Int. J Sci.

Emerging Tech Vol5 No 6, June 2013

200
Automatic Door Unit Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) Based Attendance System
Okorafor G. Nwaji., Nosiri C. Onyebuchi., Opara, F. Kelechi
Department of Elect/Elect Eng;
Federal UniTech; Owerri, Imo State, (NIGERIA).
E- Mai l : nwaj i 2000@yahoo. com


Abstract--Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
technology is a smart object tracking and automated
data collection solution. It provides a contact less data
link, without need for line-of-sight or concerns about
harsh or dirty environments that restrict other auto
(Identity) ID technologies such as bar codes. RFID is a
technology that uses radio waves to transfer data from
an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an
object, through a reader for the purpose of identifying
and tracking the object. RFID technology which is a
matured technology that has been widely deployed by
various organizations as part of their automation
systems. In this research, an RFID based system has been
built in order to produce a time-attendance management
system. RFID systems consist of two main components:
Transponder (tag) located in the object for identification,
and Interrogator (or reader), which allows the data
transfer to and from the transponder. This system
consists of two main parts which include: the hardware
and the software. The hardware consists of the motor
unit and the RFID reader. The RFID reader, which is a
low-frequency reader, is connected to the host computer
via a serial to USB converter cable. The Time-
Attendance System (Graphic User Interface) GUI was
developed using visual basic.Net. The Time-Attendance
Management System provides the functionalities of the
overall system such as displaying live ID tags
transactions, registering ID, deleting ID, recording
attendance and other minor functions. This interface is
housed in the host computer.
Keywords: RFID, ID tags, Transponder, Interrogator,
Time-Attendance System
1. Introduction
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a smart
technology that uses radio waves to transfer data from
an electronic tag, called RFID tag, attached to an
object, through a reader for the purpose of identifying
and tracking the object. It provides a contact less data
link, without need for line-of-sight or concerns about
harsh or dirty environments that restrict other auto ID
technologies such as bar codes. Radio frequency
identification (RFID) is a matured technology that
incorporates the use of electromagnetic or
electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency portion
of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely
identify an object, animal, or person. RFID chips
contain a radio transmitter that emits a coded
identification number when queried by a reader
device. Some RFID tags can be read from several
meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader.
The application of bulk reading enables an almost-
parallel reading of tags. This small type is incorporated
in consumer products, and even implanted in pets, for
identification.
The tag's information is stored electronically. The
RFID tag includes a small RF transmitter which
transmits an encoded radio signal to interrogate the
tag, and receiver which receives the message and
responds with its identification information. Some
RFID tags do not use a battery. Instead, the tag uses
the radio energy transmitted by the reader as its energy
source. The RFID system design includes a method of
discriminating several tags that might be within the
range of the RFID reader.
RFID can be used in many applications. A tag can
be affixed to any object and used to track and manage
inventory, assets, people, etc. For example, it can be
affixed to cars, computer equipment, books, mobile
phones, etc. The Healthcare industry has used RFID to
reduce counting, looking for things and auditing items.
Many financial institutions use RFID to track key
assets and automate compliance. Also with recent
advances in social media RFID is being used to tie the
physical world with the virtual world. RFID in Social
Media first came to light in 2010 with Facebook's
annual conference.
RFID is a superior and more efficient way of
identifying objects than manual system or use of bar
code systems that have been in use since the 1970s.
Furthermore, passive RFID tags (those without a
battery) can be read if passed within close enough
proximity to an RFID reader. It is not necessary to
"show" the tag to the reader device, as with a bar code.
In other words it does not require line of sight to "see"
an RFID tag, the tag can be read inside a case,
carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes
RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time. Bar codes
can only be read one at a time.
__________________________________________________________________________
International Journal of Science & Emerging Technologies
IJSET, EISSN: 2048 8688
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Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech Vol5 No 6, June 2013

201
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a
matured technology that incorporates the use of
electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the
radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or
person. They are grouped under the automatic
identification (Auto-ID) technologies. RFID tags are
not an "improved bar code" as the proponents of
the technology would like you to believe. An RFID
system consists of three components which include: an
antenna, a transceiver and a transponder (the tag). The
antenna and the transceiver are often incorporated into
one reader. The antenna uses radio frequency waves to
transmit a signal that activates the transponder. When
activated, the tag transmits data back to the antenna.
The RFID can read the tag using Radio Frequency,
meaning that the RFID reader can be read from a
distance, right through your clothes, wallet, bags etc.
An RFID tag consists of unique ID for each tag. The
RFID technology has been in existence since the early
1920s. This technology has been used in libraries,
museums, race timing, toll collection and contactless
payment, tracking of persons and animals etc.
The RFID attendance system is an automatic
embedded system used in taking attendance of
registered persons in a particular organization. The
RFID attendance system offers an organization, the
efficiency and convenience associated with RFID
technology at a low cost. This method is fast as well
as simple. Each employee uses an RFID card and the
reader records the data when the employee enters or
exits. RFID devices and software must be supported
by a sophisticated software architecture that enables
the collection and distribution of location based
information in near real time. A complete picture of
the RFID attendance system combines the RFID Tags
and readers with access to global standardized
database, ensuring real time access to up-to-date
information on the card. The card contains a unique
identification number called an electronic product
code (EPC).
Nowadays, there are lots of companies around the
world and some of them consist of workers up to 10
thousand or more. To handle a large number of
workers may be a problem especially to get the
attendance of the workers. The manual process means
that whenever a worker comes to work, he goes to sign
at the time officers table. This manual process has
some flaws because in a case where a worker bribes
the time officer or is familiar with him, the time officer
may tamper with the attendance records. This would
be a big problem in the company and might affect the
productivity and management of the company.
The suitable solution for this problem is by
designing a system that will record attendance
automatically. In this project, RFID system is used to
record the numbers of employees attendance
automatically. The ID cards of the employees is
embedded with RFID tag which is read by a reader.
This RFID system is interfaced to a database through
a computer. This method is more effective to prevent
problem encountered when getting attendance
manually. Below is the block diagram of an RFID
attendance system.
2. Related Works
The use of Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
technology in automated electronic environment and
for tracking objects has been widely researched upon
by researchers and deployed by various organizations
as part of their automation systems. References
[http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/3321] and
[www.wikipedia.org] provide examples of a real
RFID contact less data link deployments that utilize
RFID technology for object tracking and automated
data collection solution. RFID is a technology that
uses radio waves to transfer data from an electronic
tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object,
through a reader for the purpose of identifying and
tracking the object
In 1945, Leon Theremin invented an espionage
tool (for spy activities) for the Soviet Union which
retransmitted incident radio waves with audio
frequency information. Sound waves vibrated a
diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the
resonator, which modulated the reflected radio
frequency even though this device was covert listening
device, not an identification device or tag, it is
considered to be a predecessor of radio frequency
identification (RFID) technology because it was
likewise passive, being energized and activated by
waves from an outside source. Similar technologies
such as the IFF (identification friend and foe)
transponder developed in the United Kingdom, was
routinely used by the allies in the World War 2 to
identify aircrafts as friend or foe. Transponders are
still used by most powered aircrafts to this day.
Mario .W. Cardullo was the first to have received
the United States patent for an active RFID tag with
rewritable memory on J anuary 23, 1973 [Financial
Consortium Publishes RFID Standards for IT Assets,
2010]. In that same year, Charles Walton, a California
entrepreneur, received a patent for a passive
transponder used to unlock a door without a key. A
card with an embedded transponder communicates a
reader near a door, when the reader detects a valid
identification number stored within the tag, the reader
unlocks the door. Walton licensed the technology to
Schalge lock of San Francisco, a lock maker and other
companies [Daniel M. Dobkin and Steven M.
Weigand, 2010].
Time and attendance systems are a major part of
todays human resource systems, take organization
towards better human resource practice, systems and
excellence. The implementation of time and
attendance system has a lot of advantages for the
manager. The kind of system that is implemented
depends upon what the organization is trying to
achieve by implementing the system. There are
different types of automatic attendance systems; each
type of system is suited to different needs and
Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech Vol5 No 6, June 2013
202
requirements [Carlos.C.Murphy,2005]. Some of the
most common types include; biometric attendance
system, magnetic stripe attendance system, barcode
attendance system, and RFID attendance system.
A. Barcode Attendance System:
The barcode system is a common type of time
and attendance system through which the efficiency of
measuring and tracking employees time could be
increased to a great degree. With the automation
through barcode technology, the errors previously
made in the manual payroll or attendances are
eliminated. As a result, the system provides high levels
of accuracy and reliability in tracking of employee
attendance. In addition, the costs associated with the
installation of the system are not too much relative to
the cost of payroll or attendance errors.
The implementation of the barcode system is
easy. Every employee is issued a badge/card in which
there is a barcode. In order to check into or out of the
company, the badge/card is swapped on the time
clock, and the data is captured by the clock. This data
from the clock can be downloaded by the manager or
the administrator and then used for updating and
maintaining time and attendance records.
The Universal Product Code (UPC) is a unique
12-digit number assigned to retail merchandise that
identifies a product and the vendor. The Universal
Product Code (UPC) on a product typically appears
adjacent to its barcode, the machine-readable
representation of the Universal Product Code (UPC).
The UPC for a particular product is always the same.
The first six digits is the vendor unique identification
number. All the products that the vendor sells will
have the same first six digits in their UPCs. The next
five digits identify the product. The last digit is called
the check digit. This is used to verify that the UPC for
that specific product is correct.
Each time that UPC is read, typically by a scanner
reading the barcode, a calculation is done. And, if the
check digit is different compared from the one that is
calculated, then the computer knows that there is
something wrong with the UPC. Figure 1 is a pictorial
diagram of a barcode with its universal product code
(UPC) [Billard .F.Cookes, 2001].
Figure.1 picture of a barcode

B. Biometric Attendance System:
This is the study of measurable biological
characteristics. In computer security, biometrics refers
to authentication techniques that rely on measurable
physical characteristics that can be automatically
checked. There are several types of biometric
identification schemes which include:-face
fingerprints, retina, hand geometry, vein, voice etc.
The computer uses any of these biometric
identification schemes to determine who you are, and
based your identity authorize your different levels of
access [Gordon .N. Withtaker, 2002]. Under this
system, there is time and attendance software that is
paired with a time clock for employees which uses
biometric technology for authentication purposes.
When these systems are in use, the employees can use
their finger prints for clocking in and clocking out.
This method has the great benefit that the entire
process is easy as well as quick. Other advantages
include elimination of the cost previously incurred in
getting the employees cards. In the other systems that
uses card (magnetic stripe and barcode systems), there
is an ongoing expense associated with the damage,
misplacement and stealing of cards and the continuous
need for their restoration and maintenance.
C. Magnetic Stripe Attendance System:

In the magnetic stripe attendance system, data is
encoded in the magnetic stripe of the employee card.
When the card, is swiped through the employee time
clock, the information in the cards magnetic stripe is
recorded by the time clock. This system also reads one
card at a time and also requires contact with the reader.
Figure 2 is a pictorial diagram of a card embedded with
magnetic strip.

Figure.2 picture of a magnetic stripe card
3. Radio Frequency Identification (Rfid)
A radio-frequency identification system
comprises hardware shown in figure 3a & 3b, known
as interrogators or readers and tags, also known as
labels, as well as RFID software or RFID middleware.
RFID tags are of two major types, which include
Active Tag and Passive Tag.


Figure.3a RFID tag

Figure.3b RFID card and reader
Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech Vol5 No 6, June 2013
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RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery
assisted passive. Passive RFID does not use a battery,
while an active has an on-board battery that always
broadcasts or beacons its signal. A battery assisted
passive has a small battery on board that is activated
when in the presence of a RFID reader. Most RFID
tags contain at least two parts: one is an integrated
circuit for storing and processing information,
modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF)
signal, and other specialized functions; the other is an
antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal.
Depending on mobility, RFID readers are
classified into two different types: fixed RFID and
mobile RFID. If the reader reads tags in a stationary
position, it is called fixed RFID. These fixed readers
are set up specific interrogation zones and create a
"bubble" of RF energy that can be tightly controlled if
the physics is well engineered. This allows a very
definitive reading area for when tags go in and out of
the interrogation zone. On the other hand, if the reader
is mobile when the reader reads tags, it is called mobile
RFID.
An Electrical Engineering student of the
University of Malaysia; Mohd Firdaus Bin Mahyidin
designed RFID technology students attendance
system 2008 [Mohd Firdaus Bin Mahyidin, 2008],
which only takes attendance of students and stores the
information in the database. The block diagram of his
project is shown figure 4. However, this system does
not the incorporate a door unit which allows access to
only registered users.


Figure.4: RFID Technology Students attendance
system.




















Comparing Barcode with RFID is done on table 1.
Table 1: comparisons between Barcode and RFID.
Barcode RFID
1 Rely on the user to make contact to the reader,
hence cannot be read from a distance
Do not require contact with reader, hence can be read from a
distance.
2 In Barcode, only one card read at a time is
allowed.
Multiple read at a time is permitted
Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech Vol5 No 6, June 2013
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3 Embedded information can not be updated,
hence the restriction of the repeated over-
writing if the embedded election information
for each card
Embedded information can be updated; this allows the
repeated over-writing if embedded electronic information for
each card.
4 It does not allow for the increase technologies
like surveillance cameras to be activated with
an employee being in the vicinity.
RFID has increased technologies like surveillance cameras to
be activated in conjunction with an employee being in their
vicinity.
5 It is slower and requires time of sight to
function.
RFID is faster and does not require line of sight.
6 It has lower data storage transponder. It has higher data storage.
7 This transponder is bogus, and can not be
incorporated in small items.
The transponder is miniaturized, and can be incorporate in
other items. For example in 2009 researchers successfully
glued RFID micro-transponder to live ants [Daniel M.
Dobkin and Steven M. Weigand, 2010]

A. Radio frequency identification (rfid) attendance system:




COMPUTER





Figure.5 Block diagram of an RFID attendance system with door unit
The RFID attendance system offers the
organization, the efficiency and convenience
associated with RFID technology at a low cost. Each
employee uses an RFID card and the reader records
the data when the employee enters or exits.
Operations: RFID devices and software are supported
by a sophisticated software architecture that enables
the collection and distribution of location based
information in near real time. A complete picture of
the
RFID attendance system combines the RFID Tags
and readers with access to global standardized
database, ensuring real time access to up-to-date
information on the card. The card contains a unique
identification number called an electronic product
code (EPC). The RFID tag can be read from a distance
and the embedded electronic information for each card
can be over written repeatedly. This increases
technologies like surveillance cameras to be activated
in conjunction with an employee being in their
vicinity. The RFID attendance system is faster, and
does not require line of sight. The RFID system has
higher data storage. In the RFID systems, the
transponders are also easy to conceal or incorporate in
other items. For example in
POWER
SUPPLY
UNIT
RFID
READER
MICRO
CONTROLL
ER

DOOR
UNIT
GRAPHICAL
USER
INTERFACE
(GUI)

DATABAS
E
Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech Vol5 No 6, June 2013
205
2009, researchers successfully glued RFID micro
transponder to live ants in order to study their behavior
[Daniel M. Dobkin and Steven M. Weigand, 2010].
Furthermore, multiple RFID cards can be read all at
the same time. Information about the employees
access and attendance can be stored on the database.
RFID Frequency band: Frequency refers to the size
of the radio waves used to communicate between the
RFID systems components. It can be assumed that
higher frequency resulting faster data transfer rate and
longer reading distance. However as frequency
increases, the sensitivity to environmental factor also
increases. RFID system currently operates at Low
Frequency, High Frequency and Ultra High
Frequency. Generally a lower frequency means a
lower read range and slower data read rate, but
increased capabilities for reading near or on metal or
liquid surfaces. The frequency chart is shown in table
2 [Mc Oswel J amin Sibin, 2010].






















Table 2: RFID Frequency Table
Miniaturization: RFIDs are easy to conceal or
incorporate in other items. For example, in 2009
researchers at Bristol University successfully glued
RFID micro-transponders to live ants in order to study
their behavior [Stevan Preradovic and Nemai C.
Karmakar, 2006]. This trend towards increasingly
miniaturized RFIDs is likely to continue as technology
advances. Hitachi holds the record for the smallest
RFID chip, at 0.05mm x 0.05mm. This is 1/64th the
size of the previous record holder, the mu-chips.
Manufacture is enabled by using the silicon-on-
insulator (SOI) process. These dust-sized chips can
store 38-digit numbers using 128-bits read only
memory (ROM) [www.wikipedia.org]. A major
challenge is the attachment of the antennas, thus
limiting read range to only millimeters.
The Radio Frequency Identification (Rfid)
Application Areas: In 2010 three key factors drove
a significant increase in RFID usage. They include;
decreased cost of equipment and tags, increased
performance to a reliability of 99.9% and a stable
international standard around UHF passive tag. The
areas of significant use are financial services for
Information Technology asset tracking and healthcare
with more than 60% of the top medical device
companies using passive UHF RFID in 2010. RFID is
becoming increasingly prevalent as the price of the
Frequency
band
description Operating
range
Application benefits Drawbacks
125KHz
to
134KHz
Low
frequency
Less than
0.5m
to
1.5ft
Access control, animal
tracking point of sale
application, product
authentication, vehicle
immobilizer etc
Works well
around water and
metal products
Short read range
and slower read
rate
13.56MHz High
frequency
Less than
1m
to
3ft
Smartcards library books,
airline baggage etc
Low cost of tag High read rate
when compared
to low frequency
860MHz
To
930MHz
Ultra high
frequency
(UHF)
3m
to
9ft
Parking lot access,
electronic toll collection
etc
EPC standard
built around this
frequency
Does not work
well with high
water or metal
content
2.4GHz Micro-
wave
1m
to
3ft
Airline baggage,
electronic toll collection
Most expensive Fastest read rate
Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech Vol5 No 6, June 2013
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technology decreases [www.wikipedia.org].
Therefore, the current uses include:
Electronic Vehicle Registration: With security of
cars being a major concern in many countries, RFID
technology is being leveraged by government for
Vehicle Registration
[http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/3321]
[MarkusHansenandSebastianMeissner,2000]. This
helps detect stolen cars and in their retrieval
[http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/89 Smart
LicenseMayCutCarTheft] [Mc Oswel J amin Sibin,
2010].
Payment by mobile phones: Since summer 2009,
two credit card companies have been working with
Dallas, Texas-based Device Fidelity to develop
specialized microSD cards. When inserted into a
mobile phone, the microSD card can be both a passive
tag and an RFID reader
[http://www.tollroadsnews.com/node/4513, 2009].
After inserting the microSD, a user's phone can be
linked to bank accounts and used in mobile payment.
Diaryqueen in conjunction with Vivotech has also
begun using RFIDs on mobile phones as part of their
new loyalty and rewards program. Patrons can ask to
receive an RFID tag to place on their phone. After
activation, the phone can receive promotions and
coupons, which can be read by Vivotech's devices
[MaryCatherineO'Connor, 2009]. Similarly, Nokia's
2008 device, the 6212, also has RFID capabilities.
Credit card information can be stored, and bank
accounts can be directly accessed using the enabled
handset. The phone, if used as a vector for mobile
payment, has added security in that users would be
required to enter a passcode or PIN before payment is
authorized [MaryCatherineO'Connor,2009].
Transportation payments: Governments use
RFID applications for traffic management, while
automotive companies use various RFID tracking
solutions for product management.
Car-sharing: The Zipcar car-sharing service uses
RFID cards for locking and unlocking cars and for
member identification [Mary Catherine O'Connor
2008].
Toll roads: The tags, which are usually the active
type, are read remotely as vehicles pass through the
booths, and tag information is used to debit the toll
amount from a prepaid account. The system helps to
speed traffic through toll plazas as it records the date,
time, and billing data for the RFID vehicle tag. This
has been introduced in some places in Nigeria.
Public transit (bus, rail, subway): In South
Korea, t-money cards can be used to pay for public
transit. It can also be used in most convenience stores
and vending machines in subways as cash. 90% of
cabs in Seoul accept card payment, including most
major credit cards and the T-money card. T-money
replaced UPASS, first introduced for transport
payments in 1996 using MIFARE technology
[Greene.C.Thomas,2004]. Also, in Hong Kong, mass
transit is paid for almost exclusively through the use
of an RFID technology, called the octopus card. This
has also been used in various other countries like
Canada, Russia etc [Greene.C.Thomas,2004].
Asset management and retail sales: RFID
combined with mobile computing and Web
technologies provide a way for organizations to
identify and manage their assets. It was initially
introduced to major retail by Craig Patterson,
Knoxville, TN. Mobile computers, with integrated
RFID readers, can now deliver a complete set of tools
that eliminate paperwork, give proof of identification
and attendance.
Web based management tools allow organizations to
monitor their assets and make management decisions
from anywhere in the world. Web based applications
now mean that third parties, such as manufacturers and
contractors can be granted access to update asset data,
including for example, inspection history and transfer
documentation online ensuring that the end user
always has accurate, real-time data. Organizations are
already using RFID tags combined with a mobile asset
management solution to record and monitor the
location of their assets, their current status, and
whether they have been maintained.
RFID is being adopted for item-level retail uses. Aside
from efficiency and product availability gains, the
system offers a superior form of electronic article
surveillance (EAS) and a superior self-checkout
process for consumers. The financial services
technology consortium (FSTC) set a technical
standard for tagging Information Technology assets
[http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/3321] and
other industries have used that standard as a guideline.
For instance the US State Department is now tagging
IT assets with passive RFID using ISO/IEC 18000-6
standard [www.rfidnews.com].
Schools and universities: School authorities in the
J apanese city of Osaka are now chipping children's
clothing, back packs, and student IDs in a primary
school.

Similarly, Whitcliffe Mount School in
cleckheaton England uses RFID to track pupils and
staff in and out of the building via a specially designed
card. In the Philippines, some schools already use
RFID in IDs for borrowing books and also gates in
those particular schools have RFID ID scanners for
buying items at a school shop and canteen, library and
also to sign in and sign out for student and teacher's
attendance [www.rfidnews.com].
Human implants: Implantable RFID chips
designed for animal tagging are now being used in
human beings. An early experiment with RFID
implants was conducted by British professor of
cybernetics Kevin Warwick, who implanted a chip in
his arm in 1998. In 2004 Conrad chase offered
implanted chips in his night clubs in Barcelona and
Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech Vol5 No 6, June 2013
207
Rotterdam to identify their VIP customers, who in turn
use it to pay for drinks. In 2004, the Mexican Attorney
General's office implanted 18 of its staff members with
the verichip to control access to a secure data room
[Greene.C.Thomas,2004].

Figure.6a Hand with the planned

Figure.6b the hand just after the operation to insert
location of the RFID chip. The RFID tag was
completed. The yellow is from the iodine disinfection
before inserting the chip
D. Applications of rfid technology in nigeria:
The RFID technology has been suggested to be
applied in various sectors in Nigeria to reduce
corruption. These sectors include; the monitoring of
crude oil, tracking the movement of money, drug
agencies and monitoring containers entering the
country. Other proposed applications include: the
cloning of documents such as certificate of occupancy,
bills of lading and university certificates etc.
An RFID technology company in Nigeria started
providing anti-money laundering (AML) solutions to
banks. The technology tracks the movement of money
and alerts the Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit of
any suspicious activities. The company is providing
the service to five major Nigerian banks. This
technology has been used by NAFDAC to reduce the
importation and distribution of counterfeit drugs 2008
[Emenike .U. Ugwuatu, 2007].
4. System Design And Implementation
Methodology
The method/approach used in achieving this
project design include; the designing of a hardware
unit consisting of a motor interfaced with a designed
database and graphical user interface(GUI) that will
be responsible for taking and storing the data received
from the reader. And the software development unit
consisting the Microsoft visual studio, Microsoft .Net
framework and Microsoft access. This is done by
comparing the information received from the RFID
reader to the information stored in the database.
The Hardware: The hardware architecture consists
of the UME4100 RFID tag, the SEEED 125 KHz
RFID reader, the ATMEL AT89S52 microcontroller,
the computer, the door unit, the power supply unit, the
universal serial bus (USB), USB to serial converter,
the RS-232 interface, the universal asynchronous
receiver transmitter (UART) and the serial data
transmission.
The RFID reader in figure 7 uses low frequency
band, and practically, the reading distance between the
tag and the reader is about 7cm. The output of this
reader is transmitted serially, and data is transmitted at
9600 baud rates. However, this reader has been
chosen because it has a DB9 female header, which
can be used to connect to the serial port of personal
computer, and it can display the unique ID of the tag
in Window operating system. Its applications includes
Pet Toys and Access Control System

Figure.7 The SEEED RFID reader
[www.seeedstudio.com] (module and antenna)
The figure 8 shows the RFID tags used in this
paper. These RFID tags are passive tags thus it
has no internal power supply. These tags activated
by radio frequency transmitted by the reader. The
reading distance is about 7 cm. When the RFID reader
receives the data from the tag, the data then will be
compared with the data in the database to identify the
holder of the tag.

Figure.8 The UEM4100 RFID tag
This design consists of the RS-232 circuit, the
motor circuit and the microcontroller. The RFID
reader sends signals to the RS-232 circuit which
interfaces with the serial port. The microcontroller is
programmed to receive signals from the RS-232
circuit and sends signals to control the motor circuit
which controls the direction of movement of the door.
The crystal oscillator generates pulses that enable the
microcontroller to execute instructions. The
microcontroller codes are written with assembly
language.
The motor unit controls the movement of the
door. The microcontroller sends signals to the
transistor which acts as a switching device. These
transistors allow current flow into the relay.
The RS-232 converts the transistor-transistor
logic data to enables communication with the serial
port.
Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech Vol5 No 6, June 2013
208
The Software: The software development unit
consisting: the Microsoft visual studio, Microsoft .Net
framework and Microsoft access [JuliaCaseandAnita
.C.Millspaugh,2005].
Microsoft Access Database: There are two
databases designed using Microsoft Access 2007. The
databases named regDB and attendance. The
regDB database stores information of registered
users. This information is used by the administration
to identify and manipulating attendance information.
In the other hand, the attendance database stores all
attendance related data. Besides that, there are three
tables inside the attendance database which act as
temporary data storage which are tagid, username
and datereg. These tables are essential to the
program flow. The database has a login password
which allows access. Figures 9a & 9b are the pictures
of the regDB database and attendance database.


Figure.9a regDB database




Figure.9b Attendance database

Time Attendance GUI design: The GUI of the
Time Attendance is developed using Microsoft Visual
Studio 2008. However, it is difficult to design an
attractive GUI using the basic controls provided by the
Microsoft Visual Studio. Thus, third party add-on
software which is Developer Express 2011 has been
used to enhance the appearance of the GUI. This
software is integrated into Microsoft Visual Studio
2010. The Time Attendance interface is divided into
two parts which are login part and the main interface
part. The purpose of the login part is to make the
system more secure as user has to login before having
the access of the main interface. The folder of the
design project is named RFID BASED
ATTENDANCE SYSTEM. The output of the
compilation is in Debug folder within the project
folder. Figure 10 is the flow chart for the login
transaction [Amirjan Bin Nawabjan, 2009].









NO


YES




NO
IdentificationNot
Matched
Insertusername
andpassword
Usernam
efound?
Comparepasswordwiththe
passwordstoredinthe
database
Searchusername
inthedatabase
Password
matched?
Usernamenot
found
Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech Vol5 No 6, June 2013
209
YES


Figure. 10 Flow chart of the login transaction

5. Coding Technique

Figure.11 The dataset
Database queries: SQL statements such as INSERT,
DELETE and UPDATE are used to retrieve and
manipulate data in the database. Besides that, getting
data row from dataset method is also used to retrieve
the data without manipulating it, as used to display the
data in the database interface. Furthermore, try-catch
statement is implemented to control the program
exception during the queries.
Serial port interfacing: Microsoft Visual Studio
provides the serial port class library to make
communication between serial port and the window
form. This method is interrupt-driven. The serial
handler codes are illustrated below.
Private Sub SerialPort1_Data Received(ByVal sender
As Object, By Val e As System. IO. Ports. Serial
Data Received Event Args) Handles
SerialPort1.DataReceived
Control. Check for Illegal Cross Thread Calls =False
SerialPort1.Read (MyData, 0, 14)
For each check As Integer in My Data
Txt Rfid. Append Text (check)
Next
Data =Txt Rfid. Text
Reg Attendance()
System. Threading. Thread. Sleep(2000)
Txt Rfid. Text =""
Txt Name. Text =""
Txt Time. Text =""
End Sub
6. Tests, Results And Discussion

Figure.12 The RFID output
The serial watcher is used to monitor the output of the
RFID tags. The computer receives 14 digits through
the serial port where the first digit is the start bit, the
next 10 digits is the tag code, the next 2 digits after the
tag code is the checksum bit and the last digit, the end
bit.
5.1.2 The motor unit test
The microcontroller was tested to make sure it
sends the required signal needed to operate the door.
The microcontroller code was adjusted until this
problem was solved, and it sends the required signals
needed for the operation of the door.
Table 3 showing tests comparison of the RFID
attendance with another randomly picked attendance
system.
Table 3 test comparison table between RFID and
magnetic strip
TESTS RFID MAGNETIC
STRIPE
Speed of
registration
2-4
seconds
4-8seconds
Card access
modes
From a
distant
range
By insertion in slot
Tests accuracy 1/10 2/10

GotoMainMenu
Int. J Sci. Emerging Tech Vol5 No 6, June 2013
210
Also, a stained card test was carried out with a stained
both magnetic strip card and an RFID card with dirt,
and then inserted the magnetic strip into the slot. The
magnetic strip seemed not to work as a result of the
dirt making the reader malfunction. In the case of the
RFID card, the signal from the transponder was
retrieved because communication is by contactless
radio frequency.
7. Operation

Figure.13 Login interface
The figure13 shows the login form to get the
access of the Time Attendance system by the
administrator. The Administrator has no data
manipulation restriction. This interface is created to
limit access to only the administrator for security
purposes.
The attendance main interface

Figure.14 The attendance main interface
The figure 14 shows the attendance main interface
of the system. There are three options which are show
attendance, add user and delete user. Time
attendance menu is chosen to access the time
attendance system. The show attendance displays all
the attendees cards that have been scanned.

Figure.15a the show attendance interface
The add user is used to register a card. The card is
first scanned and a username is attached to the data
received before storing it in the database.


Figure.15b Add user interface
The delete user is used to remove an already
registered card from the database. This is done by
scanning the card and attaching the required
username of the card before clicking on the delete
button.

Figure. 15c Delete user interface
8. Conclusion
In conclusion, the objective to build an RFID
based attendance system with a door unit was
successfully achieved. In terms of performance and
efficiency, this project has provided a convenient
method of attendance marking compared to the
traditional method of attendance system. By using
databases, the data is more organized. This system is
also a user friendly system as data manipulation and
retrieval can be done via the interface, making it a
universal attendance system. Thus, it can be
implemented in either an academic institution or in
organizations.

However, some further improvements can be
made on this RFID in order to increase its reliability
and effectiveness. *By incorporated an indicator or an
LCD screen in the system to indicate when an
unregistered card is scanned. *An IP camera can be
integrated into this system to enable the monitor to
view the person who makes the transaction to avoid a
problem of a person scanning in for another person.
*A reminder alert also can be developed to effectively
track any ID that has been absent for an unacceptable
times in a row. *Finally, this attendance system can be
improved by adding a feature where the attendance
system indicates when an employee or a student is late
for work or classes as the case maybe.
References
[1] Daniel M. Dobkin and Steven M. Weigand
(2010), Environmental effects on RFID tag
antennas, Bulis press, California.
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[2] SEEED RFID Reader Manual,
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[3] J ulia Case and Anita .C. Millspaugh (2005),
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[4] Financial Consortium Publishes RFID Standards
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[6] Stevan Preradovic and Nemai C. Karmakar
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[8] www.rfidnews.com
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Smart License May Cut Car Theft
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Mexico's Electronic Vehicle Registration
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Bermuda's RFID Vehicle Registration System
Could Save $2 Million/Year


Authors
Engr. Okorafor, G. Nwaji is a Master Degree Holder on
Electronics Computer Engineering (ECE) in the Department of
Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Federal University of
Technology, Owerri (FUTO). He is a research on computer and
communication related subject matters.
E-Mail: [email protected]

Engr. Nosiri, C. Onyebuchi is a Lecturer in the Department of
Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Federal University of
Technology, Owerri (FUTO). He is a research on communication
engineering related subject matters.
E-Mail: [email protected]

Engr. Dr. Opara, F. Kelechi is a Reader in the Department of
Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Federal University of
Technology, Owerri (FUTO); and a major in Data Communication
Engineering. He is a researcher on Communication related matters.
E-Mail: [email protected].