Vol.

3
On homogeneous statistical distributions exoplanets
for their dynamic parameters
B. R. Mushailov, L .M. Ivanovskaya, V. S. Teplitskaya
Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University Universitetsky pr., 13, Moscow 119992,
Russia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract
Correct distributions of extrasolar systems for their orbital parameters (semi-major axes, period,
eccentricity) and physical characteristics (mass, spectral type of parent star) are received. Orbital
resonances in extrasolar systems are considered. It is shown, that the account of more thin effects,
including with use of wavelet methods, in obviously incorrectly reduced distributions it is not justified,
to what the homogeneous statistical distributions for dynamic parameters of exoplanets, received in the
present work, testify.
Key words: exoplanets, orbital resonances, statistical distributions, orbital parameters, extra solar
systems
Introduction
During dynamic evolution extrasolar planets pass a number of regular stages which have
universal character. Revealing of these general laws, certainly, will promote better understanding of an
origin and evolution of planetary systems.
At October, 2009 outside Solar system it was discovered about 400 candidates for major planets
(extrasolar planets). A large number of extrasolar planets comparable in mass to Jupiter, but apparently
this is a consequence of the selective effect of detection - giant planets easier to detect. In connection
with the improvement of the observation base, development of new methods of detection, the number
of candidates for extrasolar planets is steadily increasing. The most effective are the methods of
searching candidates for extrasolar planets:
- The measuring of radial velocity. The star having a planet, tests fluctuations of velocity “ to us
- from us ” which can be measured by observing the Doppler shift of the spectrum of the star.
- The photometric method, is connected with an opportunity of passage of a planet on a
background of a star. The planet eclipses a part of a surface, and brightness of a star decreases.
- Astrometric method. It is based on taking into account of gravitational influence of planets on
a star. If very precisely to measure a trajectory of a star it is possible to see its easy tortuosity caused by
gravitation of planets.
- Microlensing. When one star passes another on a background, light of a distant star is bent by
gravitation near star and its brightness varies. If the nearest star has planets it will affect a curve of
change of brightness.
- A number of the methods based on obtaining of the direct image
- In addition, the method for ultra precise photometric monitoring of stars and method for a
method of measurement of a curve of shine, but not due to transit of a planet, and in view of tidal
influence from a planet (planets) (Gerasimov I.A. et al., 2003) is developed also.
Currently, there are six specialized discusses space projects to find extrasolar planets (PEGASE,
New Worlds Mission, IRSI/ DARWIN (ESA), Space Interferometry Mission SIM, Terrestrial Planet
Finder TPF, Kepler (NASA), GAIA (ESA)) are discussed.
The statistical distribution of exoplanets.
Till now the conventional and consistent theory of formation of planetary systems and multiple
stellarr systems is not created. It is considered, that stars with rather small mass, located more to the
right of the main sequence, could be members of multiple stellar systems, and that the most part of
these dynamic systems has broken up under action of tidal forces. But due to capture interstellar gas-
dust matters, these stars were capable to form the planetary systems. On the other hand, stars can lose
the planets being far from them and having with a central star weak gravitational connection. Except
for major planets, around of stars can exist a minor planets (asteroids, comets, etc.). Configuration of
large and minor planets of the solar system suggests that their dynamic evolution is strongly influenced
1
by the effects of orbital resonance interactions. In some cases resonant effects can lead to steady orbital
movements. Consequently, there are strong grounds for believing that orbital resonances should be
widely disseminated not only in our solar system, but also in other planetary systems, which is
confirmed by the results shown in Figure 1.

47 Uma b 47 Uma c
55 Cnc b 55 Cnc c
BD20 2457 b BD20 2457 c
Gl 581 b Gl 581 e
Gl 581 c Gl 581 e
Gl 581 b Gl 581 c
Gliese 876 b Gliese 876 c
HD 102272 b HD 102272 c
HD 108874 b HD 108874 c
HD 128311 b HD 128311 c
HD 160691 b HD 160691 d
HD 40307 c HD 40307 d
HD 45364 b HD 45364 c
HD 60532 b HD 60532 c
HD 73526 b HD 73526 c
HD 82943 b HD 82943 c
HR 8799 b HR 8799 c
HR 8799 c HR 8799 d
PSR 1257+12 b PSR 1257+12 d
PSR 1257+12 c PSR 1257+12 d
HW Vir b HW Vir c
0
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

lg Т

Fig. 1. The orbital periods of 17 alleged resonance exoplanets. We give the size of extrasolar planets in proportion
to their masses, with the exception of three planetary systems, which are displayed as a points with shadow, in view of the
smallness of their masses.
In Solar system, as a rule, dynamic parameters are measured in corresponding scale units of
Earth and Sun. For example, to unit of length scale is accepted astronomical unit (distance from Sun to
Earth), and the mass of celestial bodies are measured in solar masses. Self-consistent normalization
should be applied for exoplanets, for "Sun-Earth" a-priori parameters are not adapted (internally
consistent) for arbitrary exoplanets. In addition, the statistical distribution of planetary systems in the
absolute values of their parameters, of course, ignores their hierarchy - the dominant role of the central
star at evolution of planetary system within the limits of the n-body problem, instead of all statistical
sample of planets. Therefore, to determine the true (not diluted incorrect normalization) the patterns of
evolution of extrasolar planets and the solar system, it is advisable to normalize the dynamic
parameters of the values associated with the study of planetary system that has been done in this paper.
Figures 2-4 show the comparative distribution histogram of exoplanets for semi-major axes,
masses, period (not adapted – according to http://exoplanet.eu/catalog-all.php and self-consistent units)
for those modeling exoplanets, at which own parameters are known, and also the distribution of
exoplanets for eccentricities. There are black columns for distributions in not adapted system of units
and white columns for self-consistent system of units.
Transition to the self-consistent parameters is not only linear scale shift as for each planetary
system it is entered own normalization. Consequently, found differences in the distributions presented

2
below in the self-consistent and not adapted to the parameters not only due to the difference in scale
sampling interval histograms, and are reflection of distinctions of directly presented distributions.
Relevance of similar histograms with different intervals of samples confirms the reliability of the
results presented below. From the distribution of extrasolar planets for semi-major axes of the planets
that the distribution of a self-consistent system of units is more obviously the expressed maximum at
the beginning, but decreases rapidly in comparison with the distribution in non-adapted system of units.

Distribution for semi-major axes

185
200
number 150 132

100
55
43
50 2819 27
7 12 8 83 31
1 0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

0 0,725 1,45 2,175 2,9 3,625 4,35 5,075

upper scale, the dimentionless self-consistent units of

distance (a/Ds)*10^2, w ere Ds- the diameter of central
star,
low er scale -semi-major axis in a.u. for unadapted system

Fig. 2. The histogram distribution of extrasolar planets in semi-major axes . The correlation coefficient values in
the self-consistent and not adapted systems of units is equal to 0.821.

Distribution of exoplanet for mass

300
256
244
250
200
number

150
100 57 58
50 27 33
17 21 6 9 4 1 3 1 2 4 1 2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

0 2,7 5,4 8,1 10,8 13,5 16,2 18,9 21,6

upper scale- the dimensionless self-consistent unit of mass

(Mp/Ms) * 10 ^ -3, w here Mp-mass of planet, Ms-mass of central
star;
low er scale - mass (in units of mass of Jupiter) in not adapted
system of units.

Fig. 3. The histogram distribution of extrasolar planets by the masses. The correlation coefficient values in the self-
consistent and not adapted systems of units for the first five intervals equal to 0.894.

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 Distribution of exoplanets for orbital
period
90 8382
80
70
60

number
50
40
30 1820
20 12 9
5 7 3 3 2 1
10 0 1 0 0 1 1
0
0,02 29,79 59,59 89,38 119,18 148,97 178,77 208,56 238,36

1 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800

upper scale- the dimensionless self-consistent unit period (Т/Рrot)

for the self-consistent system of units (Prot - the period of rotation
of the central star);
low er scale - a period in the not-adapted system of units (earth
day).

Fig. 4. The histogram distribution of extrasolar planets for orbital period. The correlation coefficient values in the
self-consistent and not adapted systems of units is equal to 0.752.
As follows from histograms of distributions of semi-major axis, the masses of the planets and
their orbital periods, distributions in not adapted and self-consistent systems of units differ also it is not
connected with distinction of volumes compared samples. The calculated corresponding correlation
coefficients testify to nonlinear change of histograms at transition from not adapted units to self-
consistent.
It is expressed that the differences in distributions in not adapted and self-consistent units for
the fixed stellar spectral types (Fig 5.) should be less. On number of candidates for extrasolar planets,
spectral type G, to which our Sun belongs, also is allocated.

Distribution exoplanet for central strar's

stellar spectral type.
250
193
200
number

150

100
53
50 23
5 1
0
A B F G K M
stellar spectral type

Figure 5. The histogram distribution of extrasolar planets by the stellar spectral type.
The adapted distributions considered exoplanets for semi-major axes almost for all spectral
classes of the central stars are generally exponential in nature and monotonous.
Figures 6-14 are histograms of the self-consistent distributions of extrasolar planets for semi-
major axes, the masses and orbital periods of planets for of spectral classes F, G, K. Classes A, B, M
are excluded due to the small sample size.

4
 Distribution of exoplanet for semi-major
axes for central stars of spectral type F
32
35
30 25
25

number
20
15 9 10 7
10 2 2
5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

0 0,725 1,45 2,175 2,9 3,625 4,35 5,075

Fig. 6. The histogram distribution of exoplanets for semi-major axes of the planets for the stars of stellar spectral
type F. The correlation coefficient values in the self-consistent and not adapted systems of units is equal to 0.957.

Distribution of exoplanet for semi-major

axes for central stars of spectral type G

100 86
80 61
number

60
40 3130
1513 14 7 9 4
20 8 2 1 0 3 0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

0 0,725 1,45 2,175 2,9 3,625 4,35 5,075

Figure 7. The histogram distribution of exoplanets for semi-major axes of the planets for the stars of stellar spectral
type G. The correlation coefficient values in the self-consistent and not adapted systems of units is equal to 0.922.

Distribution of exoplanet for semi-major

axes for central stars of spectral type K

60 50
50
40 29
number

30
15
20 10
3 4 5 2 2
10 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

0 0,725 1,45 2,175 2,9 3,625 4,35 5,075

Fig. 8. The histogram distribution of exoplanets for semi-major axes of the planets for the stars of stellar spectral
type K. The correlation coefficient values in the self-consistent and not adapted systems of units is equal to 0.696.

5
 Distribution of exoplanet's mass for
central stars of spectral F
35
2929
30
25

number
20
15 1010
10 56
33 32
5 01 00 01 10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

0 2,7 5,4 8,1 10,8 13,5 16,2 18,9 21,6

Fig. 9. Histogram distributions of extrasolar planets by the masses for stars of stellar spectral type F. The
correlation coefficient values in the self-consistent and not adapted systems of units is equal to 0.978.

Distribution of exoplanet's mass for

central stars of spectral G
160 134
140 129
120
100
number

80
60
40 2629
1711
20 79 15 21 30 04 01
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

0 2,7 5,4 8,1 10,8 13,5 16,2 18,9 21,6

Fig. 10. The histogram distributions of extrasolar planets by the masses for stars of stellar spectral type G. The
correlation coefficient values in the self-consistent and not adapted systems of units is equal to 0.975.

Distribution of exoplanet's mass for

central stars of spectral K
70 65
61
60
50
number

40
30
20 1515
10
10 5 35 21 20 00 00 11
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

0 2,7 5,4 8,1 10,8 13,5 16,2 18,9 21,6

Fig. 11. The histogram distributions of extrasolar planets by the masses for stars of stellar spectral type K. The
correlation coefficient values in the self-consistent and not adapted systems of units is equal to 0.791.

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 Distribution of exoplanets for orbital period for
central stars of spectral type F
14 12
12
10 8

number
8
6
3 3
4 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 0 0 0 0 0 00 0
0

0,02

29,79

59,59

89,38

119,18

148,97

178,77

208,56

238,36
1 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800

Fig. 12. The histogram distribution of extrasolar planets for the orbital period for stars of the stellar spectral type F.
The correlation coefficient values in the self-consistent and not adapted systems of units is equal to 0.941.

Distribution of exoplanets for orbital period for

central stars of spectral type G
50 4445
45
40
35
number

30
25
20 1314
15 87
10 3 5 21 2 1 10
5 00 0 0
0
0,02

29,79

59,59

89,38

119,18

148,97

178,77

208,56

238,36
1 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800

Fig.13. The histogram distribution of extrasolar planets for the orbital period for stars of the stellar spectral type G.
The correlation coefficient values in the self-consistent and not adapted systems of units is equal to 0.863.
Distribution of exoplanets for orbital period for
central stars of spectral type K
30
25 22

20
number

15
10
4
5 1 2 1 0 0 0 0
0
0,02

29,79

59,59

89,38

119,18

148,97

178,77

208,56

238,36

1 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800

Fig. 14. The histogram distribution of extrasolar planets for the orbital period for stars of the stellar
spectral type K. The correlation coefficient values in the self-consistent and not adapted systems of units is
equal to 0.883.
From figures 6 and 7 it is visible, that distributions in the self-consistent system of units more
monotonous, have obviously expressed maximum.
The common trend in the mass distribution is such that the distribution is not adapted to the
system of units, more monotonous.

7
 The distribution of exoplanets for eccentricity appears exponential in nature, which generally
persists for homogeneity of the distributions on a sample of individual spectral types of stars, with the
exception of spectral types M and F, for which there is insufficient statistical number.
Distribution of exoplanets for
eccentricity

140 130
120
100
number 80 64
60 48
33 27
40
14 16
20 8 1 4
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
е

Fig. 15. Histogram of the predicted distribution of the eccentricity of extrasolar planets (in dimensionless units).
Conclusion
Given that the dominant role in the dynamical evolution of planetary systems are parameters
(and, above all, mass) of the central star, the correct comparison of the dynamic characteristics of
exoplanets is possible only in a system of units adapted (self-consistent) to the parameters of the central
star. Such approach considers their hierarchy - a dominating role of the central star in evolution of
planetary system within the limits of n-bodies problem, instead of all statistical sample of planets.
While use of not self-consistent parameters leads to distortion of results and does not allow correctly
identify the general laws of evolution of exoplanets systems. As consequence, in distributions in not
adapted system of units the harmonics connected with not considered dynamic influence of the central
stars are shown.
Distributions in the reduced (self-consistent) system of units are exponential. The precise
distribution of extrasolar planets by the masses, as well as on the orbital period suggests expressly
selective effect.
For each statistical distribution the correlation coefficient between corresponding values of
parameters in the self-consistent and not adapted systems of units has been calculated. Divergences
between the values of the same name in different systems of units are substantial, and the homogeneity
of the distributions is broken when the correlation coefficient smaller than 0.97. As expected, the
correlation coefficients of samples for the spectral types of stars are much higher than for the entire
sample.
Presence of the common laws proves to be true existence of resonant systems, and, in
particular, two-frequency resonances. From 44 multiple systems 17 - are connected by two-frequency
orbital resonances of lower orders.
Revealing of more thin effects, including with use “wavelet methods” (Baluyev R.V. 2006.), in
obviously incorrectly reduced distributions, certainly, is not justified, to what the homogeneous
statistical distributions of dynamic parameters of exoplanets received in the present work testify.

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2. Gerasimov I.A., Mushailov B.R. // Astron. and Astrophis. Transaction, 2003.
3. Kuteeva G.A., Sokolov L.L. “Exoplanet orbital evolution under the influence of nearby stars. Few-
body problem: Theory and computer simulations”. Annales Universitatis Turkuensis. Ser.1A.Vol.358.
P.131-134.
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5. Baluyev R.V ”Clearing of statistics extrasolar planets from effects of observant selection”. Physics of
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University.2006. P.214.
6. Wentzel E.S. “Probability theory”. M. Publishing Center “Academia”. 2003.
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8 pages, 15 figures; International Conference "100 years since Tunguska phenomenon: Past, present
and future", (June 26-28, 2008. Russia, Moscow),
Lomonosov readings 2009 (Moscow State University