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Subnetting and VLSM

The document discusses subnetting the IP address 172.16.4.0/24 using subnet masks of /25 and /26. With a /25 subnet mask, the network is split into two subnets of 172.16.4.0/25 and 172.16.4.128/25. A /26 mask divides it into four subnets of 172.16.4.0/26, 172.16.4.64/26, 172.16.4.128/26, and 172.16.4.192/26. Each new subnet creates a new network address range and broadcast address while reducing the maximum number of host addresses.

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antonjaie
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© © All Rights Reserved
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131 views

Subnetting and VLSM

The document discusses subnetting the IP address 172.16.4.0/24 using subnet masks of /25 and /26. With a /25 subnet mask, the network is split into two subnets of 172.16.4.0/25 and 172.16.4.128/25. A /26 mask divides it into four subnets of 172.16.4.0/26, 172.16.4.64/26, 172.16.4.128/26, and 172.16.4.192/26. Each new subnet creates a new network address range and broadcast address while reducing the maximum number of host addresses.

Uploaded by

antonjaie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Subnetting

IPv4

172.16.4.0 /24
Binary Value
128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Network Address : 172.16.4.0


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Broadcast Address : 172.16.4.255


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Host Address : 172.16.4.1 172.16.4.254

(254 Hosts)

172.16.4.0 /25
Binary Value
128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.128


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Borrowed Bits: 1

Network Address : 172.16.4.0


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

Remaining Bits: 7
64

32

16

2n-2
8

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Broadcast Address : 172.16.4.127


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Host Address : 172.16.4.1 172.16.4.126

(126 Hosts)

172.16.4.0 /25
First Usable (Host) Address: 172.16.4.1
128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Last Usable (Host) Address: 172.16.4.126


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

What is the network address of 172.16.4.59 /25?


1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Question
What will happen to the IP Addresses
172.16.4.128 172.16.4.255?
Answer:
We can still use them but they are identified as a
separate subnetwork.

172.16.4.128 /25
Binary Value
128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.128


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Network Address : 172.16.4.128


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Broadcast Address : 172.16.4.255


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Host Address : 172.16.4.129 172.16.4.254

(126 Hosts)

172.16.4.128 /25
First Usable (Host) Address: 172.16.4.129
128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Last Usable (Host) Address: 172.16.4.254


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

172.16.4.0 /26
Binary Value
128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.192


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Network Address : 172.16.4.0


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Broadcast Address : 172.16.4.63


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

Host Address : 172.16.4.1 172.16.4.62

(62 Hosts)

172.16.4.64 /26
Binary Value
128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.192


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Network Address : 172.16.4.64


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Broadcast Address : 172.16.4.127


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Host Address : 172.16.4.65 172.16.4.126

(62 Hosts)

172.16.4.128 /26
Binary Value
128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.192


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Network Address : 172.16.4.128


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Broadcast Address : 172.16.4.191


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

Host Address : 172.16.4.129 172.16.4.190

(62 Hosts)

172.16.4.192 /26
Binary Value
128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.192


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Network Address : 172.16.4.192


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Broadcast Address : 172.16.4.255


128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Host Address : 172.16.4.193 172.16.4.254

(62 Hosts)

Subnet Mask
IP Address: 10.24.36.2 / 8

Subnet Mask?

IP Address: 10.24.36.2 / 12

Subnet Mask?

IP Address: 10.24.36.2 / 16

Subnet Mask?

IP Address: 10.24.36.2 / 23

Subnet Mask?

IP Address: 10.24.36.2 255.255.224.0

Prefix Mask?

IP Address: 10.24.36.2 255.255.255.192

Prefix Mask?

IP Address: 10.24.36.2 255.255.255.252

Prefix Mask?

IP Address: 10.24.36.2 255.254.0.0

Prefix Mask?

IP Address: 10.24.36.2 255.255.240.0

Prefix Mask?

Dividing the Network Into the


Right Size
VLSM - Variable Length Subnet Masking
(Subnetting a subnet)

Consider the following:


When you are met with the problem:
First, ask yourself does this need to be arranged in
a particular way?
When working with VLSM you always want to
start with the largest host requirement, that way
the rest is easier to organize and put into action.
If you dont have to arrange it in a certain way
then start with the largest host requirement.

Your Task:
You are given the address space 192.168.10.0 /24 to
use for the host requirements for each LAN.
The following are the hosts to be identified:
Admin LAN requires 25 hosts
Sales LAN requires 50 hosts
Help Desk LAN requires 80 hosts
Executive LAN requires 2 hosts

Using the Formula

n
2

n number of bits

Help Desk LAN requires 80 hosts


(192.168.10.0/24)
80 Hosts
2? = 80 (2 to the what power is 80)
27 = 128 2 = 126

126 Usable Hosts


Prefix: 32 - 7 = 25 (The 25 ends up being the
new subnet mask for this LAN)
192.168.10.0/25 is the Subnet address/mask
of the Help Desk LAN
Number of bits in IP address minus the host bits

Help Desk LAN requires 80 hosts


(192.168.10.0/24)
25-24 = 1 (1 bit to be borrowed [new prefix minus original prefix )
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.128
128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

NA: 192.168.10.0 /25


BA: 192.168.10.127
HA: 192.168.10.1 192.168.10.126

Sales LAN requires 50 hosts


(192.168.10.128/24)
50 Hosts
2? = 50 (2 to the what power is 50)
26 = 64 2 = 62

62 Usable Hosts
Prefix: 32 - 6 = 26 (The 26 ends up being the
new subnet mask for this LAN)
192.168.10.128/26 is the Subnet
address/mask of the Sales LAN

Sales LAN requires 50 hosts


(192.168.10.128/24)
26-24 = 2 (2 bits to be borrowed)
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192
128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

NA: 192.168.10.128 /26


BA: 192.168.10.191
HA: 192.168.10.129 192.168.10.190

Admin LAN requires 25 hosts


(192.168.10.192/24)
25 Hosts
2? = 25 (2 to the what power is 25)
25 = 32 2 = 30

30 Usable Hosts
Prefix: 32 - 5 = 27 (The 27 ends up being the
new subnet mask for this LAN)
192.168.10.192/27 is the Subnet
address/mask of the Admin LAN

Admin LAN requires 25 hosts


(192.168.10.192/24)
27-24 = 3 (3 bits to be borrowed)
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.224
128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

NA: 192.168.10.192 /27


BA: 192.168.10.223
HA: 192.168.10.193 192.168.10.222

Executive LAN requires 2 hosts


(192.168.10.224/24)
2 Hosts
2? = 2 (2 to the what power is 2)
22 = 4 2 = 2

2 Usable Hosts
Prefix: 32 - 2 = 30 (The 30 ends up being the
new subnet mask for this LAN)
192.168.10.224/30 is the Subnet
address/mask of the Executive LAN

Executive LAN requires 2 hosts


(192.168.10.224/24)
30-24 = 6 (6 bits to be borrowed)
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.252
128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

128

64

32

16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

NA: 192.168.10.224 /30


BA: 192.168.10.227
HA: 192.168.10.225 192.168.10.226

In the 192.168.10.0 /24, you have

S0: 192.168.10.0 /25 Helpdesk LAN


S1: 192.168.10.128 /26 Sales LAN
S2: 192.168.10.192 / 27 Admin LAN
S3: 192.168.10.224 /30 Executive LAN

192.168.25.0 /24

Subnetwork
Subnet

Usable
Host

Prefix

Subnet Mask

Network Address

Broadcast Address

Host Addresses

S0 - Computation

126

/25

255.255.255.128

192.168.25.0/25

192.168.25.127/25

192.168.25.1
192.168.25.126

S1 - Math

30

/27

255.255.255.224

192.168.25.128/27

192.168.25.159/27

192.168.25.129
192.168.25.158

S2 - Algebra

14

/28

255.255.255.240

192.168.25.160/28

192.168.25.175/28

192.168.25.161
192.168.25.174

S3 - Physics

14

/28

255.255.255.240

192.168.25.176/28

192.168.25.191/28

192.168.25.177
192.168.25.190

S4 Link 1

/30

255.255.255.252

192.168.25.192/30

192.168.25.195/30

192.168.25.193
192.168.25.194

S5 Link 2

/30

255.255.255.252

192.168.25.196/30

192.168.25.199/30

192.168.25.197
192.168.25.198

192.168.25.0 /24

Router A
Fa0/0 192.168.25.1 /25
Fa0/1 192.168.25.161/28
Fa0/2 192.168.25.177/28
S0/0/0 192.168.25.193/30

Router B
Fa0/0 192.168.25.129 /27
S0/0/0 192.168.25.194/30
S0/0/1 192.168.25.197/30

Router C
Fa0/0 192.168.25.190 /28
S0/0/0 192.168.25.198/30

Back of a Router

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