SIA

8
Mechanical Systems Class Notes

1.0 Machines are tools that help humans do work

1.1 Simple Machines - Meeting Human Needs

Machines help people use energy more efficiently. A machine helps us do work.

The earliest machines were simple devices to make work easier; like moving a large rock or
moving a load up an incline, splitting wood or lifting materials up to a working area above the
ground. These simple machines depended on people or animals as their source of energy.

Meeting the Same Need In Different Ways
Machines were built to satisfy basic human needs, such as getting water. Three devices used to
get water in earlier times included:



Sakia (or, Persian wheel) Roman aquaduct Achimedes screw


Simple Machines
A simple machine is a tool or device made up of one basic machine. There are six types of basic
machines. http://www.fi.edu/qa97/spotlight3/spotlight3.html
http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/sciber00/8th/machines/sciber/intro.htm

Lever is a rigid bar or plank that can rotate around a fixed point called a pivot, or fulcrum.
Levers are used to reduce the force need to do a particular task. You can move a very large
load, but you must move a greater distance than the load moves.
http://207.10.97.102/elscizone/lessons/land/simplmachines/3classes.htm
There are 3 classes of levers. (a prybar can be all three classes of lever,
depending on how it is used.)

Moving heavy loads Lifting heavy loads Gaining speed
First Class Lever Second Class Lever Third Class Lever
crowbars and pliers wheelbarrow Hammer, your arm

Inclined plane or ramp makes it easier to move a load higher than it is, but it has to be moved
over a much longer distance. An inclined plane makes it possible to lift heavy objects using a
smaller force (examples: loading ramp, wheelchair access ramp)










Height
it moves





Distance the load moves
SIA
8
Mechanical Systems Class Notes

Wedge is similar in shape to an inclined plane, but is used in a different way (and can only be
used in one direction). It is forced into an object to split it apart. The wedge increases the force
applied to the object, but it moves a greater distance into the object than it splits apart.




Examples:
axe blade or, a knife


A Screw is a cylinder with a groove cut in a spiral on the outside. (It is actually an inclined plane
that winds around itself) It helps you increase the force you use. It can be used to convert
rotational (turning) motion to linear motion (movement in a straight line). It moves objects in a
straight line very slowly.

Examples include: jar lids, light bulbs, and spiral staircases

A Pulley consists of a wire, rope, or cable moving on a grooved wheel. One or more
combinations of wheels and ropes can be fixed in place or moveable. Pulleys help you lift larger
loads.


Moveable Pulley Fixed Pulley


The Wheel and Axle is a combination of to wheels of different diameters that turn together - a
lever that rotates in a circle around a center point or fulcrum. A longer motion on the wheel
produces a more powerful motion on the axle. They can be used to increase the size of the force
(steering wheel in a car) or the speed (bicycle wheels).

The Effects of Simple Machines





Change the direction of
a force (a pulley on a
flagpole)
Multiply force
(a screwdriver)
Increasing or decreasing
speed (scissors)
Transferring force
(removing staples)

See also the review notes here: http://www.connect.ab.ca/~lburns/students_eightunit2notes.html

SIA
8
Mechanical Systems Class Notes


1.2 The Complex Machine A Mechanical Team

As time passed, people expected more and more difficult tasks to be completed by machines.
Machines became more complex. Power sources had to be developed to run these complicated
machines. Over the last two centuries - coal, oil and electricity powered complicated machines
were developed to do work in large factories. The industrial revolution used these large
complicated machines to mass-produce goods for use by consumers.

The steam engine moved these good across countries in a very short time, giving people more
and better access to food, clothing, tools and raw materials than previously. The standard of
living had improved. The continual development of new technologies has lead to our virtual
dependence on machines.

Complex Machines
Several simple machines all working together in a system are called complex machines. A
system is a group of parts that work together to perform a function.

The bicycle is a good example of a complex machine because it is a system for moving a person
from one place to another. Within the bicycle are groups of parts that perform specific functions,
such as braking or steering. These groups of parts are called subsystems. Each subsystem in a
complex machine contains a simple machine and usually has just one function.




The subsystems of a bicycle are:
Wheel and axle
Drivers & Gears
Frames & Materials
Brakes & Steering
Aerodynamic design

Explore the Science of Cycling at this website: http://www.exploratorium.edu/cycling/index.html
Build your Dream Bicycle: http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/online/topics/54j.html

Subsystems That Transfer Forces
The subsystems in a mechanical device that produce motion, such as in a bicycle, play a role in
how energy is transferred within the system. The subsystems are called linkages and
transmissions.

Linkages
The linkage is the part of the subsystem that transfers your energy from
the pedals to the back wheel. In the bicycle, the chain is the linkage. In a
car, the fan belt is the linkage from the engine to the cooling fan to
prevent the engine from overheating. Chains or belts form a direct link
between two wheels one that drives the motion and the other will follow
in the same direction.

Brakes use a lever to
increase the force
Wheel and axle
Gears reduce the force
Chain transfers the force
from the pedals to the gears
Pedals act as a lever,
increasing the force applied
to the wheel and axle
SIA
8
Mechanical Systems Class Notes


Transmissions
Machines that are more complex than a bicycle move much larger loads. A special type of
linkage is needed. It is called a transmission. It transfers energy from the engine to the wheels.
A transmission contains a number of different gears. This enables the operator to move the
object slowly with a large force, or quickly with a smaller force.

Gears
Gears are essential components of most mechanical systems. They consist of a pair of wheels
that have teeth that interlink. When they rotate together, one gearwheel transfers turning motion
and force to the other.
There are many different types of gears. This website has just a few:
http://www.fi.edu/time/Journey/Time/Escapements/geartypes.html


. Gears can also be used to change the
direction of motion in a mechanical
device, such as in an eggbeater.
Gears can be used to increase or decrease
force or speed

How Gears Work
Gears transfer energy in a mechanical system. Gear wheels which are wheels with precisely
manufactured, identical teeth around its edge - work together in gear trains of two or more wheels
transferring rotary motion and force from one part of a complex machine to another part.

A smaller gear (Y) is called a pinion. The gear that supplies the energy is called the driving gear
(X). The gear to which the force is directed is called the driven gear (Y).



How Gears Affect Speed

A large gear (X) driving a smaller gear (Y) decreases torque and increases speed in the
driven gear. Gears such as these are called multiplying gears.

A small gear (Y) driving a larger gear (X) increases torque and reduces speed in the driven
gear. Gears like these are called reducing gears. When the driving gear has fewer teeth than
the driven gear, the driven gear then rotates more slowly than the driving gear. A car or bicycle in
low gear uses reducing gears.

When the driving and the driven gears are the same size they are known as parallel gears.