RFI C Desi gn and Test i ng f or Wi r el ess Communi c at i ons

A PragaTI (TI India Technical University) Course

July 18, 21, 22, 2008
Lecture 10: RFIC design for wireless communications
BBy
Vishwani D. Agrawal
Fa Foster Dai Fa Foster Dai
200 Broun Hall, Auburn University 200 Broun Hall, Auburn University
Auburn, AL 36849-5201, USA
1
RFI C Desi gn and Test i ng f or Wi r el ess Communi c at i ons
Topi c s
Monday, July 21, 2008
9:00 10:30 I nt r oduc t i on Semi c onduc t or hi st or y, RF c har ac t er i st i c s
11:00 12:30 Basi c Conc ept s Li near i t y, noi se f i gur e, dynami c r ange 11:00 12:30 Basi c Conc ept s Li near i t y, noi se f i gur e, dynami c r ange
2:00 3:30 RF f r ont -end desi gn LNA, mi x er
4:00 5:30 Fr equenc y synt hesi zer desi gn I (PLL)
Tuesday, July 22, 2008
9:00 10:30 Fr equenc y synt hesi zer desi gn I I (VCO)
11:00 12:30 RFI C desi gn f or w i r el ess c ommuni c at i ons
2:00 3:30 Anal og and mi x ed si gnal t est i ng
RFIC design for wireless communications, FDAI, 2008
2
Sur vi val k i t f or a good I C desi gner Sur vi val k i t f or a good I C desi gner
Strong background in analog circuit analysis and designs
Strong background in digital logic analysis and designs
Familiarity with EDA tools such as Cadence, Mentor
Graphics, Synopsys and ADS IC design tools
Understanding of device physics
Knowledge in communication, microwave, DSP and control
theories
RFIC design for wireless communications, FDAI, 2008 3
Anal og I C desi gn -- a c hal l engi ng t ask
Analog IC designs deal with multi-dimensional
tradeoff of speed, power, gain, linearity, precision,
l i t t supply, noise, cost, etc.
Analog circuits are much more sensitive to noise,
crosstalk variation mismatchandparasitics dueto crosstalk, variation, mismatch and parasitics, due to
high speed and precision requirements.
Modeling and simulation of analog circuits are still
problematic and not always accurate. Many hidden
problems cannot be discovered in simulation.
AnalogIC designcanrarelybeautomatedat high Analog IC design can rarely be automated at high
speed. It requires hand-crafted design and layout.
Thus, the designers experience is critical.
RFIC design for wireless communications, FDAI, 2008 4
Communi c at i on Syst em Conc ept s
Noise Analysis Noise Types, Noise Figure;
d hi 0Oh Impedance Matching to 50 Ohm;
Linearity Analysis Intermodulation, Harmonic
Di t ti G i C i S f D i Distortion, Gain Compression, Spur-free Dynamic
Range;
FrequencyConversion SpuriousResponse; Frequency Conversion Spurious Response;
Receiver/Transmitter Architectures Homodyne,
Heterodyne ImageReject Receiver; Heterodyne, Image Reject Receiver;
Modulation/Demodulation Schemes AM, FM,
BPSK QPSK MSK GMSK etc
RFIC design for wireless communications, FDAI, 2008 5
BPSK, QPSK, MSK, GMSK, etc.
Communi c at i on Ci r c ui t Desi gns
Device Modeling BJ T (RF Device Model, RF Noise Model),
MOS (RF Device Model, RF Noise Model), Passive Elements
(Res., Cap. & Ind.) ( , p )
LNA Design, VGA Design
Mixer Design, Image Rejection Mixer
IQ Modulator Designs, quadrature generation
RF Circuit Biasing Bandgap Voltage References, Current
References References
Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCO)
Phase Locked Loops Integer PLLs, Fractional-N PLLs, p g
Sigma-delta Modulator, Phase detector, charge pump, MMD
Integrated filters, Polyphase filters
Po er Amplifiers Matching Biasing ClassA B C
RFIC design for wireless communications, FDAI, 2008 6
Power Amplifiers Matching, Biasing, Class A, B, C
Anal og I C
Design Kickoff
Functional Review
Foundry & Technology Selection
Tool & Library Setup
Anal og I C
Desi gn Fl ow
Circuit Design & Simulation
Circuit Design Review
L t Layout
Parasitic Extraction
Full Chip Simulation
with Parasitics
Sim Fail
Sim Pass
Design Review
Final Sign-off
Spec Update
Test board Design
Foundry
Fabrication
Test Fail
Respin
Characterization Test
System DVT
Protoype Approval
Test Pass
p
RFIC design for wireless communications, FDAI, 2008 7
Protoype Approval
Design Archived
Wi r el ess St andar d: WLAN, WI RELESS DATA
STANDARD BlueTooth IEEE 802.11 ETS1/BRAN HiperLAN/2 p
5 GHz
802.11b 2.4 GHz 802.11a 5.3 GHz
M bil F
2.402 GHz-2.480 GHz
(N. America & Europe 79
Hopping Channel)
2.41 GHz 2.462 GHz
(N. America, 12 channels
1000 mW/MHz Power Allowance)
5.150 GHz 5.250 GHz
(USA U-NII Lower Band,
channels 36, 40, 44, 48
25mW/MHz MaxTransmit Power)
5.150 GHz 5.250 GHz, 2.5 mW/Hz
5.250 GHz 5.350 GHz, 12.5 mW/Hz
5.725 GHz 5.825 GHz, 50 mW/Hz
USA U NII Band
Mobile Frequency
Range
2.5 mW/MHz Max Transmit Power) USA U-NII Band
2.447 GHz 2.473 GHz
(Spain)
2.412 GHz 2.472 GHz
(Europe, 12 Channels
100mW/MHz power allowance)
5.250 GHz 5.350 GHz
(USA U-NII Middle Band,
channels 52, 56, 60, 64
12.5 mW/MHz Max Transmit Power)
5.150 GHz 5.350 GHz, 200 mW
5.250 GHz 5.350 GHz, 1000W
5.725 GHz 5.825 GHz, 25 mW
Europe HiperLAN and ISM
2.448 GHz 2.482 GHz
(France)
2.483 GHz
(J apan, 1 cannel 10mW/MHz power
allowance)
5.725 GHz 5.825 GHz
(USA U-NII Upper Band, channels
149, 153, 157, 161
50 mW/MHz Max Transmit Power)
5.150 GHz 5.250 GHz, 100mW
J apan (HiSWANa)
2.473 GHz 2.495 GHz
(J apan)
M lti l A
FrequencyHopping CSMA/CA CSMA/CA TDMA
Multiple Access
Frequency Hopping CSMA/CA CSMA/CA TDMA
Duplex Method
TDD TDD TDD TDD
Users / Channel
7 active, 200 inactive 127 127 127
1MH FHSS 1MH OFDM 20MH OFDM 20MH
Channel Spacing
1 MHz FHSS: 1 MHz
DSSS: 25 MHz
OFDM: 20MHz OFDM: 20MHz
Modulation
Shaped Binary FM
(0.5 Gaussian Filter)
FHSS: GFSX
(0.5 Gaussian Filter)
DSSS:DBPSK (1 Mb/s)
DQPSK (2Mb/s)
OFDM: QPSK, QAM
(0.5 Gaussian Filter)
OFDM: BPSK (5.5 Mb/s)
OFDM: 16 QAM (24, 26 Mb/s)
OFDM: QPSK, QAM
(0.5 Gaussian Filter)
OFDM: BPSK (6, 9 Mb/s)
OFDM: 16 QAM (24, 36 Mb/s)
RFIC design for wireless communications, FDAI, 2008 8
CCK:QPSK (11 Mb/s) OFDM: 64 QAM (54 Mb/s) OFDM: 64 QAM (48, 54 Mb/s)
Channel Bit Rate
1 Mb/s Symbol rate 721
kb/s raw data, 56 kb/s
return
1, 2, or 11 Mb/s 12 Mb/s Symbol rate
5.5 54 Mb/s
12 Mb/s Symbol rate
6 54 Mb/s
I C sol ut i on f or a t ypi c al c ommuni c at i on syst em
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RFIC design for wireless communications, FDAI, 2008 9
RFI C of Dual -band WLAN Tr ansc ei ver s
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RFIC design for wireless communications, FDAI, 2008 10
Wi r el ess RF Tr ansc ei ver Ar c hi t ec t ur es Wi r el ess RF Tr ansc ei ver Ar c hi t ec t ur es
Superheterodyne
Direction conversion (Zero-IF) Direction conversion (Zero IF)
Low IF
L IF i h i j i i Low IF with image rejection mixer
Superheterodyne with walking IF
Direct conversion with F
LO
=3/2F
VCO
RFIC design for wireless communications, FDAI, 2008 11
Super het er odyne Radi o Ar c hi t ec t ur e
Advantages:
-- High performance, low power, avoid DC offset
Lo designrisk easier todesignLNA andmi er -- Low design risk, easier to design LNA and mixer
Disadvantages:
-- High cost, needs two (IF/RF) synthesizers, mixer, filters and S/Hs,
t l t h SAWfilt external components such as SAW filter
RFIC design for wireless communications, FDAI, 2008 12
Di r ec t Conver si on (Zer o-I F) Ar c hi t ec t ur e
Advantages: Low cost, eliminates IF SAW IF PLL and image filter
Disadvantages design challenges:
On-board PAs tend to injection lock the VCO
Difficult to achieve good I/Q quadrature balance at RF frequencies
LO self-mixing causes DC offset that is hard to be compensated
AM detection require large 2nd order linearity
High power consumption, ~10% more than superheterodyne
RFIC design for wireless communications, FDAI, 2008 13
Low I F Radi o Ar c hi t ec t ur e
Advantages:
Low cost, eliminates IF SAW, IF PLL and image filter, no DC offset
Disadvantages:
On-board PAs tend to injection lock the VCO
Difficult to achieve good I/Q quadrature balance at high LO frequencies
High power consumption, ~10% more than superheterdyne
Requires wider BW lowpass filters and high performance ADC
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RFIC design for wireless communications, FDAI, 2008 14
Low I F w i t h i mage r ej ec t i on mi x er
Advantages:
Low cost, no DC offset
Req iresonl oneLPF & S/H Requires only one LPF & S/H
Disadvantages:
On-board PAs tend to injection lock the VCO
Diffi lt t hi dI/Q d t b l t hi hLOf i Difficult to achieve good I/Q quadrature balance at high LO frequencies
No DSP I/Q correction possible, requiring very accurate IQ balance in
polyphase filters
Highpower consumption 5 10%morethansuperheterodyne
Quad
Mixers
LNA
Quad
Mixers
LNA
+45
High power consumption, ~5-10% more than superheterodyne
S/H S/H
-45
~
~
~
RFIC design for wireless communications, FDAI, 2008 15
RF LO
Super het er odyne w i t h w al k i ng I F p y g
Advantages:
Low cost and high performance, similar risk as superheterodyne, yet
save an IF synthesizer
Disadvantages:
Slightly higher power (~5%) than superheterodyne
Wider BW for filters
RFIC design for wireless communications, FDAI, 2008 16
Di r ec t Conver si on w i t h F
LO
=3/2F
VCO
Advantages: Advantages:
Avoid pulling, reduce LO-RF interaction
Disadvantages:
Unwantedsidebandat /3 54GHz/3=18GHz (cell phoneband) Unwanted sideband at /3, 5.4GHz/3=1.8GHz (cell phone band)
~
~
~
2.4GHz
LNA
Fixed
LPF
IOUT1
LPFIO1
LPFII1
RX1
Tunable LPF
VGA
~
~
~
PA
~
~
~
Fixed
LPF
IOUT1
QOUT1
LPFQI1
TX1
Tunable LPF VGA
VGA
sin( t)+
sin( t/3)
Ref
Osc
REF
LPFQO1
5.25GHz
PD ~
~
~
VCO
0
0
90
0
~
~
~
MMD
%2
cos(2 t/3)
cos( t/3)
sin( t/3)
cos( t)+
( t/3)
sin( t/3)
QIN1
IIN1
~
~
~
LNA
PA
TX2
RX2
~
~
~
LPF
~
~
LPF
Delta-sigma
Fractional-N
VGA
VGA
VGA
cos( t/3)
RFIC design for wireless communications, FDAI, 2008 17
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