Mathematics Formula (E-Maths)

Symbols used:
- pi r - radius l - slanted height h - height
Area and Perimeter
Area of a square - Length Length
Area of a triangle -
Height Length

!

Area of a rectangle - Length "readth
Area of a parallelogram - Length Height
Area of a rhombus - Length Length
Area of a trapezium -

!
(Sum o# $arallel lines) Height
Area of a circle - r%
Circumference of a circle - r
Curved surface area of a cylinder - rh
Surface area of a cylinder - r% & rh
Curved surface area of a cone - rl
Surface area of a sphere - 'r%
(olume
Volume of a cube - Length Length Length
Volume of a cuboid - Length "readth Height
Volume of a cylinder - r%h
Volume of a pyramid -
Height "ase o# Area
)
!

Volume of a cone -
h r
2
)
!
Volume of a prism - Sur#ace area o# the base Height
Volume of a sphere -
3
r
)
'
Algebra
( )
( )
( )( )
( )( ) bd bc ad ac d c b a
b a b a b a
b ab a b a
b ab a b a
+ + + + +
+
+ +
+ + +

*uadratic E+uations Formula

ax% & bx + c , -:
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2
t

Pythagoras .heorem
his formula only applies to right-angled triangle!
"
#ame: $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ % & Class: $$$$$$$$
a% + b% = c%
'here c is the hypotenuse!
/ndices
( )
( )
(! )here *
(! )here *

,
_

+
b
b
a
b
a
b a b a
a a
a a
a
a
a a a
m
m
m
m m m
mn
n
m
n m
n
m
n m n m
0oordinate 1eometry
+radient of a line -
!
!
x x
y y

,ength of a line - ( ) ( )

!
y y x x +
-quation of a line - y = mx + c
Standard 2e3iation
.ngrouped data: +rouped data* frequency distribution:
2
x
n
x
s
2
/
Polygon
Sum of all the angles in a n-sided polygon - !4- (n 5 )
-ach angles of a n-sided regular polygon -
( )
n
n !4-
S$eed
ime
0istance
Speed
2ensity
Volume
1ass
0ensity
.rigonometry
2
( )
m
n n
m
n n
n
n -
0
a a a a
n a
a
a
a
a , a

>



: integer positive a is and )here indices* 2ractional
(! )here * - indices #egative
(! )here - indices 3ero
!
-
!
!
2
x
f
fx
s

2
/
Sine 4ule
C
c
B
b
A
a

sin sin sin

or
c
C
b
B
a
A

sin sin sin

Area of triangle formula:
C ab sin

!
A bc sin

!
B ac sin

!
Cosine 4ule
A bc c b a + cos


B ac c b + cos a


C ab b c + cos a


0ongruency and Similarity
5f the t)o triangles belo) are similar* 5f the t)o solids belo) are similar*

2
A6
78
9A6C of Area
9784 of Area

,
_

:
2
"
6 of Volume
A of Volume

,
_

h
h
Arc6 Sector and Segment
Arc length in 0egree -
r

)7-

Area of sector in 0egree -

)7-
r

Converting degree to radian Converting radian to degree

:
Area of segment -
,
_

,
_

r r

sin

!
)7-

- 1ultiply the angle in degree by
!4-

! - 1ultiply the angle in radian by

!4-
!
Arc length in 4adian - r
Area of sector in 4adian -
r

!
Probability
2or a finite sample space )ith equally li;ely outcomes* the probability of an event E*
denoted by 7%E&* is given by
.
S n
E n
E
,
E
E
& %
& %
& %

& %

P
mes ible outco er o# $oss .otal numb
nt to the e3e a3ourable outcomes # 8umber o#
P
!9 ( 7%E& " for any event E
9 7%certain event& < "* 7%sample space& < "!
)9 7%impossible event& < (!
'9 7%E=& < " > 7%E&!
5f A and B are t)o mutually e?clusive events* then the probability of A or B
occurring is
P(A or B) , P(A) & P(B)
5f A and B are independent events* the probability of both events A and B occurring is
the product of their individual probabilities!
i!e! P(A and B) , P(A) P(B)
Matrices
he matrices belo) must be in the same order!

,
_

+ +
+ +

,
_

,
_

s d r c
+ b $ a
s r
+ $
d c
b a

,
_

,
_

,
_

s d r c
+ b $ a
s r
+ $
d c
b a
Scalar Multi$lication

,
_

,
_

:#
:c
:e :d
:b :a
#
c
e d
b a
:
Multi$lication
he number of columns in the first matri? must be equal to the ro)s of the second
matri?!

,
_

+ +
+ +

,
_

,
_

ds c+ dr c$
bs a+ br a$
s r
+ $
d c
b a
(ectors in .;o 2imensions
Addition of Vector -
4
5f u* v and are vectors* then
Addition
"! u + v = v + u* %commutative la)&
2! %u + v& @ = u + %v + &! %associative la)&
Subtraction
u ! v = u + %-v&
a @ %-a& < ( for any vector a!
Scalar 1ultiplication
5f u and v are vectors* and m and n are real numbers* then
"! m%nu& < n%mu& < %mn&uA
2! %m + n&u < mu + nuA
:! m%u + v& < mu + mv!
7osition Vectors
Vectors on Coordinate 7lates
! tor column vec a of magnitude he

y x
y
x
+

,
_

,
_

+
+

,
_

,
_

2 "
2 "
2
2
"
"
y y
x x
y
x
y
x

,
_

,
_

,
_

2 "
2 "
2
2
"
"
y y
x x
y
x
y
x
scalar! a is )here * "
"y
"x
y
x
"

,
_

,
_

Mathematics /n Practical Situations

7rofit and ,oss
Pro#it , Selling $rice 5 0ost $rice9
Loss , 0ost $rice 5 selling $rice9
B
Simple 5nterest
5nterest I is based on the initial principal P only!
5nterest* # , $ %< n
Amount* A , $(! & %< n)6
)here n < number of years and
iC < interest rate per annum
Compound 5nterest
5nterest I is based on the principal P and the interest earned!
Amount* 6
!--
!
n
n
%
$ A
,
_

+
)here n is the number of periods %years or months& and iC is the interest rate per
period %year or month&!
Dire-purchase
otal interest
, Loan Flat rate Period in years
Monthly $ayment <
months in Period
interest .otal Loan +
.tility 6ills
0harge #or a ser3ice , =sage >ate
1oney -?change
5f S?! , ?m
then ?! , S?
m
!
a?ation
5ndividual income ta? is calculated using a progressive ta? rate on the chargeable
income!
Pro$erty ta@ o# a $ro$erty , Annual 3alue .a@ >ate
1eometrical Pro$erties o# 0ircles
-qual chords* A6 and EF
A1 < 61 A6 < EF* G1 < G#
H
angent is perpendicular )o tangents! AP" APA *
to the centre! "AP AAP !
he angle at the centre of a circle O is t)ice the angle at the circumference:
Angle in a semicircle! Angles in the same Angles in opposite segments are
I( A76 segments! supplementary!
Mathematics Formula (A-Maths)
Simultaneous E+uations
J
+
+
"K( 6C0 6A0
"K( A0C A6C
A46 A76
0eterminant:
2or a matri? M <

,
_

d c
b a
* its determinant is given by
bc ad
d c
b a
M
!
5nverse 1atri?:
5f ad ! bc (* M <

,
_

d c
b a
has inverse
"
M
)here

,
_

a c
b d
bc ad
!
M
"
!
Surds6 /ndices and Logarithms
Surds
2or positive a and b*
a a a
b
a
b
a
b a b a

5ndices
See 1athematics 2ormula %--1aths&
,ogarithms
2or any positive number a* e?cept "*
x y a y
a
x
log
2or
y
a
log
to be defined:
%a& y L (
%b& a L (* a "
- ! log
! log

a
a
a
Common ,ogarithms -
&
' & ' !- lg
#atural ,ogarithms -
&
' & ' e ln
7o)er ,a)
5f a and x are positive numbers and a "* then
x r x
a
r
a
log log
for any real number r!
8uotient ,a):
5f a* x* y are positive numbers and a "* then
y x
y
x
a a a
log log log

,
_

2or any number "*

"
a a
a " " log a log
Change-of-6ase ,a)
5f a* b and c are positive numbers and a "* c "* then
a
b
b
c
c
a
log
log
log
K
a
b
b
a
log
!
log
2or t)o logarithms of the same base*
8 M 8 log M log
a a
*uadratic E+uations and /ne+ualities
ax% & bx @ c < - %a -&
a
c
a
b
roots of 7roduct
roots of Sum

( roots& of %7roduct roots& of %Sum + x x

0iscriminant - b% - 'ac
b% - 'ac ( -

the roots are real and distinct

b% - 'ac = -

the roots are real and equal

b% - 'ac ) -

the roots are not real

b% - 'ac -

the roots are real

.he Modulus Function
2or real values of a and b %b (&*
( a

a a

b a ab
b
a
b
a

n
n
a a

b a b a b a or
"inomial .heorem
-?pansion of
n n
b
n
n
b
n
b
n
b
n
b
n
b

,
_

+ +

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

+ !!!
: 2 " (
& " %
: 2 " (
2inding specific term of
n
b& " % + *
r
r
b
r
n
T

,
_

+"
!
-?pansion of
n n n n n n
b b a
n
b a
n
b a
n
a b a + +

,
_

,
_

,
_

+ +

!!!
: 2 "
& %
: : 2 2 "
2inding specific term of
n
b a & % + *
r r n
r
b a
r
n
T

+

,
_

"
0oordinate 1eometry
-quation of a line:
y , mx & c
m > +radient* c > y-intercept
,ength of a line:
2
" 2
2
" 2
& % & % y y x x +
I
+radient of a line:
" 2
" 2
x x
y y

1idpoint of a line:

,
_

+ +
2
*
2
2 " 2 "
y y x x
Area of a riangle:
"
"
:
:
2
2
"
"
2
"
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
<
& %
2
"
" 2 2 : : " " : : 2 2 "
y x y x y x y x y x y x + +
Area of a 8uadrilateral
2
"
"
"
4
4
:
:
2
2
"
"
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
<
& %
2
"
" 2 2 : : 4 4 " " 4 4 : : 2 2 "
y x y x y x y x y x y x y x y x + + +
Area of 7olygon %n-sided&
2
"
"
"
:
:
2
2
"
"
!!!
!!!
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
n
n
)o lines )ith gradients
"
m
and
2
m
are perpendicular:
"
2 "
m m
0ircles
he equation of a circle )ith centre C%a* b& and radius r is
( ) ( )
2 2 2
r b y a x +
-quation of a circle in the form
( 2 2
2 2
+ + + + c fy gx y x
g < >a* f < >b
c b a r +
2 2
c g f +
2 2
.rigonometry
rigonometric 4atios of Special Angles
" 4B tan
2
"
4B sin
2
"
4B cos



"(
: H( tan
2
:
H( sin
2
"
H( cos



:
"
:( tan
2
"
:( sin
2
:
:( cos



rigonometric 4atios of Complementary Angles
( )
( )
( )

tan
"
I( tan
sin I( cos
cos I( sin



Signs of rigonometric 4atios in 8uadrants
"
st
8uadrant > (M - I(M %All trigonometric functions are positive!&
2
nd
8uadrant > I(M - "K(M %Gnly sin is positive* cos and tan are negative!&
:
rd
8uadrant > "K(M - 2J(M %Gnly tan is positive* sin and cos are negative!&
4
th
8uadrant > 2J(M - :H(M %Gnly cos is positive* sin and tan are negative!&
( )
( )
( )


tan tan
sin sin
cos cos



hree 1ore rigonometric 2unctions

tan
"
cot
sin
"
cosec
cos
"
sec

6asic 5dentities

2 2
2 2
2 2
sec tan "
cosec cot "
( sin )here *
sin
cos
cot
" cos sin
( cos *
cos
sin
tan
+
+

+

""
Additional 2ormulae
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
B A
B A
B A
B A
B A
B A
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
B A B A B A
tan tan "
tan tan
tan
tan tan "
tan tan
tan
sin sin cos cos cos
sin sin cos cos cos
sin cos cos sin sin
sin cos cos sin sin
+
+

+
+
+
+

+ +
0ouble Angle 2ormulae
A
A
A
A
A
A A A
A A A
2
2
2
2 2
tan "
tan 2
2 tan
sin 2 "
" cos 2
sin cos 2 cos
cos sin 2 2 sin

4-2ormulae
( )
( )
a
b
b a R
R b a
R b a

+
t t
t
> >

tan
)here
sin cos sin
cos sin cos
acute* is and ( b (* a for
2 2

2actor 2ormulae
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) Q P Q P Q P
Q P Q P Q P
+
+ +
2
"
sin
2
"
cos 2 sin sin
2
"
cos
2
"
sin 2 sin sin
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) Q P Q P Q P
Q P Q P Q P
+
+ +
2
"
sin
2
"
sin 2 cos cos
2
"
cos
2
"
cos 2 cos cos
2i##erentiation
he +radient 2unction
( )
" "
or


n n n
anx ax
dx
d
anx
dx
dy
( ) constants! are and * * * n m b a bnx amx bx ax
dx
d
n m n m ! !
+ +
"2
Chain 4ule
dx
du
du
dy
dx
dy

( )
dx
du
nu u
dx
d
n n "

( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d
2
"

7roduct 4ule
( )
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u uv
dx
d
+
8uotient 4ule
2
v
dx
dv
u
dx
du
v
v
u
dx
d

,
_

Ma@ima and Minima Problems

#ature of Stationary 7oints
+iven a curve y < f%x&*
%a& 2or the stationary point at x < a*
%i& if
dx
dy
changes sign from negati3e to $ositi3e as x increases through a* the
point
S is a minimum point*
%ii& if
dx
dy
changes sign from $ositi3e to negati3e as x increases through a* the
point S is a ma?imum point*
%iii& if
dx
dy
does not change sign as x increase through a* the point S is a stationary
$oint o# in#le@ion!
%b& A stationary point is called a turning point if it is either a ma?imum point or a
minimum point!
":
Second 0erivatives
+iven a curve y < f%x&*
%a&
dx
dy
< ( and
2
2
dx
y d
( at x < a S%a* f%a&& is a turning point!
%i& 5f
2
2
dx
y d
L (* then S is a minimum point!
%ii& 5f
2
2
dx
y d
N (* then S is a ma@imum point!
%b&
dx
dy
< ( and
2
2
dx
y d
< ( at x < a*
%i& if
dx
dy
does not change sign as x increase through a* S is a stationary point of
infle?ion!
%ii& if
dx
dy
changes sign from negati3e to $ositi3e as x increases through a* S is a
minimum point!
%iii& if
dx
dy
changes sign from $ositi3e to negati3e as x increases through a* S is a
ma@imum point!
1a?imum and 1inimum Values
5n general* for a function y < f%x&*
%a& 5f
dx
dy
< ( at x < a* f%a& is a stationary value of yA
%b& 5f
dx
dy
< ( at x < a and
2
2
dx
y d
L (* then f%a& is the minimum value of yA
%c& 5f
dx
dy
< ( at x < a and
2
2
dx
y d
N (* then f%a& is the ma@imum value of yA
2eri3ati3es o# .rigonometric Functions
( )
( )
( ) x x
x
x x
x
x x
x

sec tan
d
d
sin cos
d
d
cos sin
d
d

"4
( ) [ ] ( )
( ) [ ] ( )
( ) [ ] ( ) b ax a b ax
x
b ax a b ax
x
b ax a b ax
x
+ +
+ +
+ +

sec tan
d
d
sin cos
d
d
cos sin
d
d
( )
( ) x x n x
x
x x n x
x
* n n
* n n
sin cos cos
d
d
cos sin sin
d
d

'here n is constant!
E@$onential and Logarithms Functions
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) [ ] constants! are and )here *
! of function a is )here *
constants! are and )here *
! of function a is )here *
b a
b ax
a
b ax
x
x u
x
u
u
u
x
x
x
x
b a a
x
x u
x
u
x
x
b ax b ax
u u
x x
+
+

+ +
ln
d
d
d
d !
ln
d
d
!
ln
d
d
e e
d
d
d
d
e e
d
d
e e
d
d
/ntegration
5ndefinite 5ntegral
( )
( )
( )
c
n a
b ax
x b ax
c c
n
ax
x ax
n
n
n
n
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+

!
d
!
d
!
!
arbitrary! an is )here *
0efinite 5ntegral
( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) a b x x x x
x
b
a
F F d # # F
d
d

Some results of definite integrals:
(a) ( ) - d #

x x
a
a

(b) ( ) ( ) x x x x
a
b
b
a
d # d #


(c) ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x x x x
c
a
c
b
b
a
d # d # d #

+
5ntegration of rigonometric 2unctions
"B
( )
( )
c
a
x
a x
, a ,
c x
x
c x
x
b ax b ax b ax b ax
x x x x
x x x x
+
1
]
1

+
+
+ + + +

e
!
d e e e
!
d
d
- i# general /n
e d e e e
d
d
and
e d e e e
d
d




( )
( )
( )

+
+
+
c x x x x x
x
c x x x x x
x
c x x x x x
x
tan d sec sec tan
d
d
cos d sin sin cos
d
d
sin d cos cos sin
d
d




8ote that the angle x is measured in radians9
/# a -6 then
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) c b ax
a
x b ax b ax b ax
a x
c b ax
a
x b ax b ax b ax
a x
c b ax
a
x b ax b ax b ax
a x
+ + + +
1
]
1

+
+ + + +
1
]
1

+
+ + + +
1
]
1

tan
!
d sec sec tan
!
d
d
cos
!
d sin sin cos
!
d
d
sin
!
d cos cos sin
!
d
d




5ntegration of -?ponential 2unctions and
x
"
For logarithmic #unctions6 ;e ha3e6 #or x B -6
( )
( ) ( ) c b ax
a
x
b ax b ax
b ax
a x
a b ax
c x x
x x
x
x
+ +
+

1
]
1

+
> +
+

ln
!
d
!

!
ln
!
d
d
-6 - and 6 #or /n general
ln d
! !
ln
d
d


A$$lication o# /ntegration
Area 6et)een a Curve and an A?is
/n general6 i# A(x) is an area #unction under the cur3e y , #(x)6 then
area under the cur3e y , #(x) #rom x = a to x = b is gi3en by
;here #(x) - #or a x b9
Area enclosed by the cur3e y , #(x) #rom x = a to x = b (;here a ) b) is
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) -a@is) he - (belo; t # #or d #
-a@is) he - (abo3e t # #or d #
x x x x A
x x x x A
b
a
b
a
<

Area bet)een a Curve and the y-a?is
"H
( ) x, x A
b
a
d #

+ a v
+ v s
d
d


Area enclosed by the cur3e x , h(y)6 the y-a@is and the lines y = a and y , b is
gi3en by
(a)
9 - #or ;here
d
b y a x
y, x A
b
a

(b)
9 - #or ;here
d
b y a x
, y x A
b
a

Cinematics
v = velocity* s < distance* + < time* a < acceleration
+
s
v
d
d

9 at time $lacement is the dis and ;here

d
d
d
d
on accelarati

+ s
d+
ds
v
+
s
a
+
v
a ,

Plane 1eometry
1idpoint heorem
/n the triangle ABC6 i# , and E are the mid$oints o# AB and AC res$ecti3ely6
then
BC ,E BC ,E

!
and el to is $arall
5ntercept heorem
"J
/n the triangle ABC6 i# , and E are $oints on
AB and AC res$ecti3ely such that ,E is
$arallel to BC6 then the ratio o# A, to ,B is
e+ual to the ratio o# AE to EC6 i9e6
EC
AE
,B
A,

he Alternate Segment heorem %angent-Chord heorem&

.he angle bet;een a tangent and a chord dra;n at the
$oint o# contact is e+ual to the angle subtended by a
chord in the alternate segment9
5n the diagram* TAB = APB
5ntersecting Chords heorem
/n the diagram6 i# t;o chords AC and B, o# a circle
intersect at -6 a $oint ;hich is inside the circle6 then
-A -C = -B -,
angent-Secant heorem
/n the diagram6 i# the tangent at C meets chord AB
$roduced at -6 then
-A -B , -C%
1ra$hs


"K




"I
Athers
8ames o# Polygons
#ames of 7olygon #o! of sides #ames of 7olygon #o! of sides
triangle : heptagon J
quadrilateral 4 octagon K
pentagon B nonagon I
he?agon H decagon "(
Angles
(ertically o$$osite angle

a =

b
Alternate angle

a <

c
0orres$onding angle

b <

c
/nterior angles
2(
c + d < "K(O

p @

q <

r @

s < "K(O
.y$es o# angles

acute right obtuse straight re#le@
(O N N I(O I(O I(O N N "K(O "K(O "K(O N N :H(O
hese notes are specially )ritten for students ta;ing G or #-,evel 1athematics and
Additional 1athematics e?aminations! 5 hope these )ill help you in your e?aminations!
hese notes are not for sale!
2"