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HT5

This document provides an overview of heat exchangers, including their types, analysis methods, and selection process. It describes common heat exchanger designs like shell-and-tube, compact, and plate-and-frame exchangers. It also covers key concepts like the overall heat transfer coefficient, fouling factor, and methods for analyzing heat exchangers using the log mean temperature difference and effectiveness-NTU methods. The document emphasizes that proper heat exchanger selection depends on factors like the required heat transfer rate, costs, size/weight constraints, materials, and operational considerations.

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VuiKuan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
99 views

HT5

This document provides an overview of heat exchangers, including their types, analysis methods, and selection process. It describes common heat exchanger designs like shell-and-tube, compact, and plate-and-frame exchangers. It also covers key concepts like the overall heat transfer coefficient, fouling factor, and methods for analyzing heat exchangers using the log mean temperature difference and effectiveness-NTU methods. The document emphasizes that proper heat exchanger selection depends on factors like the required heat transfer rate, costs, size/weight constraints, materials, and operational considerations.

Uploaded by

VuiKuan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HEAT EXCHANGERS

Types of Heat Exchangers


Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Fouling Factor
Analysis of Heat Exchanger (LMTD method
& effectiveness-NTU method)
Selection of Heat Exchangers
Types of Heat Exchangers
A device whose primary purpose is the transfer of
energy (heat) between two fluids.
Applications:
Car radiator
Boilers & condenser used in industry
Air conditioning, Refrigerator, water heater
Heat exchanger design: economic consideration is
important (material, weight, size)
Different heat transfer applications require different
types of heat exchanger designs, to match the heat
transfer requirements within specified constraints.
Double-pipe heat exchanger
The simplest type of heat exchanger; consist of two
concentric pipes of different diameters
One fluid flows through the smaller pipe while the
other fluid flows through the annular space between
the two pipes.
Two types of flow
arrangement
parallel flow,
counter flow
Compact heat exchanger
Large heat transfer surface area per unit volume.
Area density | heat transfer surface of a heat
exchanger to volume ratio.
Compact heat exchanger | >700 m
2
/m
3
.
Examples:
car radiators (| 1000 m
2
/m
3
),
glass-ceramic gas turbine heat
exchangers (| 6000 m
2
/m
3
),
the regenerator of a Stirling
engine (| 15,000 m
2
/m
3
), and
the human lung (| 20,000 m
2
/m
3
).
Compact heat exchangers are commonly
used in
gas-to-gas and
gas-to liquid (or liquid-to-gas) heat exchangers.
Typically cross-flow configuration the two
fluids move perpendicular to each other.
The cross-flow is further classified as
unmixed flow
and
mixed flow.


Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger
The most common type of heat exchanger in industrial
applications.
Large number of tubes are packed in a shell with their axes
parallel to that of the shell.
The other fluid flows outside the tubes through the shell.
Baffles are commonly placed in the shell.
Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are relatively large size and
weight.
Shell-and-tube heat
exchangers are further
classified according to
the number of shell and
tube passes involved.
Plate and Frame Heat Exchanger
Consists of a series of plates with corrugated flat flow
passages.
The hot and cold fluids flow in alternate passages
Well suited for liquid-to-liquid heat exchange
applications, provided that
the hot and cold fluid
streams are at about the
same pressure.

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
A heat exchanger typically involves two flowing fluids
separated by a solid wall.
Heat is transferred
from the hot fluid to the wall by
convection,
through the wall by conduction, and
from the wall to the cold fluid by
convection.
The thermal resistance network
two convection and
one conduction resistances.


For a double-pipe heat exchanger, the thermal
resistance of the tube wall is


The total thermal resistance


When one fluid flows inside a circular
tube and the other outside of it, we have



( )
0
ln
2
i
wall
D D
R
kL t
=
( )
0
ln
1 1
2
i
total i wall o
i i o o
D D
R R R R
h A kL h A t
= + + = + +
;
i i o o
A DL A D L t t = =
It is convenient to combine all the thermal
resistances in the path of heat flow from the
hot fluid to the cold one into a single
resistance R


U is the overall heat transfer coefficient,
whose unit is W/m
2
C.
Canceling T, the equation reduces to

i i o o
T
Q UA T U A T U A T
R
A
= = A = A = A
1 1 1 1 1
wall
s i i o o i i o o
R R
UA U A U A h A h A
= = = = + +
When the wall thickness of the tube is small
and the thermal conductivity of the tube
material is high (R
wall
=0) and the inner and
outer surfaces of the tube are almost identical
(A
i
A
o
A
s
), the previous eq. simplifies to


When h
i
>>h
o

When h
i
<<h
o


1 1 1
i o
U h h
~ +
1 1
o
U h
~
1 1
i
U h
~
Fouling Factor / Fouling Resistance
The performance of heat exchangers usually
deteriorates with time as a result of accumulation of
deposits on heat transfer surfaces.
The layer of deposits represents additional resistance
to heat transfer and causes the rate of heat transfer in
a heat exchanger to decrease.
The fouling factor R
f
The net effect of these
accumulations on heat transfer.
Two common type of fouling:
precipitation of solid deposits in a
fluid on the heat transfer surfaces.
corrosion and other chemical fouling.



Fouling factors / Fouling Resistance, R
f

Resistance effect due to presence of deposits
(salts / minerals / corrosion) on the heat-transfer
surface of a heat exchanger after a period of
operation.


Total resistance (double pipe):
clean dirty
f
U U
R
1 1
=
o o o
fo
i
o
i
fi
i i
A h A
R
KL
D
D
A
R
A h
R

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

=
1
2
ln
1
t
Example 11-2 (Cengel 2006)
Double-pipe heat exchanger, stainless stell K=
15.1 W/mC
Inner tube: D
i
= 1.5cm, D
o
= 1.9cm
Outer shell inner diameter: D=3.2cm
h
i
= 800 W/m
2
.C, h
o
= 1200 W/m
2
.C
R
fi
= 0.0004 m
2
.C/W, R
fo
= 0.0001 m
2
.C/W
Determine:
The thermal resistance of heat exchanger p[er
unit length
The overall heat transfer coefficient, U
i
& U
o
.
Analysis of Heat Exchangers
Two different design tasks:
1) Specified:
- the temperature change in a fluid stream, and
- the mass flow rate.
Required:
- the designer needs to select a heat exchanger.
2) Specified:
- the heat exchanger type and size,
- fluid mass flow rate,
- inlet temperatures.
Required:
- the designer needs to predict the outlet temperatures and heat
transfer rate.
Two methods used in the analysis of heat exchangers:
the log mean temperature difference (or LMTD)
best suited for the #1,
the effectivenessNTU method
best suited for task #2.
Selection of Heat Exchangers
An engineer going through catalogs of heat exchanger
manufacturers will be overwhelmed by the type and
number of readily available off-the-shelf heat
exchangers.
The proper selection depends on several factors:
heat transfer rate
cost
procurement, maintenance, and power.
pumping power,
size and weight,
Type,
Materials,
miscellaneous (leak-tight, safety and reliability, Quietness).

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