University of Sulaymaniyah

College of engineering
Architecture department
2012 - 2013



TOPOLOGY






Prepared by : checked by:
Ismael omer zhazad jamal
3
rd
stage

WHAT IS TOPOLOGY ?

Topology is the mathematical study of shapes and spaces.
A major area of mathematics concerned with the most basic
properties of space, such as connectedness
continuity and boundary .
It is the study of properties that are preserved
under continuous deformations including stretching and bending,
but not tearing or gluing. The exact mathematical definition is
given below. Topology developed as a field of study out
of geometry and set theory, through analysis of such concepts as
space, dimension, and transformation.
Ideas that are now classified as topological were expressed as
early as 1736. Toward the end of the 19th century, a distinct
discipline developed, referred to in Latin as the geometria
situs (geometry of place) or analysis situs (Greek-Latin for
picking apart of place). This later acquired the name topology.
By the middle of the 20th century, topology had become an
important area of study within mathematics
To understand what a topological space is, there are a number of
definitions and issues that we need to address first. Namely, we
will discuss metric spaces, open sets, and closed sets. Once
we have an idea of these terms, we will have the vocabulary to
define a topology.
The definition of topology will also give us a more generalized
notion of the meaning of open and closed sets.






Topology subfields :

Point-set topology
establishes the foundational aspects of topology and
investigates concepts inherent to topological spaces (examples
include compactness and connectedness).
Algebraic topology
tries to measure degrees of connectivity using algebraic
constructs such as homology and homotopy groups.
Geometric topology
primarily studies manifolds and their embeddings (placements)
in other manifolds. A particularly active area is low dimensional
topology, which studies manifolds of four or fewer dimensions.
This includes knot theory, the study of mathematical knots.


History :

Topology began with the investigation of certain questions in
geometry. Leonhard Euler's 1736 paper on the Seven Bridges of
Knigsberg

is regarded as one of the first academic treatises in
modern topology.
The term "Topologie" was introduced in German in 1847
by Johann Benedict Listing in Vorstudien zur Topologie, who had
used the word for ten years in correspondence before its first
appearance in print. The English form topology was first used in
1883 in Listing's obituary in the journal Nature

to distinguish
"qualitative geometry from the ordinary geometry in which
quantitative relations chiefly are treated". The term topologist in
the sense of a specialist in topology was used in 1905 in the
magazine Spectator.

However, none of these uses corresponds exactly to the modern
definition of topology
Modern topology depends strongly on the ideas of set theory,
developed by Georg Cantor in the later part of the 19th century.
In addition to establishing the basic ideas of set theory, Cantor
considered point sets in Euclidean space as part of his study
of Fourier series.
Henri Poincar published Analysis Situs in 1895, introducing the
concepts of homotopy and homology, which are now considered
part of algebraic topology.
Unifying the work on function spaces of Georg Cantor, Vito
Volterra, Cesare Arzel, Jacques Hadamard, Giulio Ascoli and
others, Maurice Frchetintroduced the metric space in 1906.
A metric space is now considered a special case of a general
topological space. In 1914, Felix Hausdorff coined the term
"topological space" and gave the definition for what is now called
a Hausdorff space Currently, a topological space is a slight
generalization of Hausdorff spaces, given in 1922 by Kazimierz
Kuratowski.

Topology as a branch of mathematics can be formally defined as
"the study of qualitative properties of certain objects
(called topological spaces) that are invariant under a certain kind
of transformation (called a continuous map), especially those
properties that are invariant under a certain kind of equivalence
(called homeomorphism)." To put it more simply, topology is the
study of continuity and connectivity.
Topology is also used to refer to a structure imposed upon a
set X, a structure that essentially 'characterizes' the set X as
a topological space by taking proper care of properties such
asconvergence, connectedness and continuity, upon
transformation.
Topological spaces show up naturally in almost every branch of
mathematics. This has made topology one of the great unifying
ideas of mathematics.
The motivating insight behind topology is that some geometric
problems depend not on the exact shape of the objects involved,
but rather on the way they are put together. For example, the
square and the circle have many properties in common: they are
both one dimensional objects (from a topological point of view)
and both separate the plane into two parts, the part inside and
the part outside.
.
Topology and GIS :


Topology is a term used around GIS that is sometimes confused with
the term topography. The meanings of the two terms are quite unique.
Topography refers to the study and depiction of physical features in the
landscape. Topology used to describe the relationships between objects.


As currently used in GIS, the term has been applied to several uses:
Theory or model of features in space
Mechanism allowing features to share geometry
Set of editing tools for integrated features
Set of validation rules
Mechanism for navigatin










Uses of topology in GIS


Topology utility in GIS can be grouped into two broad areas. The first
of these is to support spatial analyses. These can include using
connectivity for network analsysis; area definition to determine
containment; and contiguity for neighborhood analysis.
The other use area is the support of database development. Many
times knowledge of the topological conditions in a data set can be
used to discover structural problems with the feature database for
example polygons that are not closed or are overlapping. It can also
be used to automate feature creation and ensure feature integration.








why is it important in ArcGIS?

Topology is the arrangement for how point, line, and polygon
features share geometry. Topology is employed in order to:
Constrain how features share geometry. For example, adjacent
polygons such as parcels have shared edges, street centerlines
and census blocks share geometry, adjacent soil polygons share
edges, etc.
Define and enforce data integrity rules (e.g., no gaps should exist
between polygons, there should be no overlapping features, and
so on).
Support topological relationship queries and navigation (e.g., to
navigate feature adjacency and connectivity).
Support sophisticated editing tools (tools that enforce the
topological constraints of the data model).
Construct features from unstructured geometry (e.g., to construct
polygons from lines).
If you have features that are coincident (i.e., share the same
location of coordinates, boundaries, or nodes), chances are that
using a geodatabase topology can help you better manage your
geographic data.
Topology is fundamentally used to ensure data quality and to aid
in data compilation. Topology is also used for analyzing spatial
relationships in many situations -- such as dissolving the
boundaries between adjacent polygons with the same attribute
values or traversing along a network of the elements in a
topology graph.
Topology can also be used to model how the geometry from a
number of feature classes can be integrated. Some refer to this
as vertical integration of feature classes.







Topology in the Geodatabase :

According to its developers, in ArcGIS topology is maintained on top of
the geodatabase. This is to say that the topologies supported by ArcGIS
are built on the data structure of the geodatabase. Topology appears as a
database object in the geodatabase. It defines a formal mathematical
model used to integrate geometry form one of more feature classes. The
database object also manages topology elements are relationships
between features.
Below is a view of a geodatabase called Montgomery_full containing
a feature data set called Landbase that contains a topology object
called Landbase_Topology.


topology object


he feature data set called Landbase contains a set of feature classes
that share the ture Tsame spatial reference. From this view it is not
possible to tell, necessarily, which feaclasses in the feature data set are
participating in the named topology.
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References :

http://en.wikipedia.org
www.srnr.arizona.edu
http://events.esri.com