Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering

MSE 20 (B2 and B3)

Vera Marie M. Sastine
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Pre-requisite: Chm12, Phy13
Credit: 3 units
Lecture course on the structure & composition of materials
(metals, polymers, ceramics, semiconductors &
composites)
Course work
Long Exams 50%
Problem Sets 10%
Homework 10%
Final Exam 25%
Portfolio 5%
Total 100%
Average Grade Average Grade
<60 5.00 78-80 2.00
60-64 3.00 81-84 1.75
65-69 2.75 85-89 1.5
70-73 2.5 90-93 1.25
74-77 2.25 94-100 1.00
Development of materials closely tied with development of human
civilization
Eras of civilizations are named after the materials popularly used at
that time
The
Stone
Age
Paleolithic old Stone age; stone tools and clay pots particularly for
hunting and gathering
Mesolithic middle Stone age; extensive use of stone tools, clay, stone
statues, pigments (ochre)
Neolithic new Stone age; tools used for warfare and building villages
The
Copper
Age
Transitory period wherein early copper
metallurgy appeared, coinciding with
widespread use of the stone tools
The
Bronze
Age
Popular metalworking was smelting copper and tin from
naturally occurring ores, then casting them to make
bronze;
Earliest period with written accounts of the process
The
Iron
Age
Use of carburized iron, improved forging, first signs of
porcelain, concrete construction in Roman structures
Use and processing of said materials also coincided with
significant changes in society.
The
Modern
Period -
Present
Damascus steel from the middle east in the 11
th
century;
Natural polymers chemically modified during the
early 18
th
century.
Semiconductors started getting attention due to
Michael Faradays first silicon transistor in 1954.
As needs of modern society became more
complex, more specialized materials have been
made
An advancement in the understanding of a material
type is often the forerunner to the stepwise
progression of a technology.
Structure
Processing
Performance
Properties
Materials Science
Investigate the relationship
between structure & properties
of materials
Materials Engineering
Design the structure to
achieve specific properties
of materials
Processing Structure Properties Performance
Interrelationship of components
To achieve performance needs, an understanding of material properties is necessary
Common Properties of Materials
Determines Performance
To obtain desired properties, the material must possess the right structure.
Structure
Types of atoms
Arrangement of atoms / molecules
Crystalline/amorphous
Crosslinked / network or linear polymers
Defects and impurities
Grain size
Structure depends on the processing conditions.
Example1:
Al
2
O
3
Alumina
Example2:
Carbon black
particles in
synthetic
rubber tire
tread
compound
Stress + seawater
Cracks
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and Fracture
Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.)
Heat treatment: slows
crack speed in salt water!
Metals
Includes elemental metals, alloys, and their composites
Characterized by their non-localized electrons
Stiff and strong, but ductile
Some have magnetic properties
Ceramics
Between metallic and non-metallic elements
Usually oxides, nitrides, carbides, and the
traditional ceramics (porcelain, glass, cement)
Historically known to be brittle and prone to fracture,
but newer ceramics have been engineered to resist fracture
Highly resistant to heat and harsh environment
Polymers
Basically plastic and rubber materials
Mostly organic compounds based on carbon, hydrogen,
& other non-metallic elements
Composites
May be natural or synthetic
Group of materials formed from macroscopic combinations of metals, polymers
or ceramics such that unusual combinations of properties are obtained
Polymers
Basically plastic and rubber materials
Mostly organic compounds based on carbon, hydrogen,
& other non-metallic elements
Composites
May be natural or synthetic
Group of materials formed from macroscopic combinations of metals, polymers
or ceramics such that unusual combinations of properties are obtained
Semiconductors
Electrical properties intermediate between the electrical
conductors and insulators
Its electrical characteristics are sensitive to minute
concentrations of impurity atoms, for which concentrations
may be controlled over very small spatial regions
(doping)
Biomaterials
Employed in components implanted into the human body
to replace diseased or damaged body parts
Materials must not produce toxic substances and must be
compatible with body tissues
May be made of metals, ceramics, polymers, composites,
semiconductors
http://mirror-us-
ga1.gallery.hd.org/_exhibits/electronics/silicon-
wafer-in-dish-DHD.jpg
Smart materials
Sensor detects an input signal
Actuator performs a responsive and adaptive function
May be made of metals, ceramics, polymers, composites,
semiconductors
Nanomaterials
Physical and chemical characteristics exhibited by matter
may experience dramatic changes as particle size
approaches atomic dimensions
May be made of metals, ceramics, polymers, composites,
semiconductors
Porous anodic alumina (PAA) for
nanoelectronics, energy conversion
https://engineering.purdue.edu/MSE/Researc
hFocus/TheNextSolidStateRevolutionTSands
http://spec.snu.ac.kr/?p=144
Shape-memory alloys
Consideration of environmental impact in materials production has
become increasingly significant as our resources are depleted.
Finding ways to produce lightweight and efficient materials,
particularly in the transportation field, is continuous, so as to lessen
energy consumption.
Need for finding alternative ways for harnessing energy is
recognized. Efficiency in solar conversion is continuously being
improved on.
Non-renewable sources are being depleted, thus needing
Additional reserves
Alternative materials with lesser environmental impact
Development of new recycling technologies