Static Stability

2014-09-24
Hyun Chung
Division of Ocean Systems Engineering
OSE503 Intro. to NA & OE
Book Contents
Lets get under way
General arrangements
Working areas and accommodations
Design procedures
Hull forms
Statics stability
Dynamic stability
Resistance and powering
Propulsion devices
Choosing propulsion machinery
Wind power
Hull strength requirements
Materials of construction
Structural arrangements
Miscellaneous design matters
2
Contents
Buoyancy & Hydrostatics
Basics of fluid mechanics
Pressure in a fluid
Buoyancy
Hydrostatic Stability
Metacenter
Metacentric height
3
Fluid
A fluid is a substance that continually
deforms in response to external forces.
Fluids are a subset of the phases of
matter and include liquids, gases,
plasmas and, to some extent, plastic
solids.
Hence, fluid liquid
4
Density
Density of a fluid,
Definition: mass per unit volume
= mass/volume
Units: kg/m
3
Affected by changes in temperature and
pressure.
Typical values:
Air: 1.23 kg/m
3
Fresh water: 1000 kg/m
3
, Sea water: 1025 kg/m
3
Summer/Winter draft
5
Viscosity
Definition: A measure of the resistance of a
fluid which is being deformed by either
shear stress or tensile stress.
Fluid thickness in
everyday terms. That is,
water is "thin", having
a lower viscosity, while
honey is "thick",
having a higher
viscosity.
6
Pressure
Definition: force per unit area
p = F/A
Units: Pascal, Pa(=N/m
2
)
1 bar = 10
5
Pa,
1 psi = 6,895 Pa
The standard atmospheric pressure
101,325 Pa ~ 1 bar
Pressure in a fluid
p=*g*h
= fluid density
g = gravity constant
h = height of the fluid
7
Hydrodynamics vs. Aerodynamics
Similar but not quite the same
Density
Compressible / incompressible
Presence of free surface
8
Buoyancy
An upward acting
force exerted by a
fluid that opposes an
objects weight.
Weight of the
displaced water.
Eureka
9
Pressure in a Static Fluid
Force Equilibrium
10
Pressure in a Static Fluid
In a static fluid pressure
is the same at all
locations with the same
depth.
Pressure increases with
depth.
Pressure acts on a point
in all directions equally.
Pressure acts
perpendicular to the
surface.
11
Buoyancy on a Submerged Body
Fully submerged Partially submerged
(floating)
12
Example) Iceberg
The tip of the iceberg
13
Example) Submarine
How to dive and surface
14
Buoyancy in the Air
e.g.) Hot air balloons, airships, blimps
15
Stability of a System
Three states of equilibrium: Disturbe
16
Stable Neutral Unstable
Ship Stability
Ships must be
sufficiently stable
Otherwise
17
Metacenter
The typical vessels center
of gravity (structure) is
higher than its center of
buoyancy (displaced water).
In a floating body, an
imposed angle of heel
causes the center of
buoyancy to move
sideways.
18
What is stability?
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Metacenter
When a stable vessel is
heeled, the buoyant line
of force will intersect the
ships centerline
somewhere above the
center of gravity.
This intersection point is
called the metacenter, M.
20
Predicting GM
How to compute?
21
Metacentric Height
The distance between the center of gravity, G and
the metacenter M, is called the metacentric
height, GM.
Positive stability is found whenever the position
of the metacenter is above the vertical center of
gravity.
In general, GM remains essentially constant for
small heel angles.
GZ (=GM*sin) is called the righting arm.
GM>0 Stable GM<0 Unstable
22
Predicting GM
KB: Height of the center of buoyancy above
the baseline (keel).
For ordinary ship forms, KB~0.52T
BM = I / V
I : Moment of inertia of the waterplane area
V : Volume of displacement
KG: Height of the center of gravity above
the baseline(keel)
GM = KB + BM - KG
23
Example
An object with a square section
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Inclining Experiment
In an existing vessel, GM can be found by
the inclining experiment.
25
Ideal value of Stability
A reasonable value of GM is about 3~5 %
of the beam.
Smaller values leave too little margin in case
of accident, careless loading, topside icing,
etc.
Greater values lead to excessive stability. It
will lead to short, uncomfortable rolling that
may dangerous to sailors and passengers
on the ship.
26
Free Surface Effect
If the ship heels to one side the internal
liquids will flow in the same direction.
This has the effect of reducing the
metacentric height.
There will be no free
surface effect if the
tank is completely
filled with the internal
liquid.
27
Lifting a Weight
If a heavy object is suspended from the end
of a boom off from the deck, the center of
gravity jumps at the top of the boom.
28
Range of Stability
Righting Moment vs. Angle of Heel
Range of
Stability
29
Longitudinal Static Stability
Longitudinal Metacentric Height
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Flooding and Subdivision
Effect of flooding due to hull damage
31
Titanic
Bulkheads and Subdivision
Bulkheads: Transverse walls
to increase the structural
rigidity and create
watertight compartments
One Compartment
Standard: Any one
watertight compartment
may be open to the sea
without immersing the
uppermost deck or allowing
the ship to capsize.
32
Effect of Flooding
If a compartment is flooded, the buoyancy
provided by that compartment will be lost.
Then the ship will sink deeper and its
longitudinal center of buoyancy will usually
move and cause trim.
Once the deck goes into the water,
transverse stability decreases rapidly.
Note that GM=KB+BM-KG
33
Permeability
The volume of water that can enter a
damaged compartment is less than the
volume of compartment by the volume of
cargo or machinery inside the compartment.
Typical values
85% for machinery spaces, 63% for ordinary
cargo holds, 70% for container holds, 85% for
average RO/RO holds
Permeability =
Empty Volume
Molded Volume
34
Stability of Submarines
Stability of a fully submerged body
G
B
GM = KB + BM KG
= GB
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Extra slides
36
Solids vs. Fluids
A solid can be deformed by
an external force, however
its shape does not change
indefinitely.
A fluid cannot resist
deformation force. Its shape
will change continuously as
long as the force is applied.
37
Liquids and Gases
The response to an applied pressure
(force/area) is quite different.
The physical property that describes the
change of volume with applied pressure is
called the compressibility.
Compressible coefficient, (V/p)
Practically, water can be assumed to be
incompressible. (0.1% volume change under
20 bars pressure)
38
Hydrostatics
Buoyancy applied to an object
39
Ship Stability
When we say a ship is (statically)
stable, we mean the boat will
Float upright when at rest in still water
Return to its initial upright position if
given a slight, temporary deflection to
either side by some external force.
Unstable ships
Neutrally stable ships
40
Rocking chair analogy
The center of weight is
higher than the center of
support which is on the
floor.
When the chair leans back,
the center of support also
moves and so keeps the
chair from tipping over.
Metacenter
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Example
An object with a circular section
42
Range of Stability
What happened to stability characteristics
at larger angles of heel?
Usually the righting moment will start to
increase. It increases approximately linearly at
small angles.
It will reach a maximum at about the angle of
heel at which the deck edge starts to immerse.
Beyond that it will tend to decrease and
eventually drop to zero.
At any greater angle the vessel will capsize.
43
Longitudinal Static Stability
A ship rarely capsizes in the fore-and-aft
direction.
However, the trim change by adding or
removing or shifting weights on the ship in
the longitudinal direction is an important
concern.
The measure for this trim change
MTI: Moment to trim one inch
MCT: Moment to change trim one centimeter
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