Lab Acid-Base

Objectives:
1. Perform a neutralization reaction.
2. Perform reactions of acids and bases on various materials.
3. Test various solutions with acid-base indicators.
4. easure the !" of various of common materials.
#. Perform dissociation reactions of salts and test the solutions !".
$. Pre!are buffer solutions and measure their buffer ca!acities.
Introduction:
%n 1&&4 'vante Arrhenius !ro!osed the first theoretical model for acids and bases. Prior to that
time( these chemicall) o!!osite substances were described in !ro!erties such as their taste*
their effects on metals( carbonates( and d)es +called indicators,* their feel to the touch( and their
abilit) to react with each other. Accordin- to the Arrhenius theory( !ure water dissociates to
some e.tent to !roduce h)dro-en ions( "
/
and h)dro.ide ions( 0"
-
. 1hen this occurs( e2ual
amounts of "
/
and 0"
-
ions are !roduced3
"
2
0
+l,
"
/
+a2,
/ 0"
-
+a2,
The list of strong acids include( "4l( "Br( "%( "50
3
( "
2
'0
4
and "4l0
4
. The list of stron-
bases include( Li0"( 5a0"( 60"( 7b0" and 4s0". 1hat do the strong bases have in
common8 The) are all com!osed of a -rou! one metal and a h)dro.ide. 9rom the solubilit)
rules all com!ounds containin- a -rou! one metal are soluble. All of these acids and bases
dissociate 1::; in water.
pH is used to describe the acidic or basic nature of a solution. The " in !" means the
concentration of h)dro-en ion( "
/
in a solution. The ! in !" is <ust a mathematical tric= to ma=e
a decimal number a whole number. Peo!le do not li=e decimals and do not li=e e.!onents and
reall) hate ne-ative e.!onents. The ! in !" is >lo-. A-ain( the " in !" is the concentration of
"
/
in molarit)( but since it is in water we reall) mean h)dronium( ?"
3
0
/
@.
Salts are com!ounds com!osed of a metal and a non-metal. An interestin- !henomenon
occurs when certain salts dissociate in an a2ueous solution( the !" ma) chan-e. %f the cation
and anion of which this salt is com!osed are the cations and anions from stron- acids and
bases the !" of the solution does not chan-e. 5a4l is com!osed of the cation 5a
/
and the
anion 4l
-
. %f an "
/
is added to the 4l
-
)ou -et h)drochloric acid. 1ill this "4l molecule form in
this a2ueous environment8 5o( as "4l is a stron- acid and stron- acids dissociate 1::; so
)ou can not have an "4l molecule in water. %f an 0"
-
is added to the 5a
/
from the salt will an
5a0" molecule form8 5o( as 5a0" is a stron- base and stron- bases dissociate 1::;( so
)ou can not have an 5a0" molecule in water.
1hat salts will the !" chan-e8 'alts of wea= acid and wea= bases. There are wa) too man)
wea= acids and bases to list( if )ou remember all the stron- acids and bases( then all the other
millions of acid and bases in the world will be wea=. 'o( an acid li=e "9( h)drofluoric acid is a
wea= acid. %f a salt is made with the anion of that wea= acid( that salt will be able to chan-e the
!" of a solution.
5a9
+a2,
5a
/
+a2,
/ 9
-
+a2,
9
-
+a2,
/ "
2
0
+l,
"9
+a2,
/ 0"
-
+a2,
The above two e2uations show the dissociation of a salt and the basic !ro!erties of the anion of
a wea= acid. The fluoride ion is a base as it ta=es an "
/
ion from the water.
%n -eneral( the anions of wea= acids behave as bases while the anions of stron- acids do not.
'imilarl)( the cations of wea= bases behave as acids( while the cations of stron- bases do not.
The term neutralization is often used to describe a reaction in which e2ual amounts of acid and
base react with each other. Acid and bases can react with some com!ounds to chan-e their
color( these com!ounds are d)es that chan-e color as the !" chan-es are referred to as
indicators. This is one method used to determine the !oint at which e.act amounts of acid and
base have been reacted in neutralization reactions.
5ormall)( the !roducts of the reaction are water and salt. The salt follows the rule of solubilit)
and will either dissolve or not de!endin- on what salt if formed. Thus( the neutralization of nitric
acid with !otassium h)dro.ide is re!resented b) the followin- reaction3
"50
3+a2,
/ 60"
+a2,
"
2
0
+l,
/ 6
/
+a2,
/ 50
3
-
+a2,
The !otassium ion and nitrate ion are dissociated from each other as( all com!ounds containin-
a -rou! one metal are alwa)s soluble. Also( all com!ounds containin- nitrates are soluble. 'o(
this com!ound is ver) soluble( neither ion wants to form a solid in water. The !roducts of this
reaction could be du!licated b) sim!l) addin- the salt !otassium nitrate to a container of water.
To determine which salts will dissolve and which will remain as a solid molecule( consult a table
of the rules of solubilit).
'olutions containin- substances with the abilit) to donate !rotons substances with the abilit) to
acce!t !rotons have the ca!acit) to maintain a fairl) constant !" des!ite the addition of acids or
bases. 'olutions with this ca!acit) are called buffers( and the amount of acid or base the) can
acce!t without si-nificant chan-e is called the buffer ca!acit). A common t)!e of buffer consists
of a solution containin- about e2ual amounts of a wea= acid and the salt anion of the wea= acid.
9ormic acid +"4"0
2
, and its salt( sodium formate +5a4"0
2
, could be used. 9ormic acid reacts
with water as follows3
"4"0
2+a2,
/ "
2
0
+l,
"
3
0
/
+a2,
/ 4"0
2
-
+a2,
Thus "4"0
2
behaves as a BrAnsted acid( while 4"0
2
-
would behave as a BrAnsted base. %n a
solution containin- both s!ecies( the addition of acid( "
/
would not chan-e the !" much
because the 4"0
2
-
ions would react as follows to minimize the formation of "
3
0
/
3
4"0
2
-
+a2,
/ "
/
+a2,
+from added acid, "4"0
2+a2,
'imilarl)( an) added base will de!lete the "
3
0
/
concentration( but the "4"0
2
molecules !resent
will re!lenish them b) under-oin- the reaction from left to ri-ht in the below e2uation.
"4"0
2+a2,
/ "
2
0
+l,
"
3
0
/
+a2,
/ 4"0
2
-
+a2,
Procedure Part A:
1. Put 2.: mL of 1.: sodium h)dro.ide solution +5a0", into a
test tube.
2. Bsin- a -lass stir rod( touch this solution to red and blue
litmus !a!er. 7ecord )our results.
3. Put 2.: mL of 1.: h)drochloric acid solution +"4l, into
another test tube.
4. Bsin- a -lass stir rod( touch this solution to red and blue
litmus !a!er. 7ecord )our results.
#. Pour the contents of one of the test tubes into the other test
tube and mi. the contents well b) re!eatedl) blowin- air
bubbles throu-h it usin- one of )our !lastic dro!!ers.
$. Pour the resultin- solution into a clean eva!oratin- dish and
eva!orate to dr)ness over a boilin- water bath similar to the
set u! shown in the dia-ram.
C. 1hile eva!oration !roceeds( move on to !art B while )ou wait.
&. 1hen eva!oration is com!lete( collect the solid residue on a !iece of filter !a!er( note and
record itDs a!!earance( and divide it into two e2ual !ortions.
E. Fissolve one !ortion in 2: dro!s of distilled water in a clean test tube.
1:. Test the dissolved sam!le for chlorine ions b) addin- 2 dro!s of :.1 silver nitrate solution.
A distinct cloudin- of the solution or the formation and settlin- of a white solid indicates the
!resence of 4l
-
. 7ecord the test results.
11. oisten the end of a clean -lass stirrin- rod with distilled water.
12. Fi! the moist end of the rod into the second !ortion of collected solid so that solid !articles
adhere to the rod.
13. Place the end of the rod with adherin- solid into the flame of )our burner. The a!!earance
of a bri-ht oran-e-)ellow flame confirms the !resence of sodium ions. 7ecord the results of
this flame test.
Procedure Part B:
1. Bse !" !a!er measure the !" of the followin- substances3
a. household ammonia
b. laundr) deter-ent
c. dishwashin- deter-ent
d. ba=in- soda
e. as!irin
f. buffered as!irin
-. ta! water
2. Bse 2 different t)!es of !" !a!er one wide ran-e and one narrow ran-e. Fi! a clean -lass
stirrin- rod into the li2uid bein- tested( and then touch the rod to each !iece of !" !a!er.
4om!are the color of the s!ot on the !a!er to the chart that is located on the !a!er
dis!enser. Thoroughly clean the glass stirring rod bet!een each test"
3. %f the sam!les listed above are solids( dissolve about :.1 - in 2 mL of deionized water and
test the resultin- solutions.
4. 7ecord the measured !" values and ta!e the stri!s to )our record sheet.
Procedure Part #:
1. 0n two se!arate -lass !lates( !lace one dro! of each of the first # indicators.
2. 0n two other -lass !lates( !lace one dro! of each of the second # indicators.
3. Place a dro! of :.:# h)drochloric acid into each t)!e of indicator.
4. Place a dro! of :.:# sodium h)dro.ide into each t)!e of indicator.
#. i. well usin- a tooth!ic= and record the resultin- solution color.
a. !henol!hthalein
b. meth)l oran-e
c. meth)l red
d. meth)l blue
e. universal indicator !" 4-1:
f. universal indicator !" 1-C
Procedure Part $:
1. Pre!are each of the followin- solutions in se!arate( clean test tubes. ar= the tubes so )ou
can remember their contents.
'olution A3 2: dro!s of :.1 sodium acetate solution +5a4
2
"
3
0
2
,
!lus 2: dro!s of :.1 acetic acid solution +"4
2
"
3
0
2
,
'olution B3 2: dro!s of :.1 a2ueous ammonia solution +5"
3
, !lus
2: dro!s of :.1 ammonium chloride solution +5"
4
4l,
'olution 43 2: dro!s of :.1 sodium acetate solution +5a4
2
"
3
0
2
,
!lus 2: dro!s of deionized water
'olution F3 2: dro!s of :.1 sodium chloride solution +5a4l, !lus
2: dro!s of deionized water
2. i. each solution well b) usin- a clean dro!!er to bubble air throu-h it( then !our half of it
into another clean test tube so )ou have two e2ual sam!les.
3. Bse a !" !a!er( measure the !" of one sam!le of each solution. 7ecord this initial !"
value.
4. Also measure and record the !" of a sam!le of deionized water.
#. Add & dro!s of :.:# h)drochloric acid to one sam!le of each solution and to a 2:-dro!
sam!le of deionized water. i. well( measure( and record the resultin- !" of each solution.
$. 7e!eat 'te! #( usin- the other solution sam!les and a fresh sam!le of deionized water( but
add :.:# sodium h)dro.ide solution instead of "4l.
#oncluding %uestions:
1. At the end of the first !art of this lab( what( s!ecificall)( is left in the eva!oratin- dish8
2. 1hat would be most effective in removin- hard-water de!osits( containin- calcium
carbonate( and other carbonates( from a sin=( vine-ar or household ammonia8 Fefend )our
choice with results from this lab.
3. ost cleanin- a-ents +cleansers( soa!s( and the li=e, tested in this lab are best classified as
which of the followin-3 neutral( acidic( or basic8
4. 1hich of the followin- reactions best re!resents the reaction of a salt that lowers !" when
dissolved in water8 Let 4
/
and A
-
re!resent the cation and anion of the salt.
a. 4A / "
2
0 4
/
/ A
-
/ "
2
0
b. 4A / "
2
0 "A / 4
/
/ 0"
-
c. 4A / "
2
0 40" / A
-
/ "
/
d. 4A / "
2
0 40" / "A
#. Bsin- a sam!le of a buffer solution( how could )ou determinin- bufferin- ca!acit)8
$. Amino acids( li=e -l)cene shown here
5 4" 4
"
0
0 "
"
"
( can behave as buffers. 1rite out a
chemical reaction showin- -l)cene actin- a buffer a-ainst an acid( then a-ain a-ainst a
base. G.!lain )our answers.
Pre-Lab Acid-Base
1. Fefine a+n,3
a. acid3
b. base3
c. salt3
d. buffer3
2. 1hat does !" tell )ou about a solution8
3. "ow do )ou calculate !"8
4. 1hat is the difference between a stron- acid and a wea= acid8
#. a=e a !rediction to what would ha!!en if )ou used !" !a!er with a ran-e of 1-2.# to test a
solution with a !" of &.