Summer Internship

Student Name : PANKAJ CHAURASIA.

Roll No. 09357
ABOUT COMPANY
NTPC Limited (Formerly National Thermal Power
Corporation) is the largest power geeratio !ompay i I"ia a" was
#o$"e" o No%em&er '( )*'+. For&es ,lo&al -... #or -..* ra/e" it 0)'th i
the worl".
Natioal 1hermal Power Corporatio has &ee the power &ehi" I"ia2s
s$staia&le power "e%elopmet si!e No%em&er )*'+. Cotri&$tig -34 o#
!o$try2s etire power geeratio( it has pla!e" itsel# i the Na% 5 Rata
!ompaies o# I"ia go%ermet a" he!e is the p$&li! se!tor !ompay.
1he total istalle" !apa!ity o# the !ompay is 0))06 78 (i!l$"ig J9s) with
)+ !oal &ase" a" ' gas &ase" statios( lo!ate" a!ross the !o$try. I a""itio
$"er J9s( 0 statios are !oal &ase" : aother statio $ses aphtha;<N, as
#$el.
N1PC has &ee operatig its plats at high e##i!ie!y le%els. Altho$gh the
!ompay has )=.'*4 o# the total atioal !apa!ity it !otri&$tes -=.3.4 o# total
power geeratio "$e to its #o!$s o high e##i!ie!y. N1PC2s share at 0) 7ar
-..) o# the total istalle" !apa!ity o# the !o$try was -6.+)4 a" it geerate"
-*.3=4 o# the power o# the !o$try i -..=5.*.
1he !ompay has set a #$t$re goal o# ha%ig +.... 78 o# istalle" !apa!ity
&y -.)- a" '+... 78 &y -.)'. 1he !ompay has ta/e may steps li/e step5
$p its re!r$itmet( re%iewig #easi&ilities o# %ario$s sites #or pro>e!t
implemetatios et!. a" has &ee ?$ite s$!!ess#$l till "ate.
CONTACTS
Barh Super Thermal power Proe!t
Lo!ation " P.@ A Barh
Cistri!t A Pata
Bihar A =.0-)0
Phone A .3)0- A -6..)) ; )- ; )0
#a$ A .3)0- A -6..). ( -6..)6
Re%d.O&& : N1PC Bhawa ( S!ope CompleD( '(Istit$tioal Area(
<o"hi Roa"(New Celhi 5 0
PRO'(CT UN)(RTA*(N
1o st$"y swit!htar" a" its %ario$s e?$ipmet i!l$"ig testig o# the
e?$ipmets.
C+ALL(N,(S #AC()
). It was really har" to aalyse the !ompleD system o# swit!hyar" at that high
le%el o# system %oltage .
-.It was #irst time to wor/ at a plat premises i "is!iplies a" r$les.
T+(ORY
BAR+ SUP(R T+(RMAL
PO-(R PRO'(CT

A St$"y Pro>e!t Report @
.// *0 And 123 *0
S-ITC+ YAR)
Su4mitted B5 6" Su4mitted To 6"
N1PC ( Barh
Pa/a> !ha$rasia. 7r. A$rag siha
B.1e!h (Fial ER) Sr. Fgieer
Fle!tri!al Fgieerig HR Cepartmet (
RPSI1(PA1NA Bihar 5 =.0-)0

Barh Super Thermal Power Proe!t 7 P.O"Barh7 )ist."Patna7
Bihar"8/2312

AC*NO-L(),(M(NT
I si!erely a!/owle"ge the !o5operatio a" !omplete s$pport re"ere" &y
Mr. 0i9e: :umar7 Ass. (n%ineer;((< o# Barh S$per 1hermal Power Pro>e!t
(Barh S1PP) who itro"$!e" me to "etaile" wor/ig o# plat a" swit!hyar"
a" ga%e &est possi&le i#ormatio regar"ig the same .
I wo$l" ta/e my opport$ity to eDpress my si!ere gratit$"e to 7r. :
7r. #or their a!ti%e !o5operatio a" /i" !osi"eratio i e%ery
stage o# traiig .

Fially I eDpress my si!ere tha/s to all team mem&ers o# FFC who
"ire!tly or i"ire!tly helpe" me to !omplete the traiig s$!!ess#$lly.
PANKAJ CHAURASIA.
P<ACF :5
CONT(NTS
BS1PP A1 A ,<ANCF
S8I1CHEARC
CURRFN1 1RANSF@R7FR
CAPACI1I9F 9@<1A,F 1RANSF@R7FR
CIRCUI1 BRFAKFR
SUR,F ARRFS1@R
IS@<A1@R
BUSBAR
<INF1RAP
INSU<A1@RS
FAR1HIN,
SHUN1 RFAC1@R
C@N1R@< ANC RF<AE PANF<
1RANSF@R7FRS
,FNFRA1IN, 1RANSF@R7FR
UNI1 1RANSF@R7FR
S1A1I@N 1RANSF@R7FR
IN1FR C@NNFC1IN, 1RANSF@R7FR
7ISCF<<ANF@US SFR9ICF 1RANSF@R7FR
BSTPP AT A ,LANC(
Proe!t name : BARH S1PP
No. o& units = !apa!it5 : 0G 33.78(S1A,F 5I)
-G 33.78(S1A,F 5II)
Proe!ts settin% up 45 : Natioal thermal power !orporatio <t". (N1PC
<t".)
Lo!ation:
1he pro>e!t site is lo!ate" a&o$t 0/ms east o# Barh tow i Pata "istri!t
i the state o# Bihar( ha%ig a latit$"e a" logit$"e o# -+ "eg -=H N a" =+"eg
6+H F respe!ti%ely. 1he plat a" towship are lo!ate" &etwee NH50) a"
railway lie. 1he ash "isposal area is lo!ate" i the so$th o# the railway lie.
Land re>uirement6
ApproDimately )-.. a!res o# la" has &ee i"eti#ie" &etwee NH5
) a" railway lies #or the plat area( swit!hyar"( gree &elt( la&o$r !oloy( ash
&ase" $its a" towship. approDimately )'+. a!res o# la" has &ee i"eti#ie"
#or the ash "isposal area i the so$th o# railway lie.
Coal a9aila4ilit5 and lin:a%e:5
Coal re?$iremet #or Barh S1PP( stage5) is propose" to &e met
#rom Amarpali &lo!/ o# orth Karap$ra !oal#iel"s. Coal re?$iremet #or the
pro>e!t i estimate" as ). millio toes;a$m !osi"erig a ,C9 o# 00+.
/!al;/g a" =.4 P<F.
Coal transportation:5
Coal #rom amarpali &lo!/ o# orth /arap$ra !oal#iel"s is propose"
to &e trasporte" to the pro>e!t site thro$gh I"ia railways system #or a
"ista!e o# approDimately -+./ms %ia shorter ro$te .
-ater re>uirement: 5
1he pro>e!t site is lo!ate" ear the ri%er ,ages. 1he ma/e $p water
re?$iremet #or the pro>e!t is propose" to &e "raw #rom ri%er ,ages ear
%illage Nawa"a( at a "ista!e o# -/ms. 1he ma/e $p water re?$iremet #or the
pro>e!t is estimate" as *-.. m
0
;hr with ash water re!ir!$latio system a"
).-.. m
0
;hr o!e thro$gh ash water system respe!ti%ely. A !lose" !y!le !oolig
water system $sig i"$!e" "ra#t !oolig towers is propose".

Constru!tion power:
1he re?$iremets o# the !ostr$!tio power s$pply #or the pro>e!t
wo$l" &e met at 00K% le%el #rom the ear&y BSFB s$&statios. Ne!essary
00/9 s$&statio a" ))/9 rig mai ;<1 s$&statios shall &e pro%i"e" #or the
power plat area.
Power (9a!uation s5stem: 5
Power geerate" is propose" to &e steppe" $p to 6../9 &y
geerator tras#ormer a" will &e e%a!$ate" thro$gh the trasmissio system
to &e e%ol%e" a" implemete" &y Power ,ri" Corporatio o# I"ia <t". 1he
swit!hyar" at power plat e" is owe" &y N1PC.
Bene&i!iar5 states:5
1he states : U1s o# Norther : 8ester regios a" state o# Bihar.
S-ITC+YAR)
Swit!hyar" is !osi"ere" as the HFAR1 o# the Power Plat. Power geerate"
!a &e worthy oly i# it is s$!!ess#$lly trasmitte" a" re!ei%e" &y its
!os$mers. Swit!hyar" plays a %ery importat role as a >$!tio &etwee the
geeratio a" trasmissio. It is a >$!tio( whi!h !arries the geerate" power
to its "estiatio (i.e. !os$mers).
Swit!hyar" is &asi!ally a yar" or a ope area where may "i##eret /i"s o#
e?$ipmets are lo!ate" (isolator( !ir!$it &rea/er et!I)( resposi&le #or
!oe!tig : "is!oe!tig the trasmissio lie as per re?$iremet (e.g. ay
#a$lt !o"itio).
Power trasmissio is "oe at a higher %oltage. (Higher trasmissio %oltage
re"$!es trasmissio losses res$ltig i higher $tilisatio o# geeratig !apa!ity
a" optimises the reso$r!e re?$ire" #or !apa!ity a""itio.).
1here#ore( the power geerate" &y the 1$r&ogeerator o# ) to + $its is -6K9
whi!h is steppe"5$p to 6..K9 &y the ,eeratig tras#ormer : the
trasmitte" to swit!hyar".
I BS1PP there are two swit!hyar"s:5
(i) 6..K9 S8I1CHEARC
(ii) )0-K9 S8I1CHEARC
Swit!hyar" is !lassi#ie" i three !ategories : 5
Co%etioal Air Is$late" 1ype.
,as Is$late" type.
@$t"oor ,as Is$late" type.
At BS1PP 6.. K9 a" )0- K9 Swit!hyar"s are o# type Co%etioal Air
Is$late" 1ype.
..// *0 S-ITC+YAR)
1here are total -- &ay i 6.. K9 swit!hyar". A Bay is &asi!ally a way #or the
i!omig power #rom geerator as well as o$tgoig power #or "istri&$tio.
+ Bay #or ea!h geeratig tras#ormer
0 Bay #or IC1(Iter Coe!tig 1ras#ormer)
- Bay #or PA1NA lie
- Bay #or KAHA<,A@N lie
- Bay #or BA<IA lie
' #or FU1URF lie
) Bay #or SHUN1 RFAC1@R
1here are #o$r mai &$ses i 6.. K9 swit!hyar".
7ai &$s A ): -
7ai &$s A 0:6
123 *0 S-ITC+YAR)
1here are total )) Bay i )0- K9 swit!hyar".
0 Bay #or IC1 (Iter Coe!tig 1ras#ormer)
+ Bay #or S.1 (Statio 1ras#ormer)
- Bay #or 7S1 (7is!ellaeo$s Ser%i!e 1ras#ormer)
) Bay #or B$s Co$pler
1here are two mai &$ses i )0- K9 swit!hyar".
7ai &$s 5 )
7ai &$s 5 -
CURR(NT TRANS#ORM(R
1he !$rret tras#ormer is a step $p tras#ormer ( it meas !$rret is steppe"
"ow to a %ery low %al$e (geerally ) A or + A) so that it !a &e $se" #or
meas$rig a" prote!tio p$rposes .
C.1 is "esige" i s$!h a way its Core 7aterial !o$l" gi%e high a!!$ra!y with
low sat$ratio #a!tor. Core 7aterial is geerally ma"e o# CR,@ Sili!o steel
For %ery low loss !hara!teristi!s( J material (Alloy o# Ni5Fe) is $se".
C$rret 1ras#ormer is $se" #or &asi!ally two ma>or #$!tios: 5
Meterin% whi!h meas !$rret meas$remet.
Prote!tion s$!h as o%er !$rret prote!tio( o%erloa" earth #a$lt
prote!tio( B$s5&ar prote!tio( B$s "i##eretial prote!tio.
C1 is typi!ally "es!ri&e" &y its !$rret ratio #rom primary to se!o"ary. 1here is
ot more "i##ere!e &etwee )0- K9 a" 6.. K9 C.1 ( oly !$rret ratio
"i##ers
T(STIN, O# A C.T
Is$latio resista!e
8i"ig resista!e
Polarity
Kee poit test or magetisig !$rret
1$rs Ratio test
Primary C$rret I>e!tio 1est
1a Celta test
SP(CI#ICATIONS O# 123 *0 C.T
o Sta"ar" IS-'.+
o Highest System 9oltage )6+ K9
o Is$latio <e%el -'+;3+. K9
o Fre?$e!y +. HK
o Short 1ime C$rret 0).+ KA #or ) se!
o Rate" Primary C$rret )-.. A
o FDte"e" C$rret )-.4
1FR7INA< RA1I@ 9A C<AS
S
Kp @H7S
at '+ C
PURP@SF
)s)5)s- 0..;) A 5 PS 0..%;)3.mA -.+L Prote!tio
)s)5)s0 3..;) A 5 PS 3..%;=.mA + L prote!tio
)s)5)s6 )-..;) A 5 PS )-..%;6.mA ). L Prote!tio
-s)5-s- 0..;) A 5 PS 0..%;)3.mA -.+L Prote!tio
-s)5-s0 3..;) A 5 PS 3..%;=.mA + L Prote!tio
-s)5-s6 )-..;) A 5 PS )-..%;6.mA ). L Prote!tio
0s)50s- 0..;) A -. ..+ 5 7eterig
0s)50s0 3..;) A -. ..+ 5 7eterig
0s)50s6 )-..;) A -. ..+ 5 7eterig
6s)56s- 0..;) A 5 +P-. 0..%;)3.mA -.+L Prote!tio
6s)56s0 3..;) A 5 +P-. 3..%;=.mA + L Prote!tio
6s)56s6 )-..;) A 5 +P-. )-..%;6.mA ). L Prote!tio
+s)5+s- 0..;) A 5 PS 0..%;)3.mA -.+L Prote!tio
+s)5+s0 3..;) A 5 PS 3..%;=.mA + L Prote!tio
+s)5+s6 )-..;) A 5 PS )-..%;6.mA ). L Prote!tio
SP(CI#ICATIONS O# .// *0 C.T
o Sta"ar" IS-'.+
o Rate" 9oltage 6-. K9
o Is$latio <e%el -'+;3+. K9
o Fre?$e!y +. HK
o Short 1ime C$rret 0).+ KA #or ) se!
o Rate" Cotio$s ormal C$rret -... A
o FDte"e" C$rret -..;)-.4
o @il weight '+. Kg
o 1otal weight -+.. Kg
o Short time thermal !$rret withsta" #or 6. /A #or ) se!
o Cyami! !$rret withsta" ).. (/A pea/)
o No. o# !ores per C1 +
o 1ras#ormatio ratio 0...5-...5)...;)5) (Cores ) : - )
0...5-...5)...5+..;)5)5) (Cores 0( 6: +)
o BI< 30.;)6-+ K9
Ratio 0...5-...5)...;)5) 0...5-...5)...5+..;)5)5)
Core $m&er ) - 0 6 +
Rate" primary !$rret(A) 0...
Rate" se!. C$rret(A) ) ) ) ) )
@$tp$t(9A) 5 5 -. 5 5
A!!$ra!y !lass PS PS ..- PS PS
I.S.F;A.<.F 5 5 M + 5 5
R!t at '+ ! (ohms) )+ ). + 5 )+ ). + -.+
KP9 (9) 0... -... )... 5 3... 6... -... )...
<eD! at 9/ (mA) -. 0. 3. 5 -. 0. 3. )-.
CAPACITI0( 0OLTA,( TRANS#ORM(R
It is a step "ow tras#ormer( whi!h step "ow the high %oltage to a lower %al$e
that !a &e meas$re" $sig the meas$rig istr$mets . 1he C91 are !oe!te"
&etwee phase a" gro$" i parallel to the !ir!$it. 1he other most importat
#$!tio o# C.9.1 is that it &lo!/s power #re?$e!y o# +.HK a" allows the #low
o# !arrier #re?$e!y #or !omm$i!atio.
C0T Constru!tion )etails
1here are -=. A 0.. elemets i C) : C- as these are sta!/s o# !apa!itors.
C) !otais a&o$t -3. to -=. elemets. C- will &e !otaiig )+ to -.
elemets. Ratio o# C); C- is a&o$t -.
6..; -. N -./9 (1ap 9oltage)
C0T Se!ondar5 0olta%e 9 N / O 9 O C); (C)PC-)
9 A Primary 9oltage ( / A Se!o"ary 1ras#ormatio ratio
SP(CI#ICATIONS O# .// *0 C0T
o Sta"ar" IS:0)+3
o Primary %oltage 6../%;s?rt(0)
o Phase sigle
o Is$latio le%el 30.;)6-+ K9P
o Highest system %oltage 6-. K9
o 1emp !at. +.Q!
o 1ype o$t"oor
o 8eight ))0. Kg
o CN 66.. pF
o C) 63+3 pF
o C- =.... pF
Se!o"ary
termial
)a5)
)a25)
-a5-
-a25-
0a50
Se!o"ary %olts )).;s?rt(0) )).;s?rt(0) )).;s?rt(0)
Rate" &$r"e(9A) -.. -.. )..
Class 0P 0P ..-
Fre?$e!y(HK) 6=5+) 6=5+) 6*.+5+..+
1FS1IN, @F A C91
7egger(IR)
8i"ig resista!e
Ratio test
1a5"elta test
Capa!ita!e
CIRCUIT BR(A*(R
A !ir!$it &rea/er is a a$tomati!ally5operate" ele!tri!al swit!h "esige" to
prote!t a ele!tri!al !ir!$it #rom "amage !a$se" &y ay "ist$r&a!e i power
system. Its #$!tio is to iterr$pt !oti$ity( to imme"iately "is!oti$e
ele!tri!al #low. It !a &e $se" i o##5loa" as well as o5loa" !o"itio.
8he a !ir!$it &rea/er is operate" &y se"ig a imp$lse thro$gh relay( C.B.
!ota!t is ma"e or &ro/e a!!or"igly. C$rig this ma/ig a" &rea/ig( a ar!
is pro"$!e" whi!h has to &e ?$e!he"R this is "oe &y air( oil( SF3 gas et!I.
Cepe"ig o the ar! ?$e!hig me"i$m &eig $se" C.B.s !a &e !ategoriKe"
ito %ario$s types. I BS1PP #or 6.. K9;)0- K9 swit!hyar" oly oe type is
&eig $se":5
ACB ;Air 4rea: !ir!uit 4rea:er<6" operate" as well as
ar! ?$e!he" thro$gh air.
BOCB ;Bul: oil !ir!uit 4rea:er<6"ar! ?$e!hig "oe thro$gh oil
(Aerosol #l$i" oil).
MOCB ;Minimum oil !ir!uit 4rea:er<6"ar! ?$e!hig "oe thro$gh
oil (Aerosol #l$i" oil).
ABCB ;Air Blast Cir!uit Brea:er<6" ar! ?$e!hig "oe &y &last o# air
S#? !ir!uit 4rea:er6" ar! ?$e!hig "oe thro$gh SF3 gas.

Hy"ra$li! operate" SF3 !ir!$it &rea/er is the most e##i!iet "$e to #ollowig
reasos:5
). <ess maitea!e.
-. Ar! ?$e!hig !apa&ility o# SF3 gas is more e##e!ti%e tha
air.
0. Heat tras#er !apa!ity is &etter i this C.B.
T(STIN, O# A CIRCUIT BR(A*(R
Is$latio resista!e
CR7(!ota!t resista!e meas$remet)
CCR7(Cyami! !ota!t resista!e meas$remet)
Closig time test
@peig time test
Closig !oil : trip !oil resista!e
Pi!/$p "rop o# !oils
Atip$mpig Relay operatio
Pole "is!repa!y
SF3 lo!/ o$t
N- lo!/o$t
Hy"ra$li! @il lo!/o$t
SP(CI#ICATIONS O# A 123 *0 CB
o C.B type <1B)6+C);B
o 9oltage )6+ K9
o <ightig imp. 8ith %oltage 3+. K9
o Power #re?. 8ith %oltage -'+ K9
o Fre?$e!y +. HK
o Normal !$rret )-+. A
o ,as press$re SF3 a&s(P-.Q!)
o 7aDim$m wor/ig press$re *.. &ar
o @peratig "e%i!e type B<K---
o Brea/ig !$rret 0).+ KA
o 7a/ig !$rret =. KA
o Short time !$rret 0).+ KA
o 1otal mass )'). Kg
o 7ass o# gas 3.= Kg
o 1emperat$re !lass 5+Q!
o First pole to !lear #a!tor ).0
o @peratig se?$e!e @5.50s5C@50mi5C@
SP(CI#ICATIONS O# A .// *0 CB
o C.B type 0A1-
o Rate" 9oltage 6-. K9
o N$m&er o# poles 0
o 8hether 0 pole or sigle pole $it Sigle pole $it li/e" together
o 8hether "ea" ta/ or li%e ta/ "esig li%e ta/ "esig
o No. o# &rea/s per pole two
o Rate" imp.8ithsta" %oltage ).+.;)6-+ K9p
o Rate" Power #re?. 8ithsta" %oltage +-.;3). K9
o Fre?$e!y +. HK
o Rate" Normal !$rret 0)+. A
o Rate" press$re o# SF3 =.+ &ar (P-.Q!)
o Brea/ig !$rret (symmetri!al) 6. KA
o 7a/ig !$rret ).. KAp
o Short time !$rret 6. KA
o Short time "$ratio ) se!
o 1otal weight *-*. Kg
o 8eight o# SF3 gas 3'.+ Kg
o 1emperat$re !lass 5+Q!
o First pole to !lear #a!tor ).0
o Rate" @peratig "$ty @5..0se!s5C@50mis5C@
o Rate" trip !oil %oltage --.S). 9CC
o Rate" !losig !oil %oltage --.S). 9CC
o Rate" press$re o# hy"ra$li! oper. 7e!h. 0)0S0 &ar
o Rate" &rea/ time 6. ms
o Closig time )-. ms
o 1ype o# istallatio @$t"oor
o 1ype o# !losig : opeig me!haism Fle!tro Hy"ra$li!
o 7iim$m "ea" time #or three phase re!losig 0.. ms
o 7iim$m "ea" time sigle phase re!losig 0.. ms
SUR,( ARR(STOR
It is a prote!ti%e "e%i!e( whi!h prote!ts the !ostly e?$ipmets s$!h as o%erhea"
lies( poles or towers( tras#ormer et!. agaist lighteig imp$lses a"
swit!hig imp$lse. As the ame s$ggests it arrests the lighteig o# %ery high
%oltage (tho$sa"s o# K9) a" "$mp it ito the gro$".
It wor/s o the pri!iple o# easy path #or the #low o# !$rret. S.A. is !oe!te"
i parallel with the lie with its lower e" !oe!te" a" the $pper e"
pro>e!te" a&o%e the pole o# tower.
<ightig arrestor o its !oti$o$s operatio "ri%es a small amo$t o# "ri%ig
!$rret $s$ally o# magit$"e ..) to ..= mA . #or moitorig this lea/age !$rret
we $se a s$rge moitor as this lea/age !$rret i!reases with time whi!h
i"i!ates the agig o# arrestor.
C+ARACT(RISTICS O# SUR,( ARR(STOR
SP(CI#ICATIONS
o Sta"ar" IFC53..**56
o Arrestor !lass statio !lass
o 1ype gapless type
o Rate" arrestor %oltage 0*. K9(rms)
o Nomial "is!harge !$rret ). /A
o Coti$o$s operatig %oltage at 0.0 /9
"esige" temperat$re
o <ie "is!harge !lass as per IFC !lass A III
o @e mi$te power #re?. 8ithsta" %oltage 30./9(rms)
o Imp$lse !$rret withsta"(high !$rret )../Ap
6;).Jse! wa%e log "$ratio)
o <ightig imp$lse withsta" %oltage S)6-+ /9p
).-;+. Jse! wa%e
T(STIN,
Is$latio resista!e
Co$ter
<ea/age !$rret moitor test
Capa!ita!e test
ISOLATOR
A isolator is oe( whi!h !a &rea/ a ele!tri!al !ir!$it whe the !ir!$it is to &e
swit!he" o o loa". 1hese are ormally $se" i %ario$s !ir!$its #or the
p$rposes o# isolatig a !ertai portio whe re?$ire" #or maitea!e et!. It is
always $se" i @FF5<@AC !o"itio.
TSwit!hig isolatorsT are !apa&le o#
Iterr$ptig tras#ormer magetiKe" !$rretsR
Iterr$ptig lie !hargig !$rretR a"
<oa" tras#er swit!hig.
,eerally we ha%e a pro%isio #or a earth swit!h asso!iate" with a
isolator .UFarth swit!hesV are "e%i!es whi!h are ormally $se" to earth a
parti!$lar system to a%oi" a!!i"et( whi!h may happe "$e to i"$!tio
o a!!o$t o# li%e a">oi !ir!$it. 1hese "o ot ha"le ay appre!iate
!$rret at all.
T(STIN,
Is$latio resista!e
CR7(!ota!t resista!e meas$remet)
@pe time
Close time
Closig !oil resista!e
@peig !oil resista!e
Pi!/$p "rop o# !oils
BUS BAR
B$s &ar are $se" to iter!oe!t the loa"s a" so$r!es o# ele!tri!al power . It
!oe!ts i!omig a" o$tgoig trasmissio lies.It also !oe!t geerator
a" mai tras#ormer i power plat. Copper or Al$mii$m are geerally $se"
#or &$s&ar
1he &$s &ars o# 6.. /9 swit!hyar" are geerally ma"e $p 6 UIPS al$mi$m
t$&e or W$a" 7oose rate" #or 0... AV.
1he &$s &ars o# --.;)0-/9 swit!hyar" are geerally ma"e $p o# 0 UIPS
al$mi$m t$&e or ?$a"; twi moose !o"$!torV. B$s &ars are pla!e" at right
agles to the #ee"ers #or tappig the power.
1here are "i##eret &$s s!hemes #or a swit!hyar"( "epe"ig o !ertai #a!tors
s$!h as #ee"er #a$lt( &$s #a$lt a" re"$"a!y i "esig.
Sigle se!tioalise" &$s
7ai a" tras#er &$s
Se!tioalise" 7ai &$s with tras#er &$s
Se!tioalise" "o$&le mai a" tras#er &$s
Co$&le B$s S!heme
Rig &$s
@e a" a hal# &rea/er
Co$&le &$s( "o$&le &rea/er
@e a" a hal# &rea/er &$s s!heme is a"opte" #or 6.. K9 swit!hyar" at BS1PP.
8hile #or )0- K9 swit!hyar" oe 7ai a" tras#er &$s s!heme is a"opte".
LIN(TRAP
It is a e?$ipmet $se" to trap the high !arrier #re?$e!y o# -.HK to -. KHK
a" a&o%e a" allow the #low o# power #re?$e!y (+. HK). High #re?$e!ies
also get geerate" "$e to !apa!ita!e to earth i log trasmissio lies. 1he
&asi! pri!iple o# wa%e trap is that it has low i"$!ta!e (- Hery) : egligi&le
resista!e( th$s it o##ers high impe"a!e to !arrier #re?$e!y whereas %ery low
impe"a!e to power#re?$e!y he!e allowig it to #low i the statio.
,eerally there are two !lass o# lietrap "epe"ig $po the %al$e o#
i"$!ta!e. I"$!ta!e %al$e may &e o# ).. mH or ..+ mH.
PLCC;Power Line Carrier Communi!ation<
As the ame s$ggests( P.<.C.C. is &asi!ally a metho" i whi!h the lie $se" #or
power trasmissio is also &eig $se" #or !omm$i!atio.
P.<.C.C is employe" #or per#ormig #ollowig two #$!tios:
(i) Comm$i!atio p$rposes.
(ii) Prote!tio
Communi!ation Purpose6
1here are two types o# ele!tri!al #re?$e!y whi!h #low i a lie5 +.HK power
sigal : -. KHK o# !arrier sigal. I or"er to isolate these two #re?$e!ies (so
that they "o ot hi"er ea!h other) tappig o# the #re?$e!ies is "oe as per the
re?$iremet.
Si!e i the &$ses a" &ays we ee" oly power #re?$e!y( wa%etraps are &eig
$se" to &lo!/ high #re?$e!y !arrier sigals. C.9.1. &lo!/s the power
#re?$e!ies a" "$e to the !apa!ita!e preset it allows the high #re?$e!y
!arrier sigals to pass thro$gh !o5aDial !a&les.
Prote!tion
1rasmissio lie &etwee two s$&5statios is &i5"ire!tioal. 8he a #a$lt
o!!$rs a" a trip !omma" is gi%e at oe e"( the &rea/er gets opee". Now
the other e" &rea/er sho$l" also &e opee" to !ompletely isolate the lie #rom
s$pply. For this the other e" sho$l" also gi%e the trip !omma". 1his is whe
the P.<.C.C. !omes ito play. From the P.<.C.C. room preset at the trippig e"
alog with the !arrier sigal( a sigal o# a lesser #re?$e!y is s$perimpose" a"
set to the P.<.C.C. room preset at the other e". Now this will &e
"emo"$late" a" the other e" will !ome to /ow that trippig has o!!$rre".
Now it will gi%e a !omma"( whi!h will eergiKe the relay( !ota!t will &e
ma"e a" the &rea/er will operate.
INSULATORS
,eerally we $se two types o# is$lator i a swit!hyar"
o S$spesio type is$lators
o Post type is$lators
S$spesio is$lators or strig is$lators are $se" to alig al$mii$m
!o"$!tors . ea!h i"i%i"$al "is! has a rate" %oltage o# a&o$t )3/9. Post type
is$lators pro%i"e horiKotal s$pport to the al$mii$m t$&e &$s&ar.

SP(CI#ICATIONS O# POST INSULATORS
o Sta"ar" IS:-+665)*'0;IFC )3=5)**6
o 1ype soli" !ore post type
o No. o# $its per sta!/ three
o Nomial system %oltage 6.. /9(rms)
o Highest system %oltage 6-. /9(rms)
o <ightig imp. withsta" %oltage )++. /9p
o Swit!hig s$rge withsta" %oltage X))'+/9p
o Ultimate !atile%er stregth(7i) = KN
o Ultimate tesile stregth )3. KN
o Net weight 0.. Kg
(ART+IN,

Farthig is to &e pro%i"e" i s$&statios "$e to #ollowig reasos:5
1he o&>e!t o# earthig is to maitai a low potetial o ay o&>e!t.
1he p$rpose o# a earthig system i a s$&statio area is to limit the
potential %radient withi a" imme"iately o$tsi"e the area to a %al$e (
sa#e #or the wor/ig persoel. Sa#ety is to &e es$re" $"er ormal as
well as $"er a&ormal !o"itios
1o pro%i"e a meas to !arry ele!tri! !$rret ito the earth $"er ormal
a" #a$lt !o"itios ( witho$t eD!ee"ig ay operatig a" e?$ipmet
limits or a"%ersely a##e!tig !oti$ity o# ser%i!e .
At BS1PP soli" earthig is "oe i )0- K9 a" 6.. K9 swit!hyar".
#ollowin% 4asi! re>uire are to 4e satis&ied so as to ensure a
proper earthin% s5stem
o 1he earth resista!e #or the swit!hyar" area sho$l" &e lower tha a
!ertai limitig %al$e i or"er to es$re that a sa#e potetial gra"iet is
maitaie" i the swit!hyar" area a" prote!ti%e relay e?$ipmet operate
satis#a!torily. For ma>or swit!hyar"s a" s$&statios i I"ia this limitig
%al$e o# earth resista!e is to &e ta/e less tha ..+ ohm.
o 1he gro$"ig !o"$!tor material sho$l" &e !apa&le o# !arryig the
maDim$m earth #a$lt !$rret witho$t o%er5heatig a" me!hai!al
"amage. 1he maDim$m #a$lt le%el i the 6..K9 has &ee estimate" to
&e 6./A a" this %al$e o# #a$lt !$rret is is to &e $se" i "esig o# earth
mat #or the 6.. /9 s$&statio.
o All metalli! o&>e!ts whi!h "o ot !arry !$rret a" istalle" i the
s$&statio s$!h as str$!t$res( parts o# ele!tri!al e?$ipmets( #e!es(
armo$rig a" sheaths o# low %oltage power a" !otrol !a&les sho$l" &e
!oe!te" to the earthig ele!tro"e system.
o 1he "esig o# gro$" !o"$!tor sho$l" ta/e !are o# the e##e!t o#
!orrosio #or the total li#e spa o# the plat .
S+UNT R(ACTOR
Sh$t rea!tors istalle" at a swit!hyar" ser%e two p$rposes :5
8hee%er there is a i!rease i system %oltage "$e to !apa!ita!e
#ormatio it i>e!ts i"$!ti%e power to the system a" th$s e$traliKes it.
Sh$t rea!tor also limits the #a$lts !$rret .
SP(CI#ICATIONS
o 1ype !ore type
o Coolig @NAN
o Rate" power =. 79Ar
o Rate" !$rret ).*.*' A
o Phase 0
o Coe!tio sym&ol E
o Fre?$e!y +. HK
o <ightig imp$lse )0../9p(lie)(++./9p(e$tral)
o Swit!hig imp$lse ).+. /9p
o Power #re?$e!y 036/9p(lie)(-0./9p(e$tral)
o @il ?$atity 6.'=. litre
o 1otal weight )-='++ Kg
CONTROL AN) R(LAY PAN(L
Cotrol pael mostly !osists o# meters a" prote!ti%e relays. 1he meters
i!l$"e ammeter( %oltmeter( wattmeter( eergy meter et!. 1he relays i!l$"e
o%er %oltage relay( o%er !$rret relay ( o%er #re?$e!y relay ( $"er %oltage
relay ( $"er #re?$e!y relay ( earth #a$lt relay ( master trip ( "ista!e relays.
a$Diliary relay a" tras#ormer relays li/e @<1C o$t o# step( wi"ig
temperat$re alarm( oil temperat$re alarm. 1he trip i"i!ators i!l$"e" are CB
SF3 gas "esity low( CB Air press$re low( 91 #$se #ail alarm( CB pole "is!
trip( !arrier sigal re!ei%e"( &a!/ $p prote!tio( a$to re!lose lo!/ o$t( !otrol
CC s$pply #ails( "ista!e prote!tio ( !arrier o$t o# ser%i!e( "ista!e
prote!tio trip et!.
TRANS#ORM(R
A tras#ormer is a "e%i!e that tras#ers ele!tri!al eergy #rom oe !ir!$it
to aother thro$gh i"$!ti%ely !o$ple" !o"$!tors Y the tras#ormerHs !oils. A
%aryig !$rret i the #irst or primary wi"ig !reates a %aryig mageti! #iel"
thro$gh the se!o"ary wi"ig. 1his %aryig mageti! #iel" i"$!es a %aryig
ele!tromoti%e #or!e (F7F) or T%oltageT i the Tse!o"aryT wi"ig. 1his e##e!t
is !alle" m$t$al i"$!tio.
I# a loa" is !oe!te" to the se!o"ary( a ele!tri! !$rret will #low i the
se!o"ary wi"ig a" ele!tri!al eergy will &e tras#erre" #rom the primary
!ir!$it thro$gh the tras#ormer to the loa". I a i"eal tras#ormer( the i"$!e"
%oltage i the se!o"ary wi"ig (9S) is i proportio to the primary %oltage
(9P)( a" is gi%e &y the ratio o# the $m&er o# t$rs i the se!o"ary (NS) to
the $m&er o# t$rs i the primary (NP) as #ollows:
,(N(RATIN, TRANS#ORM(R
A geeratig tras#ormer is a sigle A phase power tras#ormer(0 sigle phase
$its shall #orm a &a/) . ,eeratig 1ras#ormer stepsA$p the geerate"
%oltage o# -6 K9 &y alterator to a higher %oltage o# 6.. K9 (he!e( wor/ig
as a step5$p 1ras#ormer).1his %oltage o# 6.. K9 is the trasmitte" to
swit!hyar".
SP(CI#ICATIONS
o 1ype @# Coolig @FAF
o 9e!tor ,ro$p EN")) a#ter 0 phase
o H9 Nomial 9oltage 6-.;s?rt(0) K9
o <9 Nomial 9oltage -6 K9
o Rate" Power -3. 79A
o H9 Nomial C$rret ).'-.-- A
o <9 Nomial C$rret ).=00.00 A
o Fre?$e!y +. HK
o Phases sigle phase O
o <ightig imp$lse withsta" %oltage )6-+ /9p(H9)
)'. /9p(<9)
*+ /9p(H9)
o System #a$lt le%el 6. /A
o 8i"ig !oe!tio star (H9)
"elta (<9)
soli"ly gro$"e"(H9)
o 1ap rage S +4 i steps o# -.+4
o H9 e$tral si"e
o @il weight 3.60. Kg
o 1otal weight -+.*0.Kg
INT(R CONN(CTIN, TRANS#ORM(R
A IC1 is a 05phase a$to tras#ormer $se" to iter!oe!t 6.. K9
swit!hyar" a" )0- K9 swit!hyar".
SP(CI#ICATIONS
o Sta"ar" IS:-.-3
o 1ype o# !oolig @NAN;@NAF;@FAF
o 1ype A$to 1ras#ormer
o 9e!tor gro$p ENa."))
o Rate" power -.. 79A(H9)
-.. 79A(79)
3' 79A(<9)Rea!ti%e
+ 79A A!ti%e
o C$rret ratig o# "i##eret !oolig 6.4 ;3.4;)..4 (A)
o Power ratig o# "i##eret !oolig 6.4 ;3.4;)..4 (79A)
o Phase 1hree
o Fre?$e!y +. HK
o 8i"ig !oe!tio star(H9)
star(79)
"elta(<9)
soli"lygro$"e"(H9)
o Core a" wi"ig mass ))+3.. Kgs
o @il mass =)==. Kgs
o 1otal oil ?$atity *-... litre
o Swit!hig imp$lse ))=. K9(H9)
STATION TRANS#ORM(R
Statio 1ras#ormer is $se" oly #or iitialiKig the start5$p o# the statio (7ai
Plat).It is %ery &ee#i!ial "$rig emerge!y sit$atios s$!h as trippig o#
Uits( sh$t5"ow et!. Statio tras#ormers is $se" to start Statio a$Diliaries a
whi!h are re?$ire" #or geeratig ser%i!es s$!h as !oal a" ash ha"lig
system( lightig system( water p$ri#yig system et!.
It gets the s$pply i its primary #rom )0- K9 swit!hyar"( steps"ow it to )).+
K9 whi!h is $se" #or startig %ario$s e?$ipmets : "e%i!es $se" i the 7ai
Power Plat.
SPCI#ICATIONS
o Sta"ar" IS:-.-3;''5=)
o 1ype 1hree 8i"ig
o Rate" o$tp$t *.;6+;6+ 79A
o Coolig @NAN;@NAF
o Rate" %oltage )0- K9 (H9)
)).+ K9(<9) : <9-)
o Rate" loa" !$rret -03.)* ; 0*0.3+(H9)
)0+0.+-;--+*.-.(<9))
)0+0.+-;--+*.-.(<9-)
o ,1C. 1emp rise +.Q! (@I<)
Z +.Q! Am&iet ++Q! (8C,)
o Basi! is$latio le%el(I7P;P.F) 3+.;-'+ (H9)
'+;-= (<9):<9-)
)'. ;'. (H9)
o 9e!tor gro$p ENy.y.
o Core : !oil mass 3.+.. Kg
o @il ?$atity 00'.. <itre
o 1otal mass )-)+.. Kg
UNIT TRANS#ORM(R
Uit tras#ormer is "ire!tly !o$ple" to the $it itsel# so whe that $it is i
r$ig !o"itio it s$pplies power to whi!h are !o$ple" to a$Diliaries "ire!tly
or thro$gh $it a$Diliary tras#ormer "epe"ig $po loa". Uit a$Diliaries are
those whi!h are "ire!tly asso!iate" with the geeratig $it s$!h as IC a" FC
#as( Boiler #ee" p$mps( !oal mills( #as( !ir!$latig water p$mps et!.
SP(CI#ICATIONS
o Rate" o$tp$t 0+ 79A
o Coolig @NAN;@NAF
o 1ype two(-) wi"ig
o 9oltage ratio -6 ; )).+ K9
o Fre?$e!y +. HK
o Phases 1hree
o @NAN ratig mi =.4 o# rate" 79A
o @NAF ratig rate" 79A
o 9e!tor gro$p Cy)
o <ightig imp$lse )'. K9p (H9)
withsta" %oltage '+ K9p (<9)
'+ K9p (<9N)
o @e mi$te power #re?$e!y '. K9 (H9)
withsta" %oltage -= K9 (<9)
-' K9 (<9N)
MISC(LLAN(OUS S(R0IC( TRANS#ORM(R
7is!ellaeo$s ser%i!e tras#ormer are $se" to s$pply mis!ellaeo$s loa"s o#
plat. It is a two wi"ig tras#ormer !oe!te" to )0- K9 swit!hyar".
SP(CI#ICATIONS
o Sta"ar" IS:-.-3;''5=)
o Rate" o$tp$t )3 79A
o F$ll loa" rate" !$rret 3*.*= A
=.0.-' A
o Coolig @NAN
o 1ype 1wo wi"ig
o 9oltage ratio )0- ; )).+ K9
o Fre?$e!y +. HK
o Phase 1hree
o 9e!tor gro$p ENy.
o <ightig imp$lse 3+. K9p (H9)
withsta" %oltage '+ K9p (<9)
o @e mi$te power #re?$e!y -'+ K9 (H9)
withsta" %oltage -+ K9 (<9)
o ,1C. 1emp rise at +.Q! (@I<)
Z+.Q! am&iet ++Q! (8"g)
o Core : !oil mass )'3+. Kg
o @il ?$atity ).6.. litre
o 1otal mass 0'3.. /g
o APPLICATION )(0(LOP()6
S$!!ess#$l st$"y o# a FH9 swit!hyar" a" its e?$ipmets i!l$"ig
testigs .
SCR((N S+OTS
SECTIONAL VIEW OF A 400 KV
SWITCHYARD
MULTI CIRCUIT TRANSMISSION
TOWER
ALUMINIUM
CONDUCTOR
ALUMINIUM TUBE BUSBAR 400 KV SF6 CIRCUIT BRAKER
GENEKoi deewana kehta hai,koi aa!a" #a$a%hta hai
$a!a& dha&ti ki 'e(haini ko ')# a!a" #a$a%hta hai
$ein t)%h#e doo& kai#a hoon, t) $)%h#e doo&kai#i hai
*e te&a di" #a$a%hta hai, *aa $e&a di" #a$a%hta hai
+a)ha''at ek eh#a##on ki awan #i kahaani hai
ka'hi ka'i&a deewana tha, ka'hi $ee&a diwani thi
*ahaan #a' "o! kehte hain $e&i aankhon $ein aa#oon hain
%o t) #a$%he to $oti hai, naa #a$%he to aani hai
#a$anda& ee& ka anda& hai "ekin &o nahin #akta
*e aa#oon *aa& ka $oti hai i#ko kho nahin #akta
$e&i (hahaht ko ana t) 'ana "ena $a!a& #)n "e
%o $e&a ho nahin aa*a wo te&a ho nahin #akta
Ki '&ah$a& koi k)$)dni a& $a(ha" 'aitha to han!a$a
ha$aa&e di" $ein koi khwa' a" 'aitha to h)n!a$a
a'hi tak doo' ka& #)nte the #a' ki##a $a)ha''at ka
$ein ki##e ko hakikat $ein 'ada" 'aitha to h)n!aa$a
RATING TRANSFORMER