Chapter 12

Vector-Valued Functions
12.1 Vector Functions
1. Since the square root function is only dened for nonnegative values, we must have t
2
9 0.
So the domain is (, 3)

[3, ).
2. Since the natural logarithm is only dened for positive values, we must have 1 t
2
> 0. So
the domain is (1, 1).
3. Since the inverse sine function is only dened for values between -1 and 1, the domain is
[1, 1].
4. The vector function is dened for all real numbers.
5. r(t) = sinti + cos tj cos
2
tk
6. r(t) = cos
2
ti + 2 sin
2
tj + t
2
k
7. r(t) = e
t
i + e
2t
j + e
3t
k
8. r(t) = 16t
2
i + 50tj + 10k
9. x = t
2
, y = sint, z = cos t
10. r(t) = t sint(i +k) = t sinti + 0j + t sintk so x = t sint, y = 0, z = t sint
11. x = lnt, y = 1 + t, z = t
3
12. x = 5 sint sin3t, y = 5 cos 3t, z = 5 cos t sin3t
48
12.1. VECTOR FUNCTIONS 49
13.
z
y
x
4
14.
z
y
x
15.
z
y
x
16.
z
y
x
17.
y
x
2
2
18.
y
x
19.
z
y
x
20.
z
y
x
21.
z
y
x
Note: the scale is distorted in this graph. For t = 0, the graph starts at (1, 0, 1). The upper
loop shown intersects the xz-plane at about (286751, 0, 286751).
50 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
22.
z
y
x
10
10
10
23.
z
y
x
24.
z
y
x
25. r(t) = 4, 0 +0 4, 3 0t = (4 4t)i + 3tj, 0 t 1
x
y
26. r(t) = 0, 0, 0 +1 0, 1 0, 1 0t = ti + tj + tk, 0 t 1
12.1. VECTOR FUNCTIONS 51
27. x = t, y = t, z = t
2
+ t
2
= 2t
2
; r(t) = ti + tj + 2t
2
k
z
y
x
28. x = t, y = 2t, z =

t
2
+ 4t
2
+ 1 =

5t
2
1; r(t) = ti + 2tj

5t
2
1k
z
y
x
29. x = 3 cos t, z = 9 9 cos
2
t = 0 sin
2
t; y = 3 sint; r(t) = 3 cos ti + 3 sintj + 9 sin
2
tk
z
y
x
30. x = sint, z = 1, y = cos t; r(t) = sinti + cos tj +k
52 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
z
y
x
31. x = t, y = t, z = 1 2t; r(t) = ti + tj + (1 2t)k
z
y
x
32. x = 11, y = t, z = 3 + 2t; r(t) = i + tj + (3 + 2t)k
z
y
x
33. (b); Notice that the y and z values consistently increase while the x values oscillate rapidly
between -1 and 1. The only vector fucntion that describes this behavior is (b).
34. (c); The trace of the graph on the xyplane would look like a circle, while the z value oscillates
between 0 and 1. The only vector function that describes this behavior is (c).
35. (d); Notice that the z value is contant. The only vector function that satises this constraint
is (d).
36. (a); Notice that the x values consistently increase while the trace of the graph on the yz-plane
would look like a circle. The only vector function that describes this behavior is (a).
12.1. VECTOR FUNCTIONS 53
37. Letting x = at cos t, y = bt sint, and z = ct, we have
z
2
c
2
=
c
2
t
2
c
2
= t
2
= t
2
cos
2
t + t
2
sin
2
t
=
a
2
t
2
cos
2
t
a
2
+
b
2
t
2
sin
2
b
2
=
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
38.
z
y
x
39. Letting x = ae
kt
cos t, y = be
kt
sint, and z = ce
kt
, we have
z
2
c
2
=
c
2
e
kt
c
2
= e
2kt
= e
2kt
cos
2
t + e
2kt
sin
2
t
=
a
2
e
2kt
cos
2
t
a
2
+
b
2
e
2kt
sin
2
t
b
2
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
40.
z
y
x
41. x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= a
2
sin
2
kt cos
2
t + a
2
sin
2
kt sin
2
t + a
2
cos
2
kt
= a
2
sin
2
kt + a
2
cos
2
kt
= a
2
54 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
42. k = 1 k = 2 k = 3
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
k = 4 k = 10 k = 20
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
43. (a)
z
y
x
(b) r
1
(t) = ti + tj + (4 t
2
)k
r
2
(t) = ti tj + (4 t
2
)k
(c)
z
y
x
44. C lies on the surface of the sphere of radius a.
12.2. CALCULUS OF VECTOR FUNCTIONS 55
45.
46. k = 0.1 k = 0.2 k = 0.3
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
47. k = 2 k = 4
z
y
x
z
y
x
48. k =
1
10
k = 1
z
y
x
z
y
x
12.2 Calculus of Vector Functions
1. lim
t2
[t
3
i + t
4
j + t
5
k] = 2
3
i + 2
4
j + 2
5
k = 8i + 16j + 32k
56 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
2. r(t) =
sin2t
t
i + (t 2)
5
k +
lnt
1/t
k. Using LH opitals Rule,
lim
t0
+
r(t) =
_
2 cos 2t
1
i + (t 2)
5
j +
1/t
1/t
2
k
_
= 2i 32j
3. Using LH opitals Rule, we have
lim
t1
_
t
2
1
t 1
,
5t 1
t + 1
,
2e
t1
2
t 1
_
= lim
t1
=
_
2t
1
,
5t 1
t + 1
,
2e
t1
1
= 2, 2, 2
_
4. Since lim
t
tan
1
t =

2
, we have
lim
t
_
e
2t
2e
2t
+ t
,
e
1
2e
t
+ 5
, tan
1
t
_
= lim
t
_
1
2 + te
2t
,
1
2 + 5e
t
, tan
1
t
_
=
_
1
2
, 0,

2
_
The last equality follows from using LH opitals Rule to get
lim
t
te
2t
= lim
t
t
e
2t
= lim
t
1
2e
2t
= 0
5. lim
t
[4r
1
(t) + 3r
2
(t)] = 4(i 2j +k) + 3(2i + 5j + 7k) = 2i + 23j + 17k
6. lim
t
r
1
(t) r
2
(t) = (i 2j +k) = (i 2j +k) (2i + 5j + 7k) = 1
7. Notice that the k component ln(t1) is not dened at t = 1. Therefore, r(t) is not continuous
at t = 1.
8. Notice that sint, tant, and cos t are each continuous at t = 1 since the sine, cosine, and
tangent function are continuous on their domains. Therefore, since each of the component
functions are continuous at t = 1, we know that r(t) is continuous at t = 1.
9. r

(t) = 3i + 8tj + (10t 1)k

so r

(1) = 3i + 8j + 9k = 3, 8, 9
while
r(1.1) r(1)
0.1
=
3(1.1) 1, 4(1.1)
2
, 5(1.1)
2
(1.1) 3(1) 1, 4(1)
2
, 5(1)
2
(1)
0.1
=
2.3, 4.84, 4.95 2, 4, 4
0.1
=
0.3, 0.84, 0.95
0.1
= 3, 8.4, 9.5
10. r

(t) =
5
(1 + 5t)
2
i + (6t + 1)j 3(1 t)
2
k
so r

(0) =
5
1
i +j + 3k = 5, 1, 3
12.2. CALCULUS OF VECTOR FUNCTIONS 57
while
r(0.05) r(0)
0.05
=
_
1
1 + 5(0.05)
, 3(0.05)
2
+ (0.05), (1 + 0.05)
3
_

_
1
1 + 5(0)
, 3(0)
2
+ (0), (1 0)
3
_
0.05
=
0.8, 0.0575, 0.857375 1, 0, 1
0.05
=
0.2, 0.0575, 0.142625
0.05
= 4, 1.15, 2.8525
11. r

(t) =
1
t
i
1
t
2
j; r

(t) =
1
t
2
i +
2
t
3
j
12. r

(t) = t sint, 1 sint; r

(t) = t cos t sint, cos t

13. r

(t) = 2te
2t
+ e
2t
, 3t
2
, 8t 1; r

(t) = 4te
2t
+ 4e
2t
, 6t, 8
14. r

(t) = 2ti + 3t
2
j +
1
1 + t
2
k; r

(t) = 2i + 6tj
2t
(1 + t
2
)
2
k
15. r

(t) = 2 sinti + 6 cos tj

r

(/6) = i + 3

3j
x
y
16. r

(t) = 3t
2
i + 2tj
r

(1) = 3i 2j
y
x
17. r

(t) = j
8t
(1 + t
2
)
2
k
r

(1) = j 2k
z
y
x
18. r

(t) = 3 sinti + 3 cos tj + 2k

r

(/4) =
3

2
2
i +
3

2
2
j + 2k
z
x
y
58 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
19. r(t) = ti +
1
2
j +
1
3
t
3
k; r(2) = 2i + 2j +
8
3
k; r

(t) = i + tj + t
2
k; r

(2) = i + 2j + 4k
Using the point (2, 2, 8/3) and the direction vector r

(2), we have x = 2 +t, y = 2 +2t, z =

8/3 + 4t.
20. r(t) = (t
3
t)i+
6t
t + 1
j+(2t+1)
2
k; r(1) = 3j+9k; r

(t) = (3t
2
1)i+
6
(t + 1)
2
j+(8t+4)k;
r

(1) = 2i +
3
2
j + 12k. Using the point (0, 3, 9) and the direction vector r

(1), we have x =
2t, y = 3 +
3
2
, z = 9 + 12t.
21. r

(t) = e
t
+ te
t
, 2t + 2, 3t
2
1 so r

(0) = 1, 2, 1 and |r

(0)| =
_
1
2
+ 2
2
+ (1)
2
=

6
The unit tangent vector at t = 0 is given by
r

(0)
|r

(0)|
=
1, 2, 1

6
=
_
1

6
,
2

6
,
1

6
_
To nd the parametric equations of the tangent line at t = 0, we rst compute r(0) =
0, 0, 0. The tangent line is then given in vector form as p(t) = 0, 0, 0 +t
_
1

6
,
2

6
,
1

6
_
=
_
1

6
t,
2

6
t,
1

6
t
_
or in parametric form as x =
1

6
t, y =
2

6
t, z =
1

6
t.
22. r

(t) = 3 cos 3t, 2 sec

2
2t, 1 so r

() = 3, 2, 1 and |r

()| =
_
(3)
2
+ (2)
2
+ (1)
2
=

14.
The unit tangent vector at t = is given by
r

()
|r

()|
=
3, 2, 1

14
=
_
3

14
,
2

14
,
1

14
_
To nd the parametric equations of the tangent line at t = , we rst compute r

() = 1, 0, .
The tangent line is then given in vector form as
p(t) = 1, 0, + t
_
3

14
,
2

14
,
1

14
_
= 1
_
3

14
t,
2

14
t, +
1

14
t
_
or in parametric form as x = 1
3

14
t, y =
2

14
t, z = +
1

14
t
23. r(/3) =
_
1
2
,

3
2
,

3
_
r

(t) = sint, cos t, 1

r

(/3) =
_

3
2
,
1
2
, 1
_
so the tangent line is given by
p(t) =
_
1
2
,

3
2
,

3
_
+ t
_

3
2
,
1
2
, 1
_
=
_
1
2

3
2
t,

3
2
+
1
2
t,

3
+ t
_
24. r(0) = 6, 1, 1
r

(t) = 3e
t/2
, 2e
2t
, 3e
3t

12.2. CALCULUS OF VECTOR FUNCTIONS 59

r

(0) = 3, 2, 3 So the tangent line is given by

r(t) = 6, 1, 1 + t3, 2, 2
= 6 3t, 1 + 2t, 1 + 3t
25.
d
dt
[r(t) r

(t)] = r(t) r

(t) +r

(t) r

(t) = r(t) r

(t)
26.
d
dt
[r(t) (tr(t))] = r(t)
d
dt
(tr(t))+ = r(t) (tr

(t) +r(t)) +r

(t) (tr(t))
= r(t) (tr

(t)) +r(t) r(t) +r

(t) (tr(t)) = 2t(r(t) r

(t)) +r(t) r(t)

27.
d
dt
[r(t) (r

(t) r

(t))] = r(t)
d
dt
(r

(t) r

(t)) +r

(t) (r

(t) r

(t))
= r(t) (r

(t) r

(t) +r

(t) r

(t)) +r

(t) (r

(t) r

(t))
= r(t) (r

(t) r

(t))
28.
d
dt
[r
1
(t) (r
2
(t) r
3
(t))] = r
1
(t)
d
dt
(r
2
(t) r
3
(t)) +r

(t) (r
2
(t) r
3
(t))
= r
1
(t) (r
2
(t) r

3
(t) +r

2
(t) r
3
(t) +r

1
(t) (r
2
(t) r
3
(t))
= r
1
(t) (r
2
(t) r

3
(t)) +r
1
(t) (r

2
(t) r
3
(t)) +r
1
(t) (r
2
(t) r
3
(t))
29.
d
dt
[r
1
(2t) +r
2
(
1
t
)] = 2r

(2t)
1
t
2
r

2
(
1
t
)
30.
d
dt
[t
3
r(t
2
)] = t
3
(2t)r

(t
2
) + 3t
2
r(t
2
) = 2t
4
r

(t
2
) + 3t
2
r(t
2
)
31.
_
2
1
r(t)dt =
__
2
1
tdt
_
i +
__
2
1
3t
2
dt
_
j +
__
2
1
4t
3
dt
_
k =
1
2
t
2

2
1
i + t
3

2
1
j + t
4

2
1
k =
3
2
i + 9j + 15k
32.
_
4
0
r(t)dt =
__
4
0

2t + 1dt
_
i +
__
4
0

tdt
_
j +
__
4
0
sintdt
_
k
=
1
3
(2t + 1)
3/2

4
0
i
2
3
t
3/2

4
0
j
1

cos t

4
0
k =
26
3
i
16
3
j
33.
_
r(t)dt =
__
te
t
dt
_
i +
__
e
2t
dt
_
j +
__
te
t
2
dt
_
k
= [te
t
e
t
+ c
1
]i +
_
1
2
e
2t
+ c
2
_
j +
_
1
2
e
t
2
+ d
3
_
k = e
t
(t 1)i +
1
2
e
2t
j +
1
2
e
t
2
k +c,
where c = c
1
i + c
2
j + c
3
k.
34.
_
r(t)dt =
__
1
1 + t
2
dt
_
i +
__
t
1 + t
2
dt
_
j +
__
t
2
1 + t
2
dt
_
k
= [tan
1
t + c
1
]i +
_
1
2
ln(1 + t
2
) + c
2
_
j +
__ _
1
1
1 + t
2
__
k
= [tan
1
t + c
1
]i +
_
1
2
ln(1 + t
2
) + c
2
_
j + [t tan
1
t + c
3
]k
= tan
1
ti +
1
2
ln(1 + t
2
)j + (t tan
1
t)k +c,
60 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
where c = c
1
i + c
2
j + c
3
k.
35. r(t) =
_
r

(t)dt =
__
6dt

i +
__
6tdt

j +
__
3t
2
dt

k = [6t + c
1
]i + [3t
2
+ c
2
]j + [t
3
+ c
3
]k
Since r(0) = i + 2j +k = c
1
i + c
2
j + c
3
k, c
1
1, c
2
= 2, and c
3
= 1. Thus,
r(t) = (6t + 1)i + (3t
2
2)j + (t
3
+ 1)k
36. r(t) =
_
r

(t)dt =
__
t sint
2
dt

i +
__
cos 2tdt

j =
_
1
2
cos t
2
+ c
1

i +
_

1
2
sin2t + c
2

j
Since r(0) =
3
2
= (
1
2
+ c
1
)i + c
2
j, c
1
= 2, and c
2
= 0. Thus,
r(t) =
_

1
2
cos t
2
+ 2
_
i
1
2
sin2tj.
37. r

(t) =
_
r

(t)dt =
__
12tdt

i +
__
3t
1/2
dt

j +
__
2dt

k = [6t
2
+ c
1
]i + [6t
1/2
+ c
2
]j +
[2t + c
3
]k
Since r

(1) = j = (6 + c
1
)i + (6 + c
2
)j + (2 + c
3
)k, c
1
= 6, c
2
= 7, and c
3
= 2. Thus,
r

(t) = (6t
2
6)i + (6t
1/2
+ 7)j + (2t 2)k.
r(t) =
_
r

(t)dt =
__
(6t
2
6)dt
_
i +
__
(6t
1/2
+ 7)dt
_
j +
__
(2t 2)dt
_
k
= [2t
3
6t + c
4
]i + [4t
3/2
+ 7t + c
5
]j + [t
2
2t + c
6
]k.
Since
r(1) = 2i k = (4 + c
4
)i + (3 + c
5
)j + (1 + c
6
)k,
c
4
= 6, c
5
= 3, and c
6
= 0. Thus,
r(t) = (2t
3
6t + 6)i + (4t
3/2
+ 7t 3)j + (t
2
2t)k.
38. r

(t) =
_
r

(t)dt =
__
sec
2
tdt
_
i +
__
cos tdt
_
j +
__
sintdt
_
k
= [tant + c
1
]i + [sint + c
2
]j + [cos t + c
3
]k
Since r

(0) = i +j +k = c
1
i + c
2
j + c
3
k, c
1
= 1, c
2
= 1, and c
3
= 0. Thus,
r

(t) = (tant + 1)i + (sint + 1)j + cos tk.

r(t) =
_
r

(t)dt =
__
(tant + 1)dt
_
i +
__
(sint + 1)dt
_
j +
__
cos tdt
_
k
= [ln| sec t| + c
4
]i + [cos t + t + c
5
]j + [sint + c
6
]k
.
Since r(0) = j + 5k = (1 + c
5
)j + (c
6
)k, c
4
= 0, c
5
= 0, and c
6
= 5. Thus,
r(t) = (ln| sec t| + t)i + (cos t + t)j + (sint + 5)k.
39. r

(t) = a sinti + a cos tj + ck; |r

(t)| =
_
(a sint)
2
+ (a cos t)
2
+ c
2
=

a
2
+ c
2
s =
_
2
0

a
2
+ c
2
dt =

a
2
+ c
2
t

2
0
= 2

a
2
+ c
2
12.2. CALCULUS OF VECTOR FUNCTIONS 61
40. r

(t) = i + (cos t t sint)j + (sint + t cos t)k

|r

(t)| =
_
1
2
+ (cos t t sint)
2
+ (sint + t cos t)
2
=

2 + t
2
s =
_

2 + t
2
dt =
_
t
2

2 + t
2
+ ln|t +

2 + t
2
|
_

0
=

2

2 +
2
+ ln( +

2 +
2
) ln

2
41. r

(t) = (2e
t
sin2t + e
t
cos 2t)i + (2e
t
cos 2t + e
t
sin2t)j + e
t
k
|r

(t)| =
_
5e
2t
cos
2
2t + 5e
2t
sin
2
2t + e
2t
=

6e
2t
=

6e
t
s =
_
3
0

6e
t
dt =

6e
t

3
0
=

6(e
3
1)
42. r

(t) = 3i + 2

3tj + 2t
2
k; |r

(t)| =
_
3
2
+ (2

3t)
2
+ (2t
2
)
2
=

9 + 12t
2
+ 4t
4
= 3 + 2t
2
s =
_
1
0
(3 + 2t
2
)dt =
_
3t +
2
3
t
3
_

1
0
= 3 +
2
3
=
11
3
43. Fromr

(t) = 9 cos t, 9 sint, we nd |r

(t)| = 9. Therefore, s =
_
t
0
9du = 9t so that t =
s
9
. By
substituting for t in r(t), we obtain r(s) =
_
9 sin
s
9
, 9 cos
s
9
_
. Note that r

(s) =
_
sin
s
9
, cos
s
9
_
so that

(s) =
_
sin
2
s
9
+ cos
s
9

= 1.
44. From r(t) = 5 sint, 12, 5 cos t, we nd |r

(t)| =

169 = 13. Therefore, s =
_
t
0
13du = 13t
so that t =
s
13
. By substituting for t in r(t), we obtain r(s) = 5 cos
s
13
,
12
13
s,
5
13
cos
s
13
.
Note that r

(t) =

5
13
sin
s
13
,
12
13
,
5
13
cos
s
13
_
so that
|r

(s)| =
_
25
169
sin
25
13
+
144
169
+
25
169
cos
2
s
13
= 1
45. From r

(t) = 2, 3, 4, we nd |r

(t)| =

29. Therefore, s =
_
t
0

29du =

20t so that
t =
s

29
. By substituting for t in r(t), we obtain r(s) =
_
1 +
2

29
s, 5
3

29
s, 2 +
4

29
s
_
.
Note that r

(s) =
_
2

29
,
3

29
,
4

29
_
so that r

(s) =
_
4
29
+
9
29
+
16
29
= 1.
46. From r

(t) = e
t
cos t e
t
sint, e
t
sint + e
t
cos t, 0 we nd
|r

(t)| =
_
e
2t
cos
t
2e
2t
cos t sint + e
2t
sin
2
t + e
2t
sin
2
t + 2e
2t
sint cos t + e
2t
cos
2
t =

2e
2t
= e
t

2.
Therefore, s =
_
t
0
e
u

2du =

2(e
t
1) so that t = ln
_
s

2
+ 1
_
. By substituting for t in r(t),
we obtain
r(s) =
__
s

2
+ 1 cos(ln
_
s

2
+ 1
__
,
_
s

2
+ 1
_
sin
_
ln
_
s

2
+ 1
__
, 1
_
Note that
r

(s) =
_
1

2
cos
_
ln
_
s

2
+ 1
__

2
sin
_
ln
_
s

2
+ 1
__
,
1

2
sin
_
ln
_
s

2
+ 1
__
+
1

2
cos
_
ln
_
s

2
+ 1
__
, 0
_
so that
|r

(s)| =

_
1
2
cos
2
_
ln
_
s

2
+ 1
__
cos
_
ln
_
s

2
+ 1
__
sin
_
ln
_
s

2
+ 1
__
+
1
2
sin
2
_
ln
_
s

2
+ 1
__
+
1
2
sin
2
_
ln
_
s

2
+ 1
__
+ sin
_
ln
_
s

2
+ 1
__
cos
_
ln
_
s

2
+ 1
__
+
1
2
cos
2
_
ln
_
s

2
+ 1
__
=

cos
2
_
ln
_
s

2
+ 1
__
+ sin
2
_
ln
_
s

2
+ 1
__
= 1
62 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
47. Since
d
dt
(r r) =
d
dt
|r|
2
=
d
dt
c
2
= 0 and
d
dt
(r r) = r r

+ r

r = 2r r

, we have r r

= 0.
Thus, r

is perpendicular to r.
48. Let v = ai + bj and r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j. Then
_
b
a
v r(t)dt =
_
b
a
[ax(t) + by(t)]dt = a
_
b
a
x(t)dt + b
_
b
a
y(t)dt = v
_
b
a
r(t)dt.
49. From r(t) = r
0
+ tv, we get r

(t) = v so that |r

(t)| = |v|. Therfore s =

_
t
0
|r

(t)|du =
_
t
0
|v|du = |v|t which gives t =
s
|v|
. Substituting for t in r(t), we have r

(s) = r
0
+
s
|v|v = r
0
+ s
v
|v|
. Note that r

(s) =
v
|v|
so that |r

(s)| =
|v|
|v|
= 1.
50. (a) |3, 4| =
_
3
2
+ (4)
2
= 5 so r(s) = 1, 2 +
s
5
3, 4 = 1, 2 + s
_
3
5
,
4
5
_
(b) r(t) = 1, 1, 10 + t1, 2, 1 and |1, 2, 1| =

1 + 4 + 1 =

6 so r(s) = 1, 1, 10 +
s
_
1

6
,
2

6
,
1

6
_
12.3 Motion on a Curve
y
x
a
v
1. v(t) = 2ti + t
3
j; v(1) = 2i +j; |v(1)| =

4 + 1 =

5;
a(t) = 2i + 3t
2
j; a(1) = 2i + 3j
y
x
a
v
2. v(t) = 2ti
2
t
3
j; v(1) = 2i 2j; |v(1)| =

4 + 4 = 2

2;
a(t) = 2i +
6
t
4
j; a(1) = 2i + 6j
12.3. MOTION ON A CURVE 63
y
x
a
v
3. v(t) = 2 sinh2ti + 2 cosh2tj; v(1) = 2j; |v(0)| = 2;
a(t) = 4 cosh2ti + +4 sinh2tj; a(0) = 4i
y
x
a
v
4. v(t) = 2 sinti + cos tj; v(/3) =

3i +
1
2
j;
|v(/3)| =
_
3 + 1/4 =

13/2; a(t) = 2 cos ti sintj;

a(/3) = i

3
2
j
y
z
x
a
v
5. v(t) = (2t 2)i +k; v(2) = 2j +k; |v(2)| =

4 + 1 =

5;
a(t) = 2j; a(2) = 2j
y
z
x
a
v
6. v(t) = i +j; v(2) = i +j + 12k; |v(2)| =

1 + 1 + 144 =

146;
a(t) = 6tk; a(2) = 12k
64 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
y
z
x
a
v
7. v(t) = i + 2tj + 3t
2
k;
mathbfv(1) = i + 2j + 3k; |v(1)| =

1 + 1 + 9 =

14;
a(t) = 2j + 6tk; a(1) = 2j + 6k
y
z
x
a
v
8. v(t) = i + 3t
2
j +k;
v(1) = i + 3j +k; |v(1)| =

1 + 9 + 1 =

11;
a(t) = 6tj; a(1) = 6j
9. The particle passes through the xy-plane when z(t) = t
2
5t = 0 or t = 0, 5 which gives us the
points (0, 0, 0) and (25, 115, 0). v(t) = 2ti +(3t
2
2)j +(2t 5)k; v(0) = 2j 5k, v(5) =
10i + 73j + 5k; a(t) = 2i + 6tj + 2k; a(0) = 2i + 30j + 2k
10. If a(t) = 0, then v(t) = c
1
and r(t) = c
1
t +c
2
. The graph of this equation is a straight line.
11. Initially we are given s
0
= 0 and v
0
= (480 cos 30

)i + (480 cos 30

)j = 240

3i + 240j. Using
a(t) = 32j we nd
v(t) =
_
a(t)dt = 32tj +c
240

3i + 240j = v(0) = c
v(t) = 32tj + 240

3i + 240j = 240

3i + (240 32t)j
r(t) =
_
v(t)dt = 240

3ti + (240t 16t

2
)j +b
0 = r(0) = b.
(a) The shells trajectory is given by r(t) = 240

3ti + (240t 16t

2
)j or x = 240

3t, y =
240 16t
2
.
(b) Solving dy/dt = 24032t = 0, we see that y is maximum when t = 15/2. The maximum
altitude is y(15/2) = 900 ft.
(c) Solving y(t) = 240t 16t
2
= 16t(15 t) = 0, we see that the shell is at ground level
when t = 0 and t = 15. The range of the shell is s(15) = 3600

3 6235 ft.
12.3. MOTION ON A CURVE 65
(d) From (c), impact is when t = 15. The speed at impact is
|v(15)| = |240

3i + (240 32 15)j| =
_
240
2
3 + (240)
2
= 480 ft/s.
12. Initially we are given s
0
= 1600j and v
0
= (480 cos 30

)i + (480 sin30

)j = 240

3i + 240j.
Using a(t) = 32j we nd
v(t) =
_
a(t)dt = 32tj +c
240

3i + 240j = v(0) = c
v(t) = 32tj + 240

3i + 240j = 240

3i + (240 32t)j
r(t) =
_
v(t)dt = 240

3ti + (240t 16t

2
)j +b
1600j = r(0) = b.
(a) The shells trajectory is given by r(t) = 240

3ti+(240t16t
2
+1600)j or s = 240

3t, y =
240t 16t
2
+ 1600.
(b) Solving dy/dt = 24032t = 0, we see that y is maximum when t = 15/2. The maximum
altitude is y(15/2) = 2400 ft.
(c) Solving y(t) = 16t
2
+ 240t + 1600 = 16(t 20)(t + 5) = 0, we see that the shell hits
the ground when t = 20. The range of the shell is x(20) = 4800

3 8314 ft.
(d) From (c), impact is when t = 20. The speed at impact is
|v(20)| = |240

3i + (240 32 20)j| =
_
240
2
3 + (400)
2
= 160

13 577 ft/s.
13. We are given s
0
= 81j and v
0
= 4i. Using a(t) = 32j, we have
v(t) =
_
a(t)dt = 32tj +c
4i = v(0) = c
v(t) = 4i 32tj
r(t) =
_
v(t)dt = 4ti 16t
2
j +b
81j = r(0) = b
r(t) = 4ti + (81 16t
2
)j.
Solving y(t) = 81 16t
2
= 0, we see that the car hits the water when t = 9/4. Then
|v(9/4)| = |4i 32(9/4)j| =
_
4
2
+ 72
2
= 20

13 72.11ft/s.
66 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
14. Let be the angle of elevation. Then v(0) = 98 cos i +98 sinj. Using a(t) = 9.8j, we have
v(t) =
_
a(t)dt = 9.8tj +c
98 cos i + 98 sinj = v(0) = c
v(t) = 98 cos i + (98 sin 9.8t)j
r(t) = 98t cos i + (98t sin 4.9t
2
)j +b.
Since r(0) = 0, b = 0 and r(t) = 98t cos i + (98t sin 4.9t
2
)j. Setting y(t) = 98t sin
4.9t
2
= t(98 sin 4.9t) = 0, we see that the projectile hits the ground when t = 20 sin.
Thus, using x(t) = 98t cos , 490 = s(t) = 98(20 sin) cos or sin2 = 0.5. Then 2 = 30

or
150

. The angles of elevation are 15

and 75

.
15. Let s be the initial speed. Then v(0) = s cos 45

i + s sin45

j =
s

2
2
i +
s

2
2
j. Using a(t) =
32j, we have
v(t) =
_
a(t)dt = 32j +c
s

2
2
i +
s

2
2
j = v(0) = c
v(t) =
s

2
2
i +
_
s

2
2
32t
_
j
r(t) =
s

2
2
ti +
_
s

2
2
t 16t
2
_
j +b.
Since r(0) = 0, b = 0 and
r(t) =
s

2
2
ti +
_
s

2
2
t 16t
2
_
j.
Setting y(t) = s

2t/2 16t
2
= t(2

2/2 16t) = 0 we see that the ball hits the ground when
t =

2s/32. Thus, using x(t) = s

2t/2 and the fact that 100 yd = 300 ft, 300 = x(t) =
s

2
2
(

2s/32) =
s
2
32
and s =

9600 97.98 ft/s.

16. Let s be the initial speed and the initial angle. Then v() = s cos i + s sinj. Using a(t) =
32j, we have
v(t) =
_
a(t)dt = 32tj +c
s cos i + s sinj = v(0) = c
v(t) = s cos i + (s sin 32t)j
r(t) = st cos i + (st sin 16t
2
)j +b.
12.3. MOTION ON A CURVE 67
Since r(0) = 0, b = 0 and r(t) = st cos i + (st sin 16t
2
)j. Setting y(t) = st sin
16t
2
= t(s sin 16t) =, we see that the ball hits the ground when t = (s sin)/16. Using
x(t) = st cos i, we see that the range of the ball is
x
_
s sin
16
_
=
s
2
sin cos
16
=
s
2
sin2
32
.
For = 30

, the range is s
2
sin60

/32 =

3s
2
/64 and for = 60

the range is s
2
sin120

/32 =

3s
2
/64. In general, when the angle is 90

then range is
[s
2
sin2(90

)]/32 = s
2
[sin(180

2)]/32 = s
2
(sin2)/32.
Thus, for angles and 90

, the range is the same.

17. r

(t) = v(t) = r
0
sinti + r
0
cos tj; v = |v(t)| =
_
r
2
0

2
sin
2
t + r
2
0

2
cos
2
t = r
0

= v/r
0
; a(t) = r

(t) = r
0

2
cos ti r
0

2
sintj
a = |a(t)| =
_
r
2
0

4
cos
2
t + r
2
0

4
sin
2
t = r
0

2
= r
0
(v/r
0
)
2
= v
2
/r
0
.
18. (a) v(t) = b sinti + b cos tj + ck; |v(t)| =
_
b
2
sin
2
t + b
2
cos
2
t + c
2
=

b
2
+ c
2
(b) s =
_
t
0
|v(t)|du =
_
t
0

b
2
+ c
2
du = t

b
2
+ c
2
;
ds
dt
=

b
2
+ c
2
(c)
d
2
s
dt
2
= 0; a(t) = b cos tib sintj; |a(t)| =
_
b
2
cos
2
t + b
2
sin
2
t = |b|. Thus, d
2
s/dt
2
=
|a(t)|.
y
x
x
0

x
0
tan
(x
0,
y
0
)
19. Let the initial speed of the projectile be s and let the target be
at (x
0
, y
0
). Then v
p
(0) = s cos i + s sinj and v
t
(0) = 0. Using
a(t) = 32j, we have
v
p
(t) =
_
a dt = 32tj +c
s cos i + s sinj = v
p
(0) = c
v
p
(t) = s cos i + (s sin 32t)j
r
p
(t) = st cos i + (st sin 16t
2
)j +b.
Since r
p
(0) = 0, b = 0 and r
p
(t) = st cos i + (st sin 16t
2
)j. Also, v
t
(t) = 32tj +c and since
v
t
(0) = 0, c = 0 and v
t
(t) = 32tj. Then r
t
(t) = 16t
2
tj +b. Since r
t
(0) = x
0
i +y
0
j, bx
0
i +y
0
j
and r
t
(t) = x
0
i +(y
0
16t
2
)j. Now, the horizontal component of r
p
(t) will be x
0
when t = x
0
/s cos
at which time the vertical component of r
p
(t) will be
(sx
0
/s cos ) sin 16(x
0
/s cos )
2
= x
0
tan 16(x
0
/s cos )
2
= y) 16(x
0
/s cos )
2
.
Thus, r
p
(x
0
/s cos ) = r
t
(x
0
/s cos ) and the projectile will strike the target as it falls.
20. The initial angle is = 0, the initial height is 1024 ft, and the initial speed is s = 180(5280)/3600 =
264 ft/s. Then x(t) = 264t and y(t) = 16t
2
+ 1024. Solving y(t) = 0 we see that the pack
hits the ground at t = 8 seconds. The horizontal distance tranvelled is x(8) = 2112 feet. From
the gure in the text, tan = 1024/2112 = 16/33 and 0.45 radian or 25.87

.
21. By Problem 17, a = v
2
/v
0
= 1530
2
/(4000 5280) 0.1108. We are given mg = 192, so
m = 192/32 and w
e
= 1192 (192/32)(0.1108) 191.33 lb.
68 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

<mv
2
/r
0
, 32 m>
<mv
2
/r
0
, 0>
< 0, 32m>
22. By problem 17, the centripetal acceleration is v
2
/r
0
. Then
the horizontal force is mv
2
/r
0
. The vertical force is 32m.
The resultant force is U = (mv
2
/r
0
)i + 32mj. From the
gure, we see that tan = (mv
2
/r
0
)/32m = v
2
/32r
0
. Using
r
0
= 60 and v = 44 we obtain tan = 44
2
/32(60) 1.0083
and 45.24

.
23. Solving x(t) = (v
0
cos )t for t and substituting into y(t)
1
2
gt
2
+ (v
0
sin)t + s
0
we obtain
y =
1
2
g
_
x
v
0
cos
_
2
+ (v
0
sin)
x
v
0
cos
+ s
)
=
g
2v
2
0
cos
2

x
2
+ (tan)x + s
0
,
which is the equation of a parabola.
24. Since the projectile is launched from ground level, s
0
= 0. To nd the maximum height
we maximize y(t) =
1
2
gt
2
+ (v
0
sin)t. Solving y

(t) = gt + v
0
sin = 0, we see that
t = (v
0
/g) sin is a critical point. Since y

(t) = g 0,
H = y
_
v
0
sin
g
_
=
1
2
g
v
2
0
sin
2

g
2
+ v
0
sin
v
0
sin
g
=
v
2
0
sin
2

2g
is the maximum height. To nd the range we solve y(t) =
1
2
gt
2
+ (v
0
sin)t = t(v
0
sin
1
2
gt) = 0. The positive solution to this equation is t = (2v
0
sin)/g. The range is thus
x(t) = (v
0
cos )
2v
0
sin
g
=
v
2
0
sin2
g
.
25. Letting r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k, the equation dr/dt = v is equivalent to dx/dt =
6t
2
x, dy/dt = 4ty
2
, dz/dt = 2t(z + 1). Separating the variables and integrating, we
obtain x/x = 6t
2
dt, dy/y
2
= 4tdt, dz/(z + 1) = 2tdt, and lnx = 2t
3
+ c
1
, 1/y =
2t
2
+ c
2
, ln(z + 1) + t
2
+ c
3
. Thus,
r(t) = k
1
e
2t
3
i +
1
2t
2
+ k
2
j + (k
3
e
t
2
1)k.
26. We require the fact that dr/dt = v. Then
dL
dt
=
d
dt
(r p = r
dp
dt
+
dr
dt
p = +v p = +v mv = + m(v v) = +0 = .
27. (a) Since F is directed along r we have F = cr for some constant c. Then
= r F = r (cr) = c(r r) = 0.
(b) If = 0 then dL/dt = 0 and L is constant.
12.4. CURVATURE AND ACCELERATION 69
28. (a) Since the cannon is pointing directly to the left, tha parmetric equations describing the
path of the cannon ball are given by
x(t) = v
0
t, y(t) =
1
2
gt
2
+ s
0
The cannon ball will touch the groun when y = 0, which occurs at t =
_
2s
0
g
. At that
time, x is given by x =
__
2s
0
g
_
= v
0
_
2s
0
g
. Notice that this x value will be farther
to the left with increasing values of v
0
. Therefore, the cannon ball travels farther with
more gunpowder.
(b) As shown in part (a), the cannon ball will touch the groun when t =
_
2s
0
g
. This value
of t is independent of v
0
. This occurs because v
0
has no vertical component.
(c) If the cannon ball is dropped, we have v
0
= 0. Therefore, the parametric equations
describing the cannon ball motion are given by
x(t) = 0, y(t) =
1
2
gt
2
+ s
0
.
As before, y = 0 when t =
_
2s
0
g
. Therefore the cannon ball touches the ground at the
same time regardless of whether it is red or dropped.
12.4 Curvature and Acceleration
1. r

(t) = t sinti + t cos tj + 2tk; |r

(t)| =
_
t
2
sin
2
t + t
2
cos
2
t + 4t
2
=

5t;
T =
sint

5
i +
cos t

5
j +
2

5
k
2. r

(t) = e
t
(sint + cos t)i + e
t
(cos t + sint)i +

2e
t
k,
|r

(t)| = [e
t
(sin
2
t2 sint cos t+cos
2
t)+e
2t
(cos
2
t+2 sint cos t+sin
2
t)+2e
2t
]
1/2
=

4e
2t
= 2e
t
;
T(t) =
1
2
(sint + cos t)i +
1
2
(cos t + sint)j +

2
2
k
3. We assume a > 0. r

(t) = a sinti + a cos tj + ck; |r

(t)| =
_
a
2
sin
2
t + a
2
cos
2
t + c
2
=

a
2
+ c
2
;
T(t)
a sint

a
2
+ c
2
i +
a cos t

a
2
+ c
2
j +
c

a
2
+ c
2
k;
dT
dt
=
a cos t

a
2
+ c
2
i
a sint

a
2
+ c
2
j,

dT
dt

a
2
cos
2
t
a
2
+ c
2
+
a
2
sin
2
t
a
2
+ c
2
=
a

a
2
+ c
2
; N = cos ti sintj;
B = TN =

i j k

a sint

a
2
+ c
2
a cos t

a
2
+ c
2
c

a
2
+ c
2
cos t sint 0

=
c sint

a
2
+ c
2
i
c cos t

a
2
+ c
2
+
a

a
2
+ c
2
k;
=
|dT/dt|
r

(t)
=
a/

a
2
+ c
2

a
2
+ c
2
=
a
a
2
+ c
2
70 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
4. r

(t) = i + tj + t
2
k; |r

(t)| =

1 + t
2
+ t
4
, |r

; (1)| =

3;
T(t) = (1 + t
2
+ t
4
)
1/2
(i + tj + t
2
k), T(1)
1

3
(i +j +k);
dT
dt
=
1
2
(1 + t
2
+ t
4
)
3/2
(2t + 4t
3
)i + [(1 + t
2
+ t)
1/2

t
2
(1 + t
2
+ t)
3/2
(2t + 4t
3
)]j
[2t(1 + t
2
+ t
4
)
1/2
t
2
2
(1 + t
2
+ t
4
)
3/2
(2t + 4t
3
)]k;
d
dt
T(1) =
1

3
i +
1

3
k,

d
dt
T(1)

=
_
1
3
+
1
3
=

3
; N(1) =
1

2
(i k)k,
B(1) =

i j k
1/

3 1/

3 1/

3
1/

2 0 1/

=
1

6
(i 2j +k);
=

d
dt
T(1)

= |r

(1)| =

2/

3
=

2
3
5. From Example 1 in the text, a normal to the osculating plane is B(/4) =
1
26
(3i 3j +2

2k).
The point on the curve when t = /4 is (

2,

2, 3/4). An equation of the plane is 3(x

2) 3(y

2) + 2

2(z 3/4(= 0, 3x 3y + 2

2z = 3/2, or 3

2x 3

2y + 4z = 3.
6. From Problem 4, a normal to the osculating plane is B(1) =
1

6
(i 2j +k). The point on the
curve when t = 1 is (1, 1/2, 1/3). An equaiton of the plane is (x1)2(y1/2)+(z1/3) = 0
or x 2y + z = 1/3.
7. v(t) = j + 2tk, |v(t)| =

1 + 4t
2
; a(t) = 2k; v a = 4t, v a = 2i, |v a| = 2;
a
T
=
4t

1 + 4t
2
, a
N
=
2

1 + 4t
2
8. v(t) = 3 sinti + 2 cos tj +k,
|v(t)| =
_
9 sin
2
t + 4 cos
2
t = 1 =
_
5 sin
2
t + 4 sin
2
t + 4 cos
2
t + 1 =

5
_
sin
2
+1;
a(t) = 3 cos ti 2 sintj; v a = 9 sint cos t 4 sint cos t = 5 sint cos t,
v a = 2 sinti 3 cos tj + 6k, |v a| =
_
4 sin
2
+(cos
2
t + 36 =

cos
2
t + 8;
a
T

5 sint cos t
_
sin
2
t + 1
, a
N
=

cos
2
t + 8
sin
2
t + 1
9. v(t) = 2ti +2tj +4tk, |v(t)| = 2

6t, t > 0; a(t) = 2i +2j +4k; v a = 24t, va = 0;

a
T
=
24t
2

6t
= 2

6, a
N
= 0, t > 0
10. v(t) = 2ti 3t
2
j = 4t
3
k, |v(t)| = t

4 + 9t
2
+ 16t
4
, t >); a(t) = 2i 6tj + 12t
2
k;
v a = 4t + 18t
3
+ 48t
5
; v a = 12t
4
i 16t
3
j 6t
2
k, |v a| = 2t
2

36t
4
+ 64t
2
+ 9;
a
T
=
4 + 18t
2
+ 48t
4

4 + 9t
2
+ 16t
4
, a
N
=
2t

36t
4
+ 64t
2
+ 9

4 + 9t
2
+ 16t
4
t > 0
11. v(t) = 2i + 2tj, |v(t)| = 2

1 + t
2
; a(t) = 2j; v a = 4k, |v a| = 4;
a
T
=
2t

1 + t
2
, a
N
=
2

1 + t
2
12.4. CURVATURE AND ACCELERATION 71
12. v(t) =
1
1 + t
2
i +
t
1 + t
2
j, |v(t)| =

1 + t
2
1 + t
2
; a(t) =
2t
(1 + t
2
)
2
i +
1 t
2
(1 + t
2
)
2
j;
v a =
2t
(1 + t
2
)
3
+
t t
3
(1 + t
2
)
3
; v a =
1
(1 + t
2
)
2
k, |v a| =
1
(1 + t
2
)
2
;
a
T
=
t/(1 + t
2
)
3

1 + t
2
)/(1 + t
2
=
t
(1 + t
2
)3/2
, a
N
=
a/(1 + t
2
)
2

1 + t
2
/(1 + t
2
)
=
1
(1 + t
2
)
3/2
13. v(t) = 5 sinti + 5 cos tj, |v(t)| = 5; a(t) = 5 cos ti 5 sintj; v a = 0,
v a = 25k, |v a| = 25; a
T
= 0, a
N
= 5
14. v(t) = sinhti + coshtj, |v(t)| =
_
sinht
2
+ cosh
2
t

a(t) = coshti + sinhtj

v a = 2 sinht cosht; v a = (sinh
2
t cosh
2
t)k = k, |v a| = 1;
a
T
=
2 sinht cosht
_
sinh
2
+cosh
2
, a
N
=
1
_
sinh
2
+cosh
2
15. v(t) = e
t
(i +j +k), |v(t)| =

3e
t
; a(t) = e
t
(i +j +k); v a = 3e
2t
; v a = 0,
|v a| = 0; a
T
=

3e
t
, a
N
= 0
16. v(t) = i + 2j + 4k, |v(t)| =

21; a(t) = 0; v a = 0, v a = 0, |v a| = 0; a
T
=
0, a
N
= 0
17. v(t) = a sinti + b cos tj + ck, |v(t)| =
_
a
2
sin
2
t + b
2
cos
2
+c
2
; a(t) = a cos ti b sintj;
v a = bc sinti ac cos tj + abk, |v a| =
_
b
2
c
2
sin
2
t + a
2
c
2
cos
2
t + a
2
b
2
=
|v a|
|v|
3
=
_
b
2
c
2
sin
2
t + a
2
c
2
cos
2
t + a
2
b
2
(a
2
sin
2
t + b
2
cos
2
t + c
2
)
3/2
18. (a) v(t) = a sinti + b cos tj, |v(t)| =
_
a
2
sin
2
t + b
2
cos
2
t; a(t) = a cos ti b sintj;
v a = abk; |v a| = ab; =
ab
(a
2
sin
2
t + b
2
cos
2
t)
3/2
(b) When a = b, |v(t)| = a, |v a| = a
2
, and = a
2
/a
3
= 1/a.
19. The equation of a line is v(t) = b + tc, when b and c are constant vectors.
v(t) = c, |v(t)| = |c|; a(t) = 0; v a = 0; = |v a|/|v|
3
= 0
20. v(t) = a(1 cos t)i + a sintj; v() = 2ai, |v()| = 2a; a(t) = a sinti + a cos tj,
a() = aj; |v a| =

i j k
2a 0 0
0 a 0

= 2a
2
k; |v a| = 2a
2
; =
|v a|
|v|
3
=
2a
2
8a
3
=
1
4a
21. v(t) = f

(t)i + g

(t)j, |v(t)| =
_
[f

(t)]
2
+ [g

(t)]
2
; a(t) = f

(t)i + g

(t)j;
v a = [f

(t)g

(t) g

(t)f

(t)]k, |v a| = |f

(t)g

(t) g

(t)f

(t)|;
=
|v a|
|v|
3
=
|f

(t)g

(t) g

(t)f

(t)|
([f(t)]
2
+ [g

(t)]
2
)
3/2
22. For y = F(x), r = xi + F(x)j. We identify f(x) = x and g(x) = F(x) in Problem 21. Then
f

(x) = 1, f

(x) = 0, g

(x) = F

(x), g

(x) = F

(x), and = |F

(x)|/(1 + [F

(x)]
2
)
3/2
.
72 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
23. F(x) = x
2
, F(0) = 0, F(1) = 1; F

(x) = 2x, F

(0) = 0, F

(1) = 2;
F

(x) = 2, F

(0) = 2, F

(1) = 2; (0) =
2
(1 + 0
2
)
3/2
= 2; (0) =
1
2
;
(1) =
2
(1 + 2
2
)
3/2
=
2
5

5
0.18;
(1) =
5

5
2
5.59; Since 2 > 2/5

5, the curve is sharper at (0, 0).

24. F(x) = x
3
, F(1) = 1, F(1/2) = 1/8; F

(x) = 3x
2
, F

(1) = 3,
F

(1/2) = 3/4; F

(x) = 6x, F

(1) = 6, F

(1/2) = 3; (1) =
|6|
(1+3
2
)
3/2
=
6
10

10
=
3
5

10
0.19;
(1) =
5

10
3
5.27;
(
1
2
) =
3
[1 + (3/4)
2
]
3/2
=
3
125/64
1.54; (
1
2
) =
125
192
0.65
Since 1.54 > 0.19, the curve is sharper at (1/2, 1/8).
25. Letting F(x) = x
2
, we can use Problem 22 to get (x) =
|F

(x)|
|1 + (F

(x))
2
|
3/2
.
Now, F

(x)2x, F

(x) = 2, and (F

(x))
2
= 4x
2
so that =
2
(1 + 4x
2
)
3/2
.
As x , the denominator grows without bound. Therefore, (x) 0 as x .
26. (a)
y
x
(b)

(t) =
2t(t
2
+ 2)
(t
4
+ t
2
+ 1)
3/2

t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 1

3t(2t
2
+ 1)

t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 1
(t
4
+ t
2
+ 1)
5/2
;
critical numbers occur at t = .271469, t = 0, and t = .271469.
(c) Maximum of 1.017182 occurs at t = .271469 and t = .271469.
27. Since (c, F(c)) is an inection point and F

exists on an interval containg c, we must have

F

(c) = 0. Therefore, using the formula from Problem 22, we see that the curvature is zero.
28. We use the fact that T N = 0 and T T = N N = 1. Then
|a(t)|
2
= a a = (a
n
N+ a
t
T) (a
n
N+ a
t
T) = a
2
N
N N+ 2a
n
a
t
N T+ a
2
T
T T = a
2
N
+ a
2
T
.
CHAPTER 12 IN REVIEW 73
Chapter 12 in Review
A. True/False
1. True; |v(t)| =

2
2. True; the curvature of a circle of radius a is =
1
a
.
3. True
4. False; consider r(t) = t
2
i. In this case, v(t) = 2ti and a(t) = 2i. Since v a = 4t, the velocity
and acceleration vectors are not orthogonal for t = 0.
5. True
6. False; see Problem 20c in Section 14.2
7. True
8. True
9. False; consider r
1
(t) = r
2
(t) = i.
10. True,
d
dt
|r(t)|
2
=
d
dt
(r r) = r
dr
dt
+
dr
dt
r = 2r
dr
dt
.
B. Fill in the Blanks
1. y = 4
2. 0
3. r

(t) = 1, 2t, t
2
so r

(1) = 1, 2, 1
4. r

(t) = 0, 2, 2t so r

(1) = 0, 2, 2
5. r

(1) r

(1) =

i j j
1 2 1
0 2 2

= 2, 2, 2 so r

(1) r

(1) =

12.
Since r

(1)| =

6, we have (1) =
r

(1) r

(1)
|r

(1)|
3
=

12
6

6
=

2
6
.
6. T(1) =
r

(1)
|r

(1)|
=
1, 2, 1

6
=
_
1

6
,
2

6
,
1

6
_
7. T(t) =
r

(t)
|r

(t)|
=
1, 2t, t
2

1 + 4t
2
+ t
4
=
_
1

1 + 4t
2
+ t
4
,
2t

1 + 4t
2
+ t
4
,
t
2

1 + 4t
2
+ t
4
_
So T

(t) =
_
2(t
2
+ 2)
(t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 1)
3/2
,
2(t
4
1)
(t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 1)
3/2
,
2t(2t
2
+ 1)
(t
4
+ 4t
2
+ 1)
3/2
_
.
This gives T

(1) =
_
6
6
3/2
, 0,
6
6
3/2
_
=
_
1

6
, 0,
1

6
_
and |T

(1)| =
_
1
6
+
1
6
=
1

3
.
Therefore N(1) =
T

(1)
|T

(1)|
=
_
1

6
, 0,
1

6
_
(
1

3)
=
1

2
, 0,
1

2
.
74 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
8. B(1) = T(1) N(1) =

i j k
1

6
2

6
1

6
1

2
0
1

=
_
1

3
,
1

3
,
1

3
_
9. A normal to the normal plane is T(1) =
_
1

6
,
2

6
,
1

6
_
so we can use n = 1, 2, 1 as a vector
normal to the plane. Since r(1) = 1, 1,
1
3
, the point (1, 1,
1
3
) lies on the normal plane at t = 1.
Thus an equation of the normal plane is (x 1) + 2(y 1) + (z
1
3
) = 0 or x + 2y + z =
1)
3
or 3x + 6y + 3z = 10
10. A normal to the osculating plane is B(1) =
_
1

3
,
1

3
,
1

3
_
. So we can use n = 1, 1, 1 as a
normal vector. Using the point (1, 1,
1
3
), an equation of the osculating plane is (z 1) (y
1) + (z
1
3
) = 0 or x y + z =
1
3
or 3x 3y + 3z = 1.
C. Exercises
1. r

(t) = cos ti + sintj +k; s =

_

0
_
cos
2
t + sin
2
+1dt =
_

2dt =

2
2. r

(t) = 5i +j+7k; s(t) =

_
t
0

25 + 1 + 49du = 5

3t; s(3) = 15

3. Solving 5

3t = 80

3,
we see that the distance traveled will be 80

3 when t = 16 or at the point (80, 17, 112).

3. r(3) = 27i + 8j +k; r

(t) = 6ti =
2

t + 1
+k; r

(2) = 18i +j +k. The tangent line

is x = 27 18t, y = 8 + t, z = 1 + t.
4.
z
y
x
5.
z
y x
6.
d
dt
[r
1
(t) r
2
(t)] = r
1
(t)
d
dt
r
2
(t) +
d
dt
r
1
(t) r
2
(t)
= (t
2
i + 2tj + t
3
k) (i + 2tj + 2tk) + (2ti + 2j + 2t
2
k) [ti + t
2
j + (t
2
+ 1)k]
= (4t
2
2t
4
)i 3t
3
j + (2t
3
+ 2t)k + (2t
2
+ 2 3t
4
)i (5t
3
+ 2t)j + (2t
3
+ 2t)k
= (2 + 6t
2
5t
4
)i (8t
3
+ 2t)j + (4t
3
+ 4t)k
d
dt
[r
1
(t) r
2
(t)] =
d
dt
[(2t
3
+ 2t t
5
)i (2t
4
+ t
2
)j + (t
4
+ 2t
2
)k]
= (2 + 6t
2
5t
4
)i (8t
3
+ 2t)j + (4t
3
+ 4t)k
CHAPTER 12 IN REVIEW 75
7.
d
dt
[r
1
(t) r
2
(t)] = r
1
(t)
d
dt
r
2
(t) +
d
dt
r
1
(t) r
2
(t)
= (cos ti sintj + 4t
3
k) (2ti + sintj + 2e
2t
k)
(sinti cos tj + 12t
2
k) (t
2
i + sintj + e
2t
k)
= (2t cos t sint cos t + 8t
3
e
2t
t
2
sint sint cos t + 12t
2
e
2t
= 2t cos t t
2
sint 2 sint cos t + 8t
3
e
2t
+ 12t
2
e
2t
d
dt
[r
1
(t) r
2
(t)] =
d
dt
[t
2
cos tsin
2
t+4t
3
e
2t
] = t
2
sint+2t cos t2 sint cos t+8t
3
e
2t
+12t
2
e
2t
8.
d
dt
[r
1
(t) (r
2
(t) r
3
(t))] = r
1
(t)
d
dt
[r
2
(t) r
3
(t)] +r

(t) [r
2
(t) r
3
(t)]
= r
1
(t) [(r
2
(t) r

3
(t)) + (r

2
(t) r
3
(t))] +r

1
(t) (r
2
(t) r
3
(t))
= r
1
(t) (r
2
(t) r

3
(t)) +r
1
(t) r

2
(t) r
3
(t)) = r

1
(t) (r
2
(t) r
3
(t))
9. We are given F = ma = 2j; v(0) = i +j +k. and r(0) = i +j. Then
v(t) =
_
a(t)dt =
_
2
m
jdt =
2
m
tj +c
i = j +k = v(0) = c
v(t) = i +
_
2
m
t + 1
_
j +k
r(t) = ti +
_
1
m
t
2
+ t
_
j + tk +b
i +j = r(0) = b
r(t) = (t + 1)i +
_
1
m
t
2
+ t + 1
_
j + tk
The parametric equations are x = t, y =
1
m
t
2
+ t + 1, z = t.
10.
y
x
a
v
v(t) = i 3t
2
j, v(1) = i 3j; a(t) = 6tj, a(1) = 6j
|v(1)| = |i 3j| =

1 + 9 =

10
76 CHAPTER 12. VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
11. v(t) = 6i +j + 2tk; a(t) = 2k. To nd when the particle passes through the plane, we solve
6t +t +t
2
= 4 or t
2
5t +4 = 0. This gives t = 1 and t = 4. v(1) = 6i +j +2k, a(1) = 2k;
v(4) = 6i +j + 8k, a(4) = 2k
12. We are given r(0) = i + 2j + 3k.
r(t) =
_
v(t)dt =
_
(10ti + (3t
2
4t)j +k)dt = 5t
2
i + (t
3
2t
2
)j + tk +c
i + 2j + 3k = r(0) = c
r(t) = (1 5t
2
)i + (t
3
2t
2
+ 2)j + (t + 3)k
r(t) = 19i + 2j + 5k
13. v(t) =
_
a(t)dt =
_
(

2 sinti +

2 cos tj)dt =

2 cos ti +

2 sintj +c;
i +j +k = v(/4) = i +j +c, c = k; v(t) =

2 cos ti +

2 sintj +k;
r(t) =

2 sinti

2 cos tj+tk+b; i+2j+(/4)k = r(/4) = ij+(/4)k+b, b = 2i+3j;

r(t) = (2 2

2 sint)i + (3

2 cos t)j + tk; r(3/4) = i + 4j + (3/4)k

14. v(t) = ti + t
2
j tk; |v| = t

t
2
+ 2, t > 0; a(t) = i + 2tj k; v a = t + 2t
3
+ t = 2t + 2t
3
;
v a = t
2
bi + t
2
k, |v at
2

2; a
T
=
2t + 2t
3
t

t
2
+ 2
=
2 + 2t
2

t
2
+ 2
, a
N
=
t
2

2
t

t
2
+ 2
=

2t

t
2
+ 2
;
=
t
2

2
t
3
(t
2
+ 2)
3/2
=

2
t(t
2
+ 2)
3/2
15. r

(t) = sinhti + coshtj +k, r

(1) = sinh1i + cosh1j +k;

|r

(t)| =
_
sinh
2
t + cosh
2
t + 1 =

2 cosh
2
t =

2 cosht; |r

(1)| =

2 cosh1;
T =
1

2
tanhti +
1

2
j +
1

2
sechtk, T(1) =
1

2
(tanh1i +j + sech1k);
dT
dt
=
1

2
sech
2
ti
1

2
secht tanhtk;
d
dt
T(1) =
1

2
sech
2
1i
1

2
sech1 tanh1k,

d
dt
T(1)

==
sech1

2
_
sech
2
1 + tanh
2
+1 =
1

2
sech1; N(1) = sech1i tanh1k;
B(1) = T(1) N(1) =
1

2
tanh1i +
1

2
(tanh
2
1 + sech
2
1)j
1

2
sech1k
=
1

2
(tanh1i +j sech1k)
=

d
dt
T(1)

/|r

(1)| =
(sech1)/

2 cosh1
=
1
2
sech
2
1
16. The parametric equations describing the path of the ball are
x(t) = 66 cos(30

)t = 33

3ty(t) = 16t
2
+ 66 sin(30

)t + 148 = 16t
2
+ 33t + 148
The ball touches the ground when y(t) = 0 or 16t
2
+ 33t + 148 = 0. This occurs when
t 4.243. The ball therefore strikes the ground at x(4.243) = 242.52 ft.
The velocity of the ball at time t is v(t) = 33

3, 32t + 33. The impact velocity is given

by v(4.243) = 33

3, 32(4.243) + 33 57.158, 102.776. The impact speed is then

|v(4.243)| 117.6 ft/s.