bending and the +inetic energy due to the
lateral displacement# $he )uler *ernoulli model dates bac+ to the 18th century#
,acob *ernoulli (16-./170- first discovered that the curvature of an elastic beam
at any point is proportional to the bending moment at that point# 1aniel *ernoulli
(1700/1782& nephew of ,acob& was the first one who formulated the differential
equation of motion of a vibrating beam# 3ater& ,acob *ernoulli4s theory was
accepted by 3eonhard )uler (1707/1785 in his investigation of the shape of elastic
beams under various loading conditions# 6any advances on the elastic curves
were made by )uler # $he )uler/*ernoulli beam theory& sometimes called the
classical beam theory& )uler beam theory& *ernoulli beam theory& or
*ernoulli and )uler beam theory& is the most commonly used because it is simple
and provides reasonable engineering approximations for many problems# %owever&
the )uler *ernoulli model tends to slightly overestimate the natural frequencies# $his
problem is exacerbated for the natural frequencies of the higher modes# Also& the
prediction is better for slender beams than non/slender beams#
$imoshen+o (1"21& 1"22 proposed a beam theory which adds the effect of
shear as well as the effect of rotation to the )uler/*ernoulli beam# $he $imoshen+o
model is a ma7or improvement for non/slender beams and for high/frequency
responses where shear or rotary effects are not negligible# 8ollowing $imoshen+o&
several authors have obtained the frequency equations and the mode shapes for
various boundary conditions# 9ome are :rus(ews+i (1"." & $raill/;ash and
!ollar (1"-5 & 1olph (1"-. & and %uang (1"61 #
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The fnite
element
method
originated
from the
need of
sol!ing
comple(
elasticity
and
structural
analysis
problem in
ci!il and
aeronautica
l
engineerin
g" Its
de!elopme
nt could be
traced bac
to the wor
by
7le(ander
>rennio=
C8.58D and
Richard
:ourant
C8.51D"
Fhile the
approach
used by
these
pioneers
are
di=erent,
they all
share one
essential
characteris
tic@ mesh
discretiBati
on of a
continuous
domain
into a set
of discrete
subdomain
s, usually
called elements"
3tarting in 8.5,,
2lgierd GieniewicB from
Imperial :ollege
gathered those methods
together into what is
called the 4inite Element
Method, building the
pioneering
mathematical formalism
of the method"
>renniofs wor
discretiBes the
domain by using a
lattice analogy, while
:ourantHs approach
di!ides the domain
into fnite triangular
subregions to sol!e
second order elliptic
partial di=erential
equations C&%EsD that
arise from the
problem of torsion of
a cylinder" :ourantHs
contribution was
e!olutionary, drawing
on a large body of
earlier results for
&%Es de!eloped by
Rayleigh, RitB,
andEalerin"
%e!elopmen
t of the fnite
element
method
began in the
middle to
late 8.9/s
for airframe
and
structural
analysis and
gathered
momentum
at the
#ni!ersity of
3tuttgartthrough the
wor of Iohn 7rgyris
and at Bereley
through the wor of
Ray F" :lough in the
8.-/?s
for use
in ci!il
enginee
ring" By
late
8.9/s,
the ey
concept
s of
sti=ness
matri(
and
element
assembly
e(isted
essentially
in the form
used
today"
N737
issued a
request for proposals
for the de!elopment of
the fnite element
software N73TR7N in
8.-9" The method was
again pro!ided with a
rigorous mathematical
foundation in 8.,; with
the publication of
3trang and 4i( An
Analysis of The Finite
Element Method, and
has since been
generaliBed into a
branch of applied
mathematics for
numerical modelling of
physical systems in a
wide !ariety of
engineering disciplines,
e"g", electromagnetism
and <uid dynamics"
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3. N"merical mo/elin an/ form"lation
1. Form"lation4
EULER BERNOULLI BEAM4
For !ti@ne!! matriA4
4ig@ (a 9imply supported beam sub7ected to arbitrary (negative distributed load#(b 1eflected beam element#
(c 9ign convention for shear force and bending moment#
$he bending strain is<
The radius of cur!ature of a gi!en cur!e is@
the term below can be neglected@
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there
fore @
is the total strain
energy"""
,
I
J
!onsidering the given four
boundary conditions and
the one/dimensional nature
of the given problem in
terms of the independent
variable& we assume the
displacement function in the
form<
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4ig@ *ending moment diagram for a flexure element# 9ign convention per the 6=9 theory#
#sing the relation@
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where N1& N2& N5& and N. are the shape functions that describe the distribution of displacement
in terms of the nodal values in nodal displacement vector >?@<
Fe get
Applying the first theorem of !astigliano to the strain energy function with respect to
nodal displacement v1 gives the transverse force at node 1 as
while application of the given theorem with respect to the rotational displacement results to
moment as
3imilarly we obtain
,
The abo!e 5 equations can be represented in the form@
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By comparison of coeKcients@
Including dimensionless !ariable
The abo!e equation becomes@
The sti=ness coeKcients are@
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The complete sti=ness !alue of <e(ure element is gi!en as@
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Element load !ector@
CaDnodal load positi!e con!entionCbDmechanics of solids positi!e
con!ention theory
For ma!! matriA of the E"ler%Berno"lli .eam4
4ig@di=erential element of beam sub'ected to time dependent loading
4rom Newtons second law@
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Fe
ha!e@
2n
repla
cing
the
relati
on
below
in
newt
ons
secon
d law
Ander
the
assum
ptions
of
consta
nt
elastic
modul
us E
and
mome
nt of
inertia
Iz& the governing
equation becomes<
2n applying
Ealerins method
to the abo!e
equation,we ha!e
7nd thus we get@
$he consistent mass
matrix for a two/
dimensional beam
element is given by<
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9ubstitution for the interpolation functions and performing the required integrations gives the
mass matrix as
!ombining the mass matrix with previously obtained results for the stiffness matrix and force
vector& the finite element equations of motion for a beam element are<
Timo!hen$o .eam4
The shearing e=ect in Timosheno beam element@
Consider an infinitesimal element of beam of length x and flexural rigidity El. The element is
in static equilibrium under the forces shown in Figure
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4ig@
Forces
and
displac
ements
on
infinite
simal
elemen
t of
beam.
The shear
angle, L, is
measured
as positi!e
in an
anticlocwi
se direction
from the normal to the
midsurface to the outer
face of the beam"
E)shear coe=",)
shear
modulus$shear
factor
The static equilibrium
relations are@
M
The rotation of the cross
section in an anticlockwise
direction is:
The stress-strain relation in
bending is:
4JN8
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MJN8(ON1
The rotations at the ends of the beam ! and " can be expressed as rotations of the cross section
by using equation #"$. The displacements % to " can be related to the constants &% to &"
through:
for iJ8,1,;,5
P&iQJRSTPNiQ
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and the elements of C&iQ are defined in 4igure 1" 3ubstituting for PNiQ
from equation C8/D in equation C88D gi!es
JR3TPUiQ
Fhere R3T is the sti=ness matri(@
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The shape functions of the timosheno beam are@
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The ma!! matriA of timo!hen$o .eam4
8e ha-e the .o"n/ar# con/ition!4
for hine/ en/
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<5 Vi.ration anal#!i! "!in
MATLABR6)7)
The MATLAB co/e for the mo/al !ol"tion i!4
function SSbeam(~)
1% SSbeam.m Simply-supported or Pinned-pinned beam evaluations
2% This script computes mode shapes and corresponding natural
3% frequencies of the simply-supported beam by user specified mechanical
4% properties and size of the beam.
5% Prepare the folloing data!
6%- "aterial properties of the beam# i.e. density ($o)# %oung&s modulus (')
7%- Specify a cross section of the beam# i.e. square#rectangular# circular
8%- (eometry parameters of the beam# i.e. )ength# idth# thic*ness
9%- +o many natural frequencies and mode shapes to evaluate.
clear all,
clc, close
all,
display(&-hat is the cross-section of the beam.&)
disp(&/f circular cross-section# enter 0, /f square# enter
1,&), disp(&/f rectangle enter 2&),
disp(&/f your beam3s cross-section is not listed here# enter
4&), disp(&To see e5ample 61# enter 7&),
8S9input(& 'nter your choice!- &),
if isempty(8S) :: 8S99;
disp(&'5ample 60. $ectangular cross-section <luminum beam&)
disp(&)ength9;.210 =m># -idth9;.;7 =m># Thic*ness9;.;;?
=m>,&) disp(&'9?@.@A0e@ =Pa>, $o91BB; =*gCmD2>&)
)9.210,
-9.;7,
Th9.;;?,
<9-ATh,
/59(0C01)A-AThD2,
'9?@.@;eE@,
$o91BB;,
elseif 8S990
$9input(&'nter $adius of the cross-section!
&), )9input(&'nter )ength! &),
/59(0C4)ApiA$D4,
<9piA$D1,
disp(&"aterial proprties of the beam&),
display(&Fo you *no your beam3s material properties# viz.
%oung3s modulus and density .&),
%<9input(&'nter 0# if you do,, enter ;# if you don3t! &),
if %<990
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'9input(&'nter %oungGs modulus in =Pa>! &),
$o9input(&'nter materials density in =*gCmD2>! &),
else
display(&Steel! '91.0eE00 =Pa>, $o9BH7; =IgCmD2>&),
display(&8opper! '90.1eE00 =Pa>, $o9H@22 =IgCmD2>&),
display(&<luminum! '9;.?@eE00 =Pa>, $o91B;;
=IgCmD2>&), '9input(&'nter %oungGs modulus in =Pa>!
&), $o9input(&'nter materials density in =*gCmD2>! &),
end
elseif 8S991
-9input(&'nter -idth of the cross-section!
&), )9input(&'nter )ength!- &),
/59(0C01)A-D4,
<9-D1,
disp(&"aterial proprties of the beam&),
display(&Fo you *no your beamGs material properties# i.e.
%oungGs modulus and density .&),
%<9input(&'nter 0# if you do, enter ;# if you donGt! &),
if %<990
'9input(&'nter %oungGs modulus in =Pa> &),
$o9input(&'nter the material density in =*gCmD2> &),
else
display(&Steel! '91.0eE00 =Pa>, $o9BH7; =IgCmD2>&)
display(&8opper! '90.1eE00 =Pa>, $o9H@22 =IgCmD2>&)
display(&<luminum! '9;.?@eE00 =Pa>, $o91B;; =IgCmD2>&)
'9input(&'nter %oungGs modulus in =Pa>! &),
$o9input(&'nter the material density in =*gCmD2>! &),
end
elseif 8S992
-9input(&'nter -idth of the cross-section in =m>! &),
Th9input(&'nter Thic*ness of the cross-section in =m>! &),
)9input(&'nter )ength in =m>! &),
/59(0C01)A-AThD2,
<9-ATh,
disp(&"aterial proprties of the beam&)
display(&Fo you *no your beamGs material properties# viz.
%oungGs modulus and density .&)
%<9input(&'nter 0# if you do, enter ;# if you donGt! &),
if %<990
'9input(&'nter %oungGs modulus in =Pa>! &),
$o9input(&'nter the material density in =*gCmD2>! &),
else
display(&Steel! '91.0eE00 =Pa>, $o9BH7; =IgCmD2> &)
display(&8opper! '90.1eE00 =Pa>, $o9H@22 =IgCmD2> &)
display(&<luminum! '9;.?@eE00 =Pa>, $o91B;; =IgCmD2> &)
'9input(&'nter %oungGs modulus in =Pa>! &),
$o9input(&'nter the material density in =*gCmD2>! &),
end
elseif 8S994
display(&Jote! you need to compute /5 (area moment of inertia along
5 a5is) and K-sectional area&)
)9input(&'nter )ength in =m>! &),
/59(&'nter /5 in =mD4>! &),
<9(&'nter cross-5-sectional area in =mD1>! &),
disp(&"aterial properties of the beam&)
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display(&Fo you *no your beam3s material properties# viz.
%oung3s modulus and density .&),
%<9input(&'nter 0# if you do, enter ;# if you don3t! &),
if %<990
'9input(&'nter %oung3s modulus in =Pa>! &),
$o9input(&'nter material density in =*gCmD2>! &),
else
display(&Steel! '91.0eE00 =Pa>, $o9BH7; =IgCmD2> &)
display(&8opper! '90.1eE00 =Pa>, $o9H@22 =IgCmD2> &)
display(&<luminum! '9;.?@eE00 =Pa>, $o91B;; =IgCmD2>
&) '9input(&'nter %oung3s modulus in =Pa>! &),
$o9input(&'nter material density in =*gCmD2>! &),
end
elseif 8S997
display(&'5ample 61&)
display(&/t is a rectangular K-section <luminum beam
&) display(&)ength9;.;2, -idth9;.;;7,
Thic*ness9;.;;;7,&) )9.;2, -9.;;7, Th9.;;;7,
<9-ATh,
/59(0C01)A-AThD2,
'9B;A0e@, $o91.BA0e2,
else
L9arndlg(&/t is not clear hat your choice of K-section of a beam is.
e-run so you can enter your beam3s dataMMM&#&MM -arning MM&),
aitfor(L)
display(&Type in!NN
SSbeam&) pause(2)
return
end
display(&+o many modes and mode shapes ould you li*e to evaluate .&)
+""S9input(&'nter the number of modes and mode shapes to be computed!
&), if +""SN9B
disp(& &)
arning(&JOT'! Pp to ? mode shapes (plots) are displayed via the
script. %et# using evaluated data (Kn5) of the script# more mode shapes can
be plotted&),
disp(& &)
end
QQ90,
hile QQR9+""S,
betaJ)(QQ)9QQApi,
QQ9QQE0,
end
Sfprintf(&betaJ) value is S1.2fTn&#
betaJ)all), betaJ9(betaJ)C))&,
display(&"ode shape corresponding nat. freq (fn) by 'uler-
Uernoulli theory!&)
n9zeros(0#length(betaJ)),
fn9ones(0#length(n)),
*90,
hile *R9length(betaJ),
n(*)9betaJ(*)D1Asqrt(('A/5)C($oA<)),
fn(*)9n(*)C(1Api),
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fprintf(&"ode shape 6 S1f corresponds to nat. freq (fn)! S2.2fTn&# *#
fn(*) ),
*9*E0,
end
59linspace(;# )#
B1;), 5l95.C),
Kn59zeros(length(betaJ)#length(5)),
for ii90!length(betaJ)
for QQ90!length(5)
Kn5(ii#QQ)9sin((iiApiA5(QQ))C)),
end
end
Kn5"<K9ma5(abs(Kn5(0#0!end))),
Kn59Kn5.CKn5"<K,
S Plot mode shapes that are arbitrarily normalized to unity,
display(&JOT'! Ppto 7 mode shapes are displayed via the script
options.&),
disp(& %et# using evaluated data (Kn5) of the script# more mode
shapes can be plotted&),
""S9+""S,
if ""S990
plot(5l#Kn5(0#!)# &b-&)
title(&"ode shapes of the Pinned-pinned beam&)
legend(&"ode 60&# ;), 5label(&5C)&), ylabel(&"ode shape
KVn(5)&) grid
hold off
elseif ""S991
plot(5l#Kn5(0#!)# &b-&), hold
on plot(5l#Kn5(1#!)# &r-&),grid
title(&"ode shapes of the Pinned-pinned
beam&) legend(&"ode 60&# &"ode 61&# ;)
5label(&5C)&), ylabel(&"ode shape KVn(5)&)
hold off
elseif ""S992
plot(5l#Kn5(0#!)# &b-&), hold
on plot(5l#Kn5(1#!)# &r-&)
plot(5l#Kn5(2#!)# &m-&),grid
title(&"ode shapes of the Pinned-pinned
beam&) legend(&"ode 60&# &"ode 61&# &"ode
62&# ;) 5label(&5C)&), ylabel(&"ode shape
KVn(5)&) hold off
elseif ""S994
plot(5l#Kn5(0#!)# &b-&), hold
on plot(5l#Kn5(1#!)# &r-&)
plot(5l#Kn5(2#!)# &m-&)
plot(5l#Kn5(4#!)# &c-&), grid
title(&"ode shapes of the Pinned-pinned beam&)
legend(&"ode 60&# &"ode 61&# &"ode 62&# &"ode 64&#
;) 5label(&5C)&), ylabel(&"ode shape KVn(5)&)
hold off
elseif ""S997
plot(5l#Kn5(0#!)# &b-&), hold
on plot(5l#Kn5(1#!)# &r-&)
plot(5l#Kn5(2#!)# &m-&)
Mechanical Engineering %epartment,
N"I"T" Rourela &age ;/
B"Tech &ro'ect Report 6)76
plot(5l#Kn5(4#!)# &g-&)
plot(5l#Kn5(7#!)# &*-&)
grid
title(&"ode shapes of the Pinned-pinned beam&),
legend(&"ode 60&# &"ode 61&# &"ode 62&# &"ode 64&# &"ode 67&#
;), 5label(&5C)&), ylabel(&"ode shape KVn(5)&),
hold off
elseif ""SN9?
plot(5l#Kn5(0#!)# &b-&), hold
on plot(5l#Kn5(1#!)# &r-&)
plot(5l#Kn5(2#!)# &m-&)
plot(5l#Kn5(4#!)# &g-&)
plot(5l#Kn5(7#!)# &*-&)
plot(5l#Kn5(?#!)# &c-&)
grid
title(&"ode shapes of the Pinned-pinned beam&)
legend(&"ode 60&# &"ode 61&# &"ode 62&# &"ode 64&# &"ode 67&# &"ode
6?&# ;)
5label(&5C)&), ylabel(&"ode shape
KVn(5)&) hold off
end
SS Uy Timoshen*o beam theory# natural frequency of simply-supported beam
is
S found to be!
alphaSW9'A/5C($oA<),
rSW9/5C<,
S /nertia (effects) is considred
disp(&Jat. freq. by Timoshen*o (/nertia alone
considered)!&) omegaJi9zeros(0#+""S),
for ii90!+""S omegaJi(ii)9sqrt((alphaSWAiiD4ApiD4)C()D4A(0E(iiD1ApiD1ArSW)C
()D1)))), fprintf(&mode 6 S1f corresponds to nat. freq. (fn) S2.2f Tn&#
ii#
omegaJi(ii)C(1Api)),
end
S Shear deformation is
considred 'overI(9=0# 1# 2>,
for ii90!+""S
for QQ90!2
omegaJs(ii#QQ)9sqrt((alphaSWAiiD4ApiD4)C()D4A(0E(iiD1ApiD1ArSWA'overI((QQ))C(
)D1)))),
end
end
display(&Jat. freq. by Timoshen*o (Shear deformation alone
considered)&) disp(&for 2 values of 'C*( 9 =0, 1, 2>.&)
fprintf(& S2.2fTt S2.2f TtS2.2fTt Tn&# omegaJs&C(1Api))
disp(&/n order to use classical beam or 'uler-Uernoulli beam calc3s.
One should &)
disp(&pay attention to )engthCidth ratio that must be larger than 0;&)
LL9arndlg(&pay attention to )engthCidth ratio that must be greater than
0; to use 'uler-Uernoulli beam methodMMM&#&MM -arning MM&),
aitfor(LL)
end
Mechanical Engineering %epartment,
N"I"T" Rourela &age ;8
B"Tech &ro'ect Report 6)76
:>7&TERA9
Mechanical Engineering
%epartment, N"I"T" Rourela
&age ;1
B"Tech &ro'ect Report
6)76
=5
Re!"l
t! an/
Di!c"
!!ion
The mode
shapes of a
beam were
calculated
and the
analysis
was done
using the
fnite
element
method by
calculating
the
characterst
ic
matricesCm
ass mati(
and
sti=ness
matri(Dof
the gi!en
simply
supported
beam"The
natural
frequencies
and the
mode
shape of
the gi!en
hinged)
hinged type beam were
calculated using
M7T*7B " The natural
frequencies can show
the pattern of the
resonance that a beam
is going to follow and its
e=ect on structures" The
mode shapes of a
structural steel beam
with gi!en slenderness
ratio and circular cross
section were calculated
and the following result
was obtained@
The o"tp"t i!4
Fhat is the cross)section
of the beamV
If circular cross)section,
enter 8M If square, enter 1M
If rectangle, enter ;M
If your beam?s cross)
section is not listed here,
enter 5
To see e(ample W1, enter
9
Enter your choice@ 8
E
n
t
e
r

R
a
d
i
u
s

o
f

t
h
e

c
r
o
s
s
)
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
@

1
9

E
n
t
e
r

*
e
n
g
t
h
@

;
9
/
Material properties of the
beam
%o you
now
your
beam?s
material
properti
es, i"e"
Soung?s
modulus
and
density
V Enter
8, if you
doM
enter /,
i
f

y
o
u

d
onXt@ /
3teel@ EJ1"8eO88 R&aTM
RoJ,09/ RYg$mZ;T
:opper@ EJ8"1eO88 R&aTM
RoJ0.;; RYg$mZ;T
7luminum@ EJ/"-.eO88
R&aTM RoJ1,// RYg$mZ;T
Mechanical Engineering
%epartment, N"I"T"
Rourela &age ;;
B"Tech &ro'ect Report 6)76
Enter SoungXs modulus in R&aT@
1"8eO88 Enter material density
in Rg$mZ;T@ ,09/
>ow many modes and mode shapes would you lie to
e!aluate V Enter the number of modes and mode
shapes to be computed@ - Mode shape corresponding
nat" freq CfnD by Euler)Bernoulli theory@ Mode shape W
8"////// corresponds to nat" freq CfnD@ /"01. Mode
shape W 1"////// corresponds to nat" freq CfnD@
;";8- Mode shape W ;"////// corresponds to nat"
freq CfnD@ ,"5-8 Mode shape W 5"////// corresponds
to nat" freq CfnD@ 8;"1-5 Mode shape W 9"//////
corresponds to nat" freq CfnD@ 1/",1- Mode shape W
-"////// corresponds to nat" freq CfnD@ 1."059 N2TE@
#pto 9 mode shapes are displayed !ia the script
options"
Set, using e!aluated data C[n(D of the script, more mode
shapes can be plotted Nat" freq" by Timosheno CInertia alone
consideredD@
mode W 8"////// corresponds to nat" freq"
CfnD /"015 mode W 1"////// corresponds to
nat" freq" CfnD ;"1;- mode W ;"//////
corresponds to nat" freq" CfnD ,"/,8 mode W
5"////// corresponds to nat" freq" CfnD
81"8/1 mode W 9"////// corresponds to
nat" freq" CfnD 80"/,- mode W -"//////
corresponds to nat" freq" CfnD 15",90
Nat" freq" by Timosheno C3hear deformation alone
consideredD for ; !alues of E$E J R8M 1M ;T"
/"015 /"08. /"085
;"1;- ;"8-8 ;"/.8
,"/,8 -",;, -"55-
Mechanical Engineering %epartment,
N"I"T" Rourela &age ;5
B"Tech &ro'ect Report 6)76
81"8/1 88"8.. 8/"5,;
80"/,- 8-"1;- 85"0-5
15",90 18"-89 8."51.
In order to use classical beam or Euler)Bernoulli beam
calculations" 2ne should pay attention to *ength$width ratio
that must be larger than 8/
Mechanical Engineering %epartment,
N"I"T" Rourela &age ;9
B"Tech &ro'ect Report
6)76
Mechanical Engineering
%epartment, N"I"T"
Rourela &age ;-
B"Tech &ro'ect Report 6)76
:>7&TERA-
Mechanical Engineering
%epartment, N"I"T" Rourela
&age ;,
B"Tech &ro'ect Report 6)76
'5 +oncl"!ion
In this report, we e(amined four appro(imate models for a trans!ersely
!ibrating beam@ the Euler)Bernoulli and Timosheno models "The equation
of motion and the boundary conditions were obtained and the frequency
equations for four boundary conditions were obtained"
The circular cross section of a simply supported beam was analysed and the
modal shapes and natural frequencies were calculated " The slight
structural consideration will show that the amplitude of beam at resonance
will be ma(imum and the problem of failure will arise"
3o,in design considerations the beams taen should be such that there is
no resonance for the stability of a structure"
Mechanical Engineering %epartment,
N"I"T" Rourela &age ;0
B"Tech &ro'ect Report
6)76
&5Ref
erenc
e!
8" 3E2N M"
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Mechanical
and
Aerospace
Engineerin
g, Rutgers,
the State
#niversity
of New
Jersey,Pisc
ataway,
NJ
/0095, M"
S"A"
Journal of
Sound and
!iration
C8...D
119C9D,
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%E3:RIBE% BS
3INE*E %I44EREN:E
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Technology$ Faculty
of Mechanical
Engineering and
Rootics$ %racow$
Poland
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T>E2RETI:7* 7N%
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8, pp" 8.;)18/, Farsaw
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M7TRI:E3
+uke
,ni*ersity
+epartment of
Ci*il and
-n*ironmental
-ngineering
C- !./.
0tructural
+ynamics
0pring !1%1
2. E"
4alsone, %"
3ettineri
7n Euler+Bernoulli)lie
fnite element method
for Timosheno beams
%ipartimento di
Ingegneria :i!ile,
#ni!ersit] di
Messina, :"da %i
%io, .08--
Messina, Italy
Mechanics
Research
:ommunications ;0
C1/88D 81+8-
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Mechanical
Engineering
%epartment,
N"I"T" Rourela
&age ;.
B"Tech &ro'ect Report 6)76
0">utton,%a!id"New Sor,McEraw >ill,1//5
.">amid
3heih,7bdulMMuhopadhyay,Madhu'it
Matri( an fnite element analysis of
structures,1//5
8/"Ir",Filliam Fea!er
7nalysis of framed structures8.-.
Mechanical Engineering %epartment,
N"I"T" Rourela &age 5/