Howard Hughes Medical Institute

2011 Holiday Lectures on Science

Creating Phylogenetic Trees from DNA Sequences

Student Worksheet
About This Worksheet
This worksheet complements the Click and Learn Creating
Phylogenetic Trees from DNA Sequences developed in conjunction
with the 2011 Holiday Lectures on Science, Bones, Stones, and
Genes: The Origin of Modern Humans.
Author: Ann Brokaw, Rocky River High School, Rocky River, OH
Answer the following questions as you proceed through the activity slides.
1. Briefly explain how scientists draw relationships between organisms based on shared anatomical
features.
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2. How are DNA sequences used to deduce evolutionary relationships?
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3. What is one advantage of building phylogenetic trees using DNA comparisons rather than
anatomical features?
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4. Watch the video clip on slide 3 and then draw a simple tree illustrating the evolutionary
relationships between gorillas, chimpanzees, humans, and orangutans.

5. Watch the short video on slide 4. How has biotechnology affected the process of building
phylogenetic trees from DNA sequences?
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Creating Phylogenetic Trees from DNA Sequences

6. What do evolutionarily related organisms share?

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7. What are two common types of mutations?
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8. Watch the short animation on slide 6 and describe a SNP.
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9. Watch the short animation on slide 7 and describe an indel.
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10. Explain the difference between distantly related and closely related organisms in terms of their
DNA sequences.
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11. What does it mean to compare apples to apples when referring to DNA sequences from
different organisms?
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12. Watch the short animation on slide 10 and explain what is meant by aligning DNA sequences.
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13. How is a SNP identified in an alignment?
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14. How is an indel identified in an alignment?
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15. Look at the information on slide 15. From left to right, identify the base in each box as an indel or
a SNP. Write your answers in the spaces below.
Box 1 (left) _______
Box 2 (center) _______
Box 3 (right) _______
Now click on each box and check your answers to question 15 above.
16. Watch the video clip on slide 17. How can you identify the two sequences that are most similar?
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Creating Phylogenetic Trees from DNA Sequences

17. Watch the video clip on slide 18 and describe the link between the length of the line and time.
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18. What is surprising about the placement of hippos on the phylogenetic tree?
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19. Define a branch point (also called a node) on a phylogenetic tree and describe what it represents.
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20. What is the root?
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21. What does the node closest to the root represent?
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22. Describe what an unrooted phylogenetic tree represents.
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23. On slides 22 and 23, notice how phylogenetic trees can rotate around nodes and have different
shapes. Notice the relationships between the organisms do not change.
24. Using the information on slide 24, explain how DNA evidence supports the known biology of the
seven cone snails.
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25. Write three conclusions drawn from the information provided in this Click and Learn:
a. _____________________________________________________________________________
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b. _____________________________________________________________________________
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c. _____________________________________________________________________________
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Creating Phylogenetic Trees from DNA Sequences

Extension Activity
Address the following concepts in essay form in the space provided below.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species:
a. The evolution of a species is dependent on changes in the genome of the species. Identify two
mechanisms of genetic change, and explain how each affects genetic variation.
b. Describe two types of evidenceother than the comparison of DNA sequencesthat can be
used to determine the phylogeny of organisms. Discuss one strength of each type of evidence
you described.
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About the Holiday Lectures on Science and BioInteractive.org

As part of its mission to strengthen science education, HHMI presents the Holiday Lectures on Science, an annual series that brings the latest developments in a rapidly moving field of
research into the classroom. The lectures are given by HHMI investigators and other leading scientists. The series began in 1993.
To complement the Holiday Lectures and enhance their usefulness in the classroom, HHMI produces a variety of free science education materials. Lecture summaries, biographies of the
lecturers, and other resources are available at www.holidaylectures.org. DVDs and CD-ROMs can be ordered through HHMIs Catalog at http://catalog.hhmi.org.
The BioInteractive website (www.BioInteractive.org) features virtual labs, animations, and other engaging instructional materials. They can be used to supplement the lecture topics or to learn
important concepts in the biomedical sciences.

About the Howard Hughes Medical Institute

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