PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF CPLD AND PLD BASED

TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

A Thesis
Submitted to the Department of Computer Science and Engineering
of
BRAC University
by
ISHTAQUE ASAD
Student ID: 06310016
MD. ASADUZZAMAN
Student ID: 06310025
TANVIR SOBHAN
Student ID: 06310015
KHANDKER MOHD. SABBIR MORSHED
Student ID: 06110025
Supervised by
Dr. A.K.M. Abdul Malek Azad

In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
of
Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communication Engineering ,Sep 2009



2

















































2
3


DECLARATION



We hereby declare that this thesis is based on the results we found by our work.
Contantes of work found by other researcher are mentioned by reference. This thesis , has
never been previously submitted for any degree neither in whole nor in part.





Signature of Signature of
Supervisor Author
































3
4

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS



Special thanks to all the people who believed our ability, people who taught us how to
use FPGA, to Chowdhury Mohd. Iftekharul Islam, Md. Asaduzzaman All Faruq, and to Md.
Ahmed Al Amin , seniors who have tought us how to think freely and using many devices not
femilier to us , Suhailey Farzana for aiding to design our Traffic light model, and to Dr. A.K.M.
Abdul Malek Azad for accepting the difficult task of overseeing this work to completion and
giving us the chance to learn under him.


































4
5



ABSTRACT



PLD and CPLD has been extensively used for custom made circuits. That is why they are
perfect for designing traffic light control systems. Our thesis represents the performance
comparison of a traffic light control system designed on GAL (Generic Array Logic) using
Programmable Logic Device (PLD) and on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) using
Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD). For our PLD implementation, we have
considered GAL (16V8) chips, which can be reprogrammed and erased. For the CPLD
implementation, we have considered FPGA (Altera's Flex 10k family's EPF10K10TC144-4)
chip, which is a 144 pin SRAM. The CPLD design was developed using the CPLD
programming software MAX PLUS2 v 9.23. The traffic light controller consists of traffic signals
(Red, Yellow/Amber & Green). We have designed the traffic controller using both CPLD and
PLD. Then we have taken the real time waveform as well as the simulated waveform for
different frequencies. The Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO).was used to generate the real
time wave from the traffic controllers. The results from the real time waveform clearly
illustrates that CPLD has the better performance over the PLD technology. Further more we
have designed complex circuits for automated detection of railway crossing and A Five road
junction ontrolling Traffic light system.

Keywords: GAL, PLD, FPGA, CPLD, Leap, Altera, traffic light control system
5
6





TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE..........................................................................................1

DECLARATION.........................................................................................3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................4

ABSTRACT...........................................................................................5

TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................6

LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................8


CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 An Overview ....10
1.2 Research Objective........................................................................11

CHAPTER II. Brief of the Technologies

2.1 An Overview of the twchnologies used ............... ....12
2.2 Programmeble Logic Device ( PLD )..............................................12
2.2.1 Generic Array Logic ( GAL ).13
2.3 Complex Programmable Logic Device ( CPLD )...........14
2.3.1 Benefits of using CPLD 15
2.3.2 Field Programmable Logic Array ( FPGA ) ...17
2.3.3 The Internal Structure of FPGA18
2.3.4 Applications of FPGAs19

CHAPTER III. Traffic Light controller implementation with CPLD/FPGA

3.1 Designing Method ..........................................................................21
3.2 State tables.....................................................................................22
3.3 Karnaugh Map generation from the state table ..........................23
3.4 Circuit implementation in Max plus II...............................................25
3.5 CPLD based Output waveform with DSO........................................26

CHAPTER IV. Traffic Light controller implementation with PLD (GAL)

6
7
4.1 Design Method.......27
4.2 State Table For the PLD based traffic light ..........................................28
4.3 Circuit implementation in WINIDE Studio v 3.5.11................................29
4.4 PLD based Output waveform with DSO................................................30

CHAPTER V. Performance Comparison Of CPLD and PLD based Circuits
5.1 An overview...........................................................................................31
5.2 Comparison of DSO outputs with respect to variable frequencies.31
5.3 Delay response with respect to variable frequencies..33

CHAPTER VI. Complex Circuit Implementation
6.1 Complex circuits .35
6.2 Five road junction ...35
6.3 Sensor triggered Automatic Railway Crossing...37

CHAPTER VII. Conclusion ...38



LIST OF REFERENCES......................................................................................39


























7
8
LIST OF FIGURES


Figure Page

2.2.1 GAL 16 v 8 13
2.3 Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD)14
2.3.2 Types of FPGA...17
2.3.2. Silicon Wafer containing10,000 gate FPGAs ...18
2.3.2b Single FPGA Die...18
2.3.3 A typical FPGA architecture with three major components19
3.2 State orientation of the Traffic light ....22
3.2 State Table of the Traffic Light Controller..22
3.3 Karnaugh map ..23-24
3.4 Internal structure of the Traffic light Controller block ..............................25
3.4b Traffic Light Controller CPLD based...........................................26
3.5 DSO output of the CPLD implementation at 1 khz . 26
4.2 State table for PLD based Traffic-Light Controller... 27
4.3 Circuit diagram of PLD based Traffic Light Control System...............29
4.3b State Graph for Traffic Light Controller..30
4.4 DSO output of the PLD implementation at 1 khz (Cycle time is 13 ms)30
5.2a: DSO output of the PLD implementation at 1 khz (Cycle time is 13 ms) ..33
5.2b :DSO output of the CPLD implementation at 1 khz...33
5.2 c: Cycle time vs frequency 33
5.3 b : Difference of delay response (PLD CPLD).34
6.2 Five road junction Traffic Controller 36
6.2b Simulated waveform of the five rioad junction using MAX PLUS II .....36
6.3 Sensor triggered Automatic Railway Crossing using CPLD .39







8
9




























9
10
CHAPTER I

Introduction

1.1 An overview

PLD and CPLD have been used for a wide range of applications. After the introduction of the
first PLD in the early 1970s by Phillips, the field of programmable logic has expanded
exponentially.[4]

Due to its ease of design and maintenance, implementation of custom made
chips has shifted to PLD. Also there is a fact that cost of building a mask production of a
custom VLSI, especially for small quantity is great.[2]

However, PLD such as PALs and GALs are available only in small sizes, equivalent to a
hundred of logic gates. For Larger logic gates, Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD)
was needed. Now, CPLD can replace thousands, or even hundreds of thousands, of logic
gates [5]. But CPLDs doesnt have much memory. Thats why devices which require lots of
flip flops are not good candidates for CPLD [6]. For this reason machines such as a finite
state machine class circuits such as traffic light controller are perfect for implementation [6].

A traffic light or traffic signal is a signaling device which is placed on a road intersection or
pedestrian crossing to indicate when it is safe to drive, ride or walk, using a universal color
code (usually red, yellow and green) [7].With the growing number of vehicles, the traffic
congestion and transportation delay on urban arterials are increasing worldwide; hence it is
imperative to improve the safety and efficiency of transportation [3]. That is why improve
traffic light control system is essential.







10
11
1.2 Research Objective

The objective of our work is to implement a Traffic light Control system for a four road junction
with both PLD and CPLD. And thereby Compare the performance of the two device. As the
CPLD is a new technology to the country. These advanced technology implementations will
lead the countries systems in the near future. So for a better future,its today we have to work
with.





































11
12
CHAPTER II

Brief of the Technologies


2.1 An Overview of the Technologies used

PLD and CPLD have been used for a wide range of applications. After the introduction
of the first PLD in the early 1970s by Phillips, the field of programmable logic has expanded
exponentially.[4]

Due to its ease of design and maintenance, implementation of custom made
chips has shifted to PLD. Also there is a fact that cost of building a mask production of a
custom VLSI, especially for small quantity is great.[2]However, PLD such as PALs and GALs
are available only in small sizes, equivalent to a hundred of logic gates. For Larger logic
gates, Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) was needed. Now, CPLD can replace
thousands, or even hundreds of thousands, of logic gates [5]. But CPLDs dont have much
memory. Thats why devices which require lots of flip flops are not good candidates for CPLD
[6]. For this reason machines belonging to finite state class machine circuits such as traffic
light controller are perfect for implementation [6].


2.2 Programmeble Logic Device ( PLD )

A programmable logic device or PLD is an electronic component used to build
reconfigurable digital circuits. Unlike a logic gate, which has a fixed function, a PLD has an
undefined function at the time of manufacture. Before the PLD can be used in a circuit it must
be programmed. PLD is classified into PAL (Programmable Array Logic) and GAL (Generic
Array Logic). MMI introduced a breakthrough device in 1978, the Programmable Array Logic
or PAL. Which is a fixed circuit ambedded in a chip. An innovation of the PAL was the generic
array logic device, or GAL, invented by Lattice Semiconductor in 1985. Both of the
technologies consist of small chips. For our thesis we used GAL as it is reprogrammable and
more afficient.


12
13
2.2.1 Generic Array Logic ( GAL )

The Generic Array Logic (GAL) device was an innovation of the PAL and was invented
by Lattice Semiconductor. The GAL was an improvement on the PAL because one device
was able to take the place of many PAL devices or could even have functionality not covered
by the original range. Its primary benefit, however, was that it was eraseable and re-
programmable making prototyping and design changes easier for engineers. The GAL is very
useful in the prototyping stage of a design, when any bugs in the logic can be corrected by
reprogramming. GALs are programmed and reprogrammed using a PAL programmer, or by
using the in-circuit programming technique on supporting chips.Lattice GALs combine CMOS
and electrically erasable (E^2) floating gate technology for a high-speed, low-power logic
device.For our thesis we have used GAL 16v8 chips.

Fig 2.2.1: GAL 16v8
The GAL16V8, at 3.5 ns maximum propagation delay time, combines a high performance
CMOS process with Electrically Erasable (E2) floating gate technology to provide the highest
speed performance available in the PLD market. High speed erase times (<100ms) allow the
devices to be reprogrammed quickly and efficiently.








13
14
2.3 Complex Programmable Logic Device ( CPLD )

A complex programmable logic device (CPLD) is a programmable logic device with complexity
between that of PALs and FPGAs, and architectural features of both. The building block of a
CPLD is the macro cell, which contains logic implementing disjunctive normal form
expressions and more specialized logic operations. Now a days CPLD has progressed in
such a manner that is has become impossible to distinguish between CPLD and FPGA
technology .There is very minor differences between these two technologies.


Figure 2.3 Complex Programmable
Logic Device (CPLD)


Features in common wit FPGAs :
Large number of gates available. CPLDs typically have the equivalent of thousands to
tens of thousands of logic gates, allowing implementation of moderately complicated
data processing devices. PALs typically have a few hundred gate equivalents at most,
while FPGAs typically range from tens of thousands to several million.
Some provisions for logic more flexible than sum of products expressions, including
complicated feedback paths between macro cells, and specialized logic for
implementing various commonly-used functions, such as integer arithmatic.
14
15
The most noticeable difference between a large CPLD and a small FPGA is the presence of
on-chip non-volatile memory in the CPLD. This distinction is rapidly becoming less relevant,
as several of the latest FPGA products also offer models with embedded configuration
memory.
The characteristic of non-volatility makes the CPLD the device of choice in modern digital
designs to perform boot loader' functions before handing over control to other devices not
having this capability. A good example is where a CPLD is used to load configuration data for
an FPGA from non-volatile memory.


2.3.1 Benefits of using CPLD

CPLDs enable ease of design, lower development costs, and more product revenue for your
money, and the opportunity to speed your products to market.

Ease of Design: CPLDs offer the simplest way to implement a design. Once a
design has been described, by schematic and/or HDL entry, you simply use CPLD
development tools to optimize, fit, and simulate the design. The development tools create a
file that is used to customize (that is, program) a standard off-the-shelf CPLD with the desired
functionality. This pro- vides an instant hardware prototype and allows the debugging process
to begin. If modifications are needed, you can enter design changes into the CPLD
development tool, and re-implement and test the design immediately.

Lower Development Costs: CPLDs offer very low development costs. Because CPLDs are re-
programmable, you can easily and very inexpensively change your designs. This allows you
to optimize your designs and continue to add new features to enhance your products. CPLD
development tools are relatively inexpensive (or in the case of Xilinx, free). Traditionally,
designers have had to face large cost penalties such as rework, scrap, and development time.
With CPLDs, you have flexible solutions, thus avoiding many traditional design pitfalls.

15
16
More Product Revenue : CPLDs offer very short development cycles, which means your
products get to market quicker and begin generating revenue sooner. Because CPLDs are re-
programmable, products can be easily modified using ISP over the Internet. This in turn
allows you to easily introduce additional features and quickly generate new revenue. (This
also results in an expanded time for revenue). Thousands of designers are already using
CPLDs to get to market quicker and stay in the market longer by continuing to enhance their
products even after they have been introduced into the field. CPLDs decrease TTM and
extend TIM.

Reduced Board Area: CPLDs offer a high level of integration (that is, a large
number of system gates per area) and are available in very small form factor
packages. This provides the perfect solution for designers whose products which must fit into
small enclosures or who have a limited amount of circuit board space to implement the logic
design.

Cost of Ownership: Cost of Ownership can be defined as the amount it costs
to maintain, fix, or warranty a product. For instance, if a design change requiring hardware
rework must be made to a few prototypes, the cost might be relatively small. However, as the
number of units that must be changed increases, the cost can become enormous.














16
17
2.3.2 Field Programmable Logic Array ( FPGA )


A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is a semiconductor device that can be configured by
the customer or designer after manufacturinghence the name "field-programmable". FPGAs
are programmed using a logic circuit diagram or a source code in a hardware description
language (HDL) to specify how the chip will work. They can be used to implement any logical
function that an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) could perform, but the ability to
update the functionality after shipping offers advantages for many applications.

There are two basic types of FPGAs: SRAM-based reprogrammable (Multi-time Programmed
MTP) and (One Time Programmed) OTP. These two types of FPGAs differ in the
implementation of the logic cell and the mechanism used to make connections in the device.
The dominant type of FPGA is SRAM-based and can be reprogrammed as often as you
choose. In fact, an SRAM FPGA is reprogrammed every time its powered up, because the
FPGA is really a fancy memory chip. Thats why you need a serial PROM or system memory
with every SRAM FPGA.


Figure 2.3.2 Types of FPGA

In the SRAM logic cell, instead of conventional gates, an LUT determines the output based on
the values of the inputs. (In the SRAM logic cell diagram above, six different combinations of
the four inputs determine the values of the output.) SRAM bits are also used to make
connections. OTP FPGAs use anti-fuses (contrary to fuses, connections are made, not
blown, during programming) to make permanent connections in the chip. Thus, OTP FPGAs
do not require SPROM or other means to download the program to the FPGA. However,
17
18
every time you make a design change, you must throw away the chip! The OTP logic cell is
very similar to PLDs, with dedicated gates and flip-flops.


Figure 2.3.2. Silicon Wafer containing
10,000 gate FPGAs Figure 1.7 Single FPGA Die



2.3.3 The Internal Structure of FPGA

A typical FPGA is composed of three major components: logic modules, routing resources,
and input/output (I/O modules) Figure 1.8 depicts the conceptual FPGA model. In an FPGA,
an array of logic modules is surrounded or overlapped by general routing resources bounded
by I/O modules. The logic modules contain combinational and sequential circuits that
implement logic functions. The routing resources comprise pre-fabricated wire segments and
programmable switches. The interconnections between the logic modules and the I/O
modules are userprogrammable.

18
19

Figure 2.3.3: A typical FPGA architecture with three major components: logic modules, routing
resources, and I/O modules.


2.3.4 Applications of FPGAs

FPGAs have gained rapid acceptance and growth over the past decade because they can be
applied to a very wide range of applications. A list of typical applications includes: random
logic, integrating multiple SPLDs, device controllers, communication encoding and filtering,
small to medium sized systems with SRAM blocks, and many more. Other interesting
applications of FPGAs are prototyping of designs later to be implemented in gate arrays, and
also emulation of entire large hardware systems. The former of these applications might be
possible using only a single large FPGA (which corresponds to a small Gate Array in terms of
capacity), and the latter would entail many FPGAs connected by some sort of interconnect;
for emulation of
hardware, QuickTurn [Wolff90] (and others) has developed products that comprise many
FPGAs and the necessary software to partition and map circuits. Another promising area for
FPGA application, which is only beginning to be developed, is the usage of FPGAs as custom
computing machines. This involves using the programmable parts to execute software,
rather than compiling the software for execution on a regular CPU. The reader is referred to
the FPGA-Based Custom Computing W orkshop (FCCM) held for the last four years and
published by the IEEE. When designs are mapped into CPLDs, pieces of the design often
map naturally to the SPLD-like blocks. However, designs mapped into an FPGA are broken
up into logic block-sized pieces and distributed through an area of the FPGA. Depending on
19
20
the FPGAs interconnect structure, there may be various delays associated with the
interconnections between these logic blocks. Thus, FPGA performance often depends more
upon how CAD tools map circuits into the chip than is the case for CPLDs. We believe that
over time programmable logic will become the dominant form of digital logic design and
implementation. Their ease of access, principally through the low cost of the devices, makes
them attractive to small firms and small parts of large companies. The fast manufacturing
turn-around they provide is an essential element of success in the market. As architecture and
CAD tools improve, the disadvantages of FPDs compared to Mask-Programmed Gate Arrays
will lessen, and programmable devices will dominate.

































20
21
CHAPTER III


Traffic Light controller implementation with CPLD/FPGA


3.1 Designing Method

Designing with CPLD/FPGA is relatively easier compared to previously used PAL , PEEL ,
and GAL. As the devices are really user friendly. Our Leap electronics LP 2900 device a
student kit was attached with the FPGA chip ,EPF10K10TC144-4 of FLEX 10K family , a 144
pin chip. We used Altera Maxplus II Baseline version 9.23 used for programming.

The very first step for the design was to generate the state equations. For that the states
were elloborated in the state table and then Karnaugh Map was generated using the state
table.Finally Output equations were implemented as circuits in the Altera Maxplus II Baseline
version 9.23 programming software.

Altera Maxplus II Baseline version 9.23 is really user friendly ,and has all the functions
necessary to deal with complex circuits. After implementing smaller logic circuits we mapped
them to blocks of circuict which were then utilized in more complex higher level of the circuit
leading to complision.

Once the circuit is made it is then placed in the chip using the Floorplan option we assigned
the input and output pins. Then the circuit if mounted on the FPGA chip EPF10K10TC144-4
which is sealed with the FPGA kit. Then the chip generates all the controlling instruction and
the output were connected to the Four road junction model we have created for our thesis.






21
22
3.2 State tables

The state tables shown in the figure below are generated from the state of the traffic light. The
traffic light orientation for our thesis we have chosen to be a four road junction with horizontal
and vertical roads crossing which other . the states for the horizontal roads are same as
horizontal green to horizontal yellow to horizontal red. In the mean time the vertical roads,who
have same state remain at red light . As the horizontal roads are shown red light, the vertical
lights move to veritical green and then to vertical yellow. As the vaertical road light becomes
red the horizontal roads are open.


Fig 3.2 : State orientation of the Traffic light

Keeping the above state orientation in mind we generated the state table as,



Fig 3.2 : State Table of the Traffic Light Controller
22
23
3.3 Karnaugh Map generation from the state table

Next phase for the implementation is the generation of the Karnaugh Maps from the state
table. These Karnaugh maps lead us to the state and output equations.First we observe the
karnaugh maps for the state equations. These karnaugh maps start from the present state
input.

The first karnaugh map give us the equation for D0, which is our horizontal road state. Y1Y0 ,
X1X0 are the Present state inputs.
Which gives us the state equations,

D0 =X1X0+Y0X1+Y0X0 And D1=Y1X1+Y1X0+Y1Y0X1X0

And the Output equations are found from karnaugh maps shown below as,
a=Y1Y0 which is a=input1 * input0
b=Y1Y0 which is b=input1 * input0
c=Y1 Y0 which is c=input1 * input0
d=Y1 Y0 which is d=input1 * input0

23
24


24
25
3.4 Circuit implementation in Max plus II

Max Plus II is the FPGA chip programming software we have used to program our FPGA chip
.As discussed earlier from the sate equations and the Output equations we implemented the
circuit.The overall circuit along with the internal blocks are shown in the figure below.


Fig 3.4 : Internal structure of the Traffic light Controller block

These internal blocks are implemented using the state equations and the output equations we
generated for the karnaugh map. The total circuit is then mapped into a single block named
Traffic light control system as shown below. The Signal A and Signal B are the sensor
triggered signals as sensor A is attached with the Horizontal and Sensor B with the Vertical
road.

The output from the Traffic Light Control system block are the states for the horizontal and
vertical roads. RED A,YELLOW A,GREEN A for the Horizontal road and the RED B ,
YELLOW B and GREEN B for the Vertical roads.
25
26

Fig 3.4 b : Traffic Light Controller CPLD based

3.5 CPLD based Output waveform with DSO

Output wave forms for the circuit have been taken Using the Digital Oscilloscope (DSO) for
different time cycles / frequency between 1kHz to 2.5 MHz.But for our thesis the ration of light
orientation from red to green to yellow is taken as 6 : 2 : 4 constantly.


Figure 3.5 DSO output of the CPLD implementation at 1 khz
D7,D6,D5 three outputs represents horizontal Green , Yellow , Red. D4,D3,D2 outputs
represents vertical Green , Yellow , Red sequentially. Bottom pulses in the bottom is the
Clock pulse.
26
27
CHAPTER VI

Traffic Light controller implementation with PLD (GAL)



4.1Design Method

Programmable logic devices can be programmed and reprogrammed easily.For our thesis we
used GAL 16v8 chips with MDA-PLD trainer board using software WINIDE Studio v 3.5.11.

GAL 16v8 chips are made using both CMOS and electrical erasable(E^2) technologies. As a
result they have very high processing speed and low power consumption. Apart from that the
erasing time is less than 100ms and the maximum delay is about 3.5nsec.

J ust as the CPLD implementation or any other we had to create the state table keeping the
state orientations in mind.And then to Karnaugh map from the state table.Which eventually
gives us the state equations and the output equations.

For desidning purpose first we attach the Gal16v8 chip to the MDA-PLD trainer board and the
software WINIDE Studio v 3.5.11 in the computer attached to the trainer board detects the
chip.Once that is done there are two mathods of Gal programming equation based and code
based.We used equation based system,in which the state and output equations are written in
the software.And then the input symbols in the equation are assigned to the input pins and the
output symbols to the output pins.Then the compiler on the software complies thye equation
and the complied form of the equation are mounted on the chip.For the circuit we needed two
GAL 16v8 chips.





4.2 State Table For the PLD based traffic light
27
28

The state Table for the PLd based Traffic light controller is same as the states are the
same.But as the GAL 16v8 chip is unable to perform the bid equations single handed,we had
to break down the state orientation mechanism to be performed into two chips and thereby
the state table has changed,leading the state equations and the output equations to change.

Fig 4.2 State table for PLD based Traffic-Light Controller

This state table eventually yields the state equations as,

D1=Q1Q2+Q2Q3Q4
D2=Q1Q2Q3Q4+SAQ1Q3Q4+SBQ1Q3Q4+Q1Q2Q4+Q1Q2Q3
D3=Q3Q4+SBQ3Q4+Q2Q3Q4+SASBQ1Q4
D4=SASBQ1Q3+Q2Q4+Q1Q4+SASBQ2Q3Q4

And the output equations are ,
YA=Q2Q3Q4 RA=Q1+Q2Q3Q4 GA=Q1Q3+Q1Q2
YB=Q1Q2 RB=Q1Q2+Q1Q4+Q1Q3 GB=Q1Q2+Q2Q3Q4

Where the YA,GA,RA are the horizontal road output equations and the RB,YB,GB are the
Vertical road output equations.

4.3 Circuit implementation in WINIDE Studio v 3.5.11
28
29

Applying the state and the output equations to the WINIDE Studio v 3.5.11 software and
performing the methods discussed earlier yields the to GAL 16v8 chips capble of performing
our desired Traffic light comtrol system With Sensor SSa for horizontal road and Sensor SSb
for the vertical road.then the two GAL 16v8 chips named GAL C and GAL B are connected
using wires in the trainer board as the diagram shows below.


Fig 4.3 : Circuit diagram of PLD based Traffic Light Control System

The Sa and Sb combination shows the state of the orientation. Outputs Ra,Ya,Ga for the
horizontal road and the outputs Rb,Yb,Gb for the vertical roads.


29
30


Figure 4.3(b): State Graph for Traffic Light Controller

The Figure shows the Moor state graph for the controller. For timing purposes the sequential
network is driven by a clock with a 10-second period. So, a state change can occur at most
once every 10 seconds. The notations are used like : GaRb in a state means that Ga=Rb=1
and all other output variables are zero. SaSb on an arc means that Sa=0 and Sb=1 cause a
transition along that arc. An arc without a label implies that a state transition will occur when
the clock runs, which is independent of input variables. Thus the Green A light will stay on
for 6 clock cycles (60 seconds) and then change to yellow if a car is waiting on B street.


4.4 PLD based Output waveform with DSO

PLD based output waveform shows more delay than the CPLD based output waveform. But
the time cycle is performed according to the given ratio.

Figure 4.4 DSO output of the PLD implementation at 1 khz (Cycle time is 13 ms)

30
31
CHAPTER V

Performance Comparison Of CPLD and PLD based
Circuits

5.1 An overview

The Real time ouputs of the implemented circuits have taken using the Digital storage
oscilloscope ( DSO) for both CPLD and PLD. Initially the cycle time for various frequencies
were measured. We observed that the cycle time for both PLD and CPLD were approxamitely
same various frequencies. However, when we measured the response time for various
frequencies, CPLD was performing twice as better than PLD.

5.2 Comparison of DSO outputs with respect to variable frequencies

For frequencies varying from 1 Khz to 2.5 MHz we have taken multiple readings of the total
orientation of the Traffic light Control system.That is for different time of cycles , Keeping the
ratio of Green: yellow: Red as 6 : 2 : 4.

The DSO based outputs show the real time outputs. Which consist for some delay in
response. The figures shown below are the Dso outputs for both CPLD and PLD based
waveform. The following two pictures were taken directly from the DSO.

FIG 5.2a: DSO output of the PLD implementation at 1 khz (Cycle time is 13 ms)
31
32

Fig 5.2b :Figure: DSO output of the CPLD implementation at 1 khz
(Cycle time is 13 ms)

Comparing the above waveforms we see for low frequencies the total time taken for the
orientation of the light are same.But the PLD based circuit shows a delayed response.
Putting all the data found in the experiments conducted by us we have plotted them in to a
graph.Which can guide us to the proper analogy of the changes.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Frequency(Khz)
M
i
c
r
o

s
e
c
o
n
d
s
(
u
s
)
CPLD
PLD
CPLD 5.2 10.4 12.99 26 52 104 130 260 520 1297 2080 2600 5200 12989
PLD 5.2 10.4 12.98 26 52 104.1 130 260 520 1301 2080 2600 5200 12996
2500 1250 1000 500 250 125 100 50 25 10 6.25 5 2.5 1

Figure 5.2 c: Cycle time vs frequency

The graph shows relatively similar patterns of response for both CPLD and PLD.Though as
the Frequency increases the time cycle which is the resiprocal of the frequency
decreases,there is no change in the response for the PLD and CPLD devices.The maintain
the same time period given to them.


32
33
5.3 Delay response with respect to variable frequencies

For variable frequencies we have taken the output response graphs and from that the delay in
the response have been measured. This is the delayed time taken to start the the operation.

The following graph states the proper output pattern found in our experiments,
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Frequency (Khz)
N
a
n
o

s
e
c
o
n
d
s

(
n
s
)
CPLD
PLD
CPLD 5.04 5.04 5.01143 5.056 5.03333 4.992
PLD 10.04 10.05 10.0143 10.06 10.0667 10.06
2500 1250 500 250 125 100

Figure 5.3a : Delay response wrt clock for various frequencies
This Figure shows the delayed response found on the experiment using CPLD and PLD.The
amount of delay shown by the PLD for variable frequencies remain in the same range.And for
CPLD its another range but the margin is always similar. As for 500 kHz frequency the CPLD
starts working after 5.01143 nanoseconds after the trigger and the PLD based device
responses after 10.0143 nsec. But the difference is nearly the same through out the variable
frequency range.
This figure shows the difference in response for variable frequencies,
33
34
Difference(PLD-CPLD)
4.96
4.98
5
5.02
5.04
5.06
5.08
2500 1250 500 250 125 100
Frequency (Khz)
N
a
n
o

S
e
c
o
n
d
s

(
n
s
)
Difference(PLD-CPLD)

Figure 5.3 b : Difference of delay response (PLD CPLD)

The graph was plotted from the difference of the delays in the PLD and CPLD based device
outputs.The difference between the CPLD and PLd is always in the range from 5 5.1 nsec.
From the graph we see that as the frequency decreses the margin of delay is increasing but in
.01 nsec rate. So for a non time sensitive big logic device it is not that important to use CPLD,
PLD can performe good enough. But for time sensitive devices like rocket launch or missile
triggers, CPLD based circuits should be implemented.















34
35
CHAPTER VI
Complex Circuit Implementation

.1 Complex circuits
wo complex circuit have been implemented for the pupose of justifying the ability of the
.2 Five road junction
he first of the two complex circuits is the five road junction.As there are a lot of junctions with
The circuit diagram of the five road junction along with its simulated waveform given below,

6

T
FPGA. As the FPGA device is capable of operating huge logical circuits single handed , we
decided to go beyond the objective of our thesis and establish complex circuits. These
complex circuits can be really effective if implemented for the real world. The circuits we have
made are firstly a five road junction where the fifth road is sensor triggered. And the second
complex circuit is an automatic sensore triggered railway crossing system.

6

T
more roads criss crossing the rtoad map of our country.And no proper traffic light control
system on them have been hounting the roads. We decided to establish a role model for such
roads. Our five road junction in which the fifth additional road is chosen for having the least
traffic density among all five. This fifth road has a sensor attached to the base of the traffic
light controller.As described before the junction will be assumed to a four road junction and
operate like the four road junction. As the traffiuc density in the fifth road is marginal so a
sensore dedicated for the road will send signal to the main traffic light controller when a fair
amount of car comes to the fifth road . And then only the fifth road will be shown the green
light and all other four road traffic light will turn red.the cars on the fifth road will be given the
previlage to pass to any road and after all the vehicle in the fifth road have passed , the roads
will again perform the traffic light orientation of the four road junction.




35
36


Figure 6.2 Five road junction Traffic Controller



Figure 6.2b Simulated waveform of the five rioad junction using MAX PLUS II

36
37
6.3 S

e most useful system in todays
orld,as thousands are being killed all around the world due to railway croosing
ssing infrastructure.Though we
ave not tested using all the sensors and the transmitter and the receivers. We have
nt that this circuit shall impact the railway controlling system big time
implemented with right measures. The circuit diagram along with the simulation
ensor triggered Automatic Railway Crossing
The sensore triggered railway crossing is one of th
w
accidents. Keeping recent day accidents happening in the country regarding the
railway crossing we decided to go for this complex circuit. The operation the automatic
railway crossing is very important ,we have decided to go for a scenario like the
Mohakhali railway crossing just with a four road junction. The main traffic controller
controls the four road traffic light orientation. But when ever a train approaches,
transmitted signals from the approaching trains transmitter will prompt the main traffic
light controller to another state. In this state the roads parallel to the train shall remain
open with green light shown to them.But the road over which the train shall cross
remains closed. The term automatic is used as the triggering signal from the train shall
not only prompt the alarm informing all about the approaching train but also pull down
the bar on the roads giving enough time to the rest of the vehicle in the middle of the
junction to cross. There is also a transmitter sensor near the cross bar, which shall
send signals to the approaching train to slow down if for some reason the bar can not
be placed correctly and roads are not clear of vehicles.

This circuit can be really effective in todays railway cro
h
only taken a logic high for the sensore to be active and sending signals, and logic low
for inactive mode.

But we are confide
if
waveform have been shown in figure 6.3 and 6.3b.
37
38

Figure 6.3 Sensor triggered Automatic Railway Crossing using CPLD


Figure : Simulated waveform of CPLD based Sensor triggered
Automatic Railway Crossing circuit








38
39

CHAPTER VII

Conclusion

Based on our work on comparison of performance between CPLD and PLD
technologies using traffic light control system. We have implemented the circuits
using both CPLD and PLD technologies. For CPLD, we have used
EPF10K10TC144-4 chips and For PLD, we have used two GAL 16V8. From our
lab experiment, we observed that CPLD and PLD perform similarly at a micro
second level. However, while observing the response with respect to clock, we
found out that delay response of PLD is twice as much than the delay response of
CPLD at a nano second level. So, we can conclude that for a traffic system which
requires fast response, CPLD would be the best choice. Further More we have
implemented more complex circuits and tested the capability of the CPLD (FPGA).
To sum up this new technology though expensive respect to the countries
economic stands, can help modify the next generation of control systems and help
modify the electronic domain of the country.















39
40
LIST OF REFERENCES


[1] K. Brunham and W. Kinsner, RUN-TIME RECONFIGURATION: TOWARDS
REDUCING THE DENSITY REQUIREMENTS OF FPGAS, Canadian Conference on
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Publication Date: 2001, Volume: 2, on page(s): 1259-
1264 vol.2

[2] WM El-Medany, MR Hussain, FPGA Based Advanced Real Traffic Light Controller System
Design. 4th IEEE Workshop on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems:
Technology and Applications, 6-8 Sept. 2007 Page(s):100 105.

[3] Yi-Sheng Huang, Member, IEEE, Ta-Hsiang Chung, Ting-Hui Lin, Design and Analysis Urban
Traffic Lights Using Timed Colour Petri Nets, Proceedings of the IEEE International
Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC '06). 2006, Page(s):248 253.

[4] STEPHEN BROWN, J ONATHAN ROSE, FPGA and CPLD architectures: A Tutorial,
Design & Test of Computers, IEEE, Volume 13, Issue 2, summer 1996 Page(s):42 57.

[5] CPLD Logic Design and Practices (LP 2900 manual)

[6] Wikipedia, Programmable Logic device,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_device.

[7] Wikipedia, Traffic light, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light.

[8] Charles H. Roth, J r. Digital Systems Design Using VHDL.








40