MPrF-01C

P H Y S I O E X 8 . 0 : MU S C L E P H Y S I O L O G Y S I N G L E AN D
M U L T I P L E S T I M U L U S
OBJECTIVES
1. To define these terms used in describing muscle physiology: multiple motor unit summation,
maximal stimulus, treppe, wave summation, and tetanus.
2. To identify two ways that the mode of stimulation can affect muscle force production.
3. To plot a graph relating stimulus strength and twitch force to illustrate graded muscle
response.
4. To explain how slow, smooth, sustained contraction is possible in a skeletal muscle.
INSTRUMENTS
1. aptop !brought by the students, min. 1 laptop"group#
2. $nternet access
PROCEDURES
I. ACCESSING THE PHYSIO EX 8.0 WEBSITE
1. %onnect your laptop to the wireless internet access in the physiology laboratory.
2. &pen your browser, go to www.my!"#.$%m
3. %lick the L%& I! button in the lower left area of the page.
4. %hoose the 'uman (natomy ) P'y()%*%&y+ 8, -%%. -y E*)!, M/),- 0
123 H%,'!
*. Type +4*5), in the ogin -ame.
.. (sk your tutor to fill in the /assword.
0. %hoose P'y()%E6 8.0 at the lower left area of the page.
II. SINGLE STIMULUS
%hoose C'#2,/ 7: S.,*,2* M5($*, P'y()%*%&y from the menu+ then click S)!&*,
S2)m5*5(. The opening screen will appear in a few seconds.
1 2 T 2 3 4 $ - $ - 5 T ' 2 ( T 2 - T / 2 3 $ & 1
1. 6et the 7oltage to *.8 7olts and the muscle length at 0* mm.
2. 1rag the 800 msec button to the right edge of the oscilloscope.
3. %lick the S2)m5*2, button once, and allow the tracing to complete.
4. 9hen you measure the length of the latent period from a printed graph, you measure the
time between the application of the stimulus and the beginning of the first obser7able re:
sponse !increase in force#. The computer can;t +look ahead,, anticipating the change in
acti7e force. To measure the length of the latent period using the computer, click the
M,(5/, button. Then click the right arrow button next to the T)m, window repeatedly
until you notice the first increase in the (cti7e <orce window. This takes you beyond the
actual length of the latent period. -ow click the left arrow button next to the T)m,
window until the (cti7e <orce window again reads =ero. (t this point the computer is
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measuring the time between the application of the stimulus and the last point where the
acti7e force is =ero !>ust prior to contraction#.
How long is the latent period? ________ msec
What occurs in the muscle during this apparent lack of activity?
$ - ? 2 6 T $ 5 ( T $ - 5 5 3 ( 1 2 1 4 @ 6 % 2 3 2 6 / & - 6 2 T &
$ - % 3 2 ( 6 2 1 6 T $ 4 @ @ 6 $ - T 2 - 6 $ T A
1. %lick C*,/ T/$)!&( if there are tracings on your screen.
2. 6et the 7oltage to 8.8 and the muscle length at 0* mm, and click S2)m5*2,.
3. %lick R,$%/" D2.
4. 3epeat steps 2 and 3, increasing the 7oltage by 8.* each time until you reach the
maximum 7oltage of 18.8. Be sure to select R,$%/" D2 each time.
*. &bser7e the twitch tracings. %lick on the T%%*( menu and then choose P*%2 D2.
.. @se the slider bars to display (cti7e <orce on the A:axis and ?oltage on the C:axis.
0. @se your graph to answer the following Duestions:
What is the minimal, or threshold, stimulus? ________ V
What is the maximal stimulus? ________ V
How can you explain the increase in force that you observe?
E. %lick P/)!2 P*%2 at the top left corner of the /lot 1ata window and choose A"%-, PD9
as the printer to sa7e the graph in /1< format !attach the graph in your lab report#.
9hen finished, click the C at the top right of the plot window.
F. %lick T%%*( P/)!2 D2 and choose A"%-, PD9 as the printer to sa7e the graph in
/1< format !attach the data in your lab report#.
$ - ? 2 6 T $ 5 ( T $ - 5 T ' 2 2 < < 2 % T & < 4 @ 6 % 2 2 - 5 T ' & -
T ' 2 6 T 3 2 - 5 T ' & < 4 @ 6 % 2 % & - T 3 ( % T $ & -
1. %lick C*,/ T/$)!&( if there are tracings on your screen.
2. %lick C*,/ T-*, to erase your pre7ious data.
3. 6et the 7oltage to *.8 7olts and the muscle length at *8 mm, and click S2)m5*2,.
4. %lick R,$%/" D2.
*. 3epeat steps 2 and 3, increasing the muscle length by * mm each time until you reach
the maximum muscle length of 188 mm. Be sure to select R,$%/" D2 each time.
.. &bser7e the twitch tracings. %lick on the T%%*( menu and then choose P*%2 D2.
0. @se the slider bars to display (cti7e <orce on the A:axis and 4uscle ength on the C:axis.
E. @se your graph to answer the following Duestions:
What is the optimum muscle length for active force? ________ mm
How can you explain the increase and decrease in active force that you observe?
F. %lick P/)!2 P*%2 at the top left corner of the /lot 1ata window and choose A"%-, PD9
as the printer to sa7e the graph in /1< format !attach the graph in your lab report#.
9hen finished, click the C at the top right of the plot window.
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18. %lick T%%*( P/)!2 D2 and choose A"%-, PD9 as the printer to sa7e the graph in
/1< format !attach the data in your lab report#.
III. MULTIPLE STIMULUS
%hoose M5*2)#*, S2)m5*5( from the E6#,/)m,!2 menu. The opening screen will appear in a
few seconds.
$ - ? 2 6 T $ 5 ( T $ - 5 T 3 2 / / 2
1. The 7oltage should be set to E.2 7olts, and the muscle length should be 0* mm.
2. 1rag the 800 msec button to the center of the C:axis time range.
3. Be sure that you fully understand the following three steps before you proceed:
i. %lick S)!&*, S2)m5*5(. 9atch the twitch tracing carefully.
ii. (fter the tracing shows that the muscle has completely relaxed, immediately click
S)!&*, S2)m5*5( again.
iii. 9hen the second twitch completes, click S)!&*, S2)m5*5( once more and allow the
tracing to complete.
4. %lick T%%*( P/)!2 G/#' and choose A"%-, PD9 as the printer to sa7e the graph in
/1< format !attach the graph in your lab report#.
What happens to force production with each subseuent stimulus?
$ - ? 2 6 T $ 5 ( T $ - 5 9( ? 2 6 @ 4 4 ( T $ & -
1. %lick C*,/ T/$)!&( to erase the oscilloscope display.
2. 6et and keep the 7oltage at the maximal stimulus !E.2 7olts# and the muscle length at 0*
mm.
3. 1rag the 800 msec button to the right edge of the oscilloscope display unless you are
using a slow computer.
4. %lick S)!&*, S2)m5*5(+ and then click S)!&*, S2)m5*5( again when the muscle has
relaxed about halfway. @nlike the pre7ious experiment, we will not allow the muscle to
completely relax.
!s the peak force produced in the second contraction greater
than that produced by the first stimulus?
*. Try stimulating again at greater freDuencies by clicking the S)!&*, S2)m5*5( button
se7eral times in rapid succession.
.. %lick T%%*( P/)!2 G/#' and choose A"%-, PD9 as the printer to sa7e the graph in
/1< format !attach the graph in your lab report#.
!s the total force production even greater?
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How does the freuency of stimulation affect the amount of force generated by the
muscle?
'int: %ompare the force generated from a single click and from rapidly clicking
S)!&*, S2)m5*5( se7eral times.
$ - ? 2 6 T $ 5 ( T $ - 5 < @ 6 $ & - < 3 2 G @ 2 - % A " T 2 T ( - @ 6
1. %lick C*,/ T/$)!&( to erase the oscilloscope display.
2. The 7oltage should be set to E.2 7olts, and the muscle length should be 0* mm.
3. (d>ust the stimulus rate to 38 stimuli"sec.
4. The following steps constitute a single +run., Become familiar with the procedure for
completing a run before continuing.
i. %lick M5*2)#*, S2)m5*5(.
ii. 9hen the tracing is close to the right side of the screen, click S2%# S2)m5*5( to turn
off the stimulator.
iii. %lick R,$%/" D2 to retain your data in the grid at the bottom of the screen and in
the computer;s memory.
*. 3epeat steps 3 and 4, increasing the stimulation rate by 18 stimuli"sec each time up to
1*8 stimuli"sec.
How do the tracings change as the stimulus rate is increased?
.. 9hen you ha7e finished obser7ing the twitch tracings, click the T%%*( menu, and then
choose P*%2 D2.
0. 6et the A:axis slider to display (cti7e <orce and the C:axis slider to display 6timuli"sec.
<rom your graph, estimate the stimulus rate abo7e which there appears to be no
significant increase in force: HHHHHHHH stimuli"sec
This rate is the fusion freuency, also called tetanus.
E. %lick P/)!2 P*%2 at the top left corner of the /lot 1ata window and choose A"%-, PD9
as the printer to sa7e the graph in /1< format !attach the plot in your lab report#. 9hen
finished, click the C at the top right of the plot window.
$ - ? 2 6 T $ 5 ( T $ - 5 4 @ 6 % 2 < ( T $ 5 @ 2
1. %lick C*,/ T/$)!&( to erase the oscilloscope display.
2. The 7oltage should be set to E.2 7olts, and the muscle length should be 0* mm.
3. (d>ust the stimulus rate to 128 stimuli"sec.
4. %lick M5*2)#*, S2)m5*5(+ allow the tracing to sweep through three screens, and then click
S2%# S2)m5*5( to stop the stimulator.
*. %lick T%%*( P/)!2 G/#' and choose A"%-, PD9 as the printer to sa7e the graph in
/1< format !attach the graph in your lab report#.
Why does the force begin to decrease with time?
-ote that a decrease in force indicates muscle fatigue.
.. %lick C*,/ T/$)!&( to erase the oscilloscope display. Ieep the same settings as
before.
0. Aou will be clicking M5*2)#*, S2)m5*5( on and off three times to demonstrate fatigue with
reco7ery. 3ead the steps below before proceeding.
i. %lick M5*2)#*, S2)m5*5(.
ii. 9hen the tracing reaches the middle of the screen, briefly turn off the stimulator by
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clicking S2%# S2)m5*5(+ then immediately click M5*2)#*, S2)m5*5( again.
iii. Aou will see a dip in the force tracing where you turned the stimulator off and then on
again. The force tracing will continue to drop as the muscle fatigues.
i7. Before the muscle fatigues completely, repeat the on"off cycle twice more without
clearing the screen.
E. %lick T%%*( P/)!2 G/#' and choose A"%-, PD9 as the printer to sa7e the graph in
/1< format !attach the graph in your lab report#.
"urning the stimulator off allows a small measure of recovery. "he muscle will produce
force for a longer period if the stimulator is briefly turned off than if the stimulations were
allowed to continue without interruption. #xplain why.
F. To see the difference between continuous multiple stimulation and multiple stimulation
with reco7ery, click M5*2)#*, S2)m5*5( and let the tracing fall without interruption to =ero
force. This tracing will follow the original myogram exactly until the first +dip, is
encountered, after which you will notice a difference in the amount of force produced
between the two runs.
18. %lick T%%*( P/)!2 G/#' and choose A"%-, PD9 as the printer to sa7e the graph in
/1< format !attach the graph in your lab report#.
$escribe the difference between the current tracing and the myogram generated in
step %.
MPrF-02C
P H Y S I O E X 8 . 0 : MU S C L E P H Y S I O L O G Y I S O M E T R I C
AN D I S O T O N I C C O N T R AC T I O N
OBJECTIVES
1. To graphically understand the relationships between passi7e, acti7e, and total forces.
2. To identify the conditions under which muscle contraction is isometric or isotonic.
3. To describe in terms of length and force the transitions between isometric and isotonic
conditions during a single muscle twitch.
4. To describe the effects of resistance and starting length on the initial 7elocity of shortening.
*. To explain why muscle force remains constant during isotonic shortening.
INSTRUMENTS
1. aptop !brought by the students, min. 1 laptop"group#
2. $nternet access
PROCEDURES
I. ACCESSING THE PHYSIO EX 8.0 WEBSITE
1. %onnect your laptop to the wireless internet access in the physiology laboratory.
2. &pen your browser, go to www.my!"#.$%m
3. %lick the L%& I! button in the lower left area of the page.
4. %hoose the 'uman (natomy ) P'y()%*%&y+ 8, -%%. -y E*)!, M/),- 0
123 H%,'!
*. Type +4*5), in the ogin -ame.
.. (sk your tutor to fill in the /assword.
0. %hoose P'y()%E6 8.0 at the lower left area of the page.
II. ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
1. %hoose C'#2,/ 7: S.,*,2* M5($*, P'y()%*%&y from the menu, then choose
I(%m,2/)$ C%!2/$2)%! from the E6#,/)m,!2 menu. The opening screen will appear in a
few seconds.
2. The 7oltage should be set to the maximal stimulus !E.2 7olts#, and the muscle length
should be 0* mm.
3. To see how the eDuipment works, stimulate once by clicking S2)m5*2,. Aou should see
a single muscle twitch tracing on the left oscilloscope display and three data points
representing acti7e, passi7e, and total force on the right display. The yellow box
represents the total force and the red dot it contains symboli=es the superimposed acti7e
force. The green sDuare represents the passi7e force data point.
4. %lick C*,/ T/$)!&( to erase the oscilloscope display.
*. 6horten the muscle to a length of *8 mm by clicking the !:# button next to the 4uscle
ength window.
.. %lick S2)m5*2, and, when the tracing is complete, click R,$%/" D2.
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0. 3epeat the S2)m5*2, and R,$%/" D2 seDuence, increasing the muscle length by 2
mm each time until you reach the maximum muscle length of 188 mm.
E. %arefully examine the acti7e, passi7e, and total force plots in the right oscilloscope
display.
F. %lick T%%*( P/)!2 D2 and choose A"%-, PD9 as the printer to sa7e the graph in
/1< format !attach the data in your lab report#.
What happens to the passive and active forces as the muscle length is increased
from &' mm to ('' mm?
#xplain the dip in the total force curve.
'int: Ieep in mind you are measuring the sum of acti7e and passi7e forces.
III. ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
1. %hoose I(%2%!)$ C%!2/$2)%! from the E6#,/)m,!2 menu. The opening screen will
appear in a few seconds.
2. 6et the 7oltage to the maximal stimulus !E.2 7olts#.
3. 1rag:and:drop the 8.*:g weight onto the muscle;s lower tendon.
4. /latform height should be 0* mm.
*. %lick S2)m5*2, and simultaneously watch the muscle action and the oscilloscope
tracing.
.. %lick the R,$%/" D2 button to retain and display the data in the grid.
What do you see happening to the muscle during the flat part of the tracing?
%lick S2)m5*2, to repeat if you wish to see the muscle action again.
$oes the force the muscle produces change during the flat part of the tracing
)increase, decrease, or stay the same*?
0. 3eturn the 8.*:g weight to the cabinet. 1rag the 1.*:g
weight to the muscle. %lick S2)m5*2,+ and then click
R,$%/" D2.
Which of the two weights used so far results in the highest initial velocity of
shortening?
Weight + ________ g
Velocity + ________ mm,sec
E. 3epeat step 0 for the remaining two weights.
Weight + ________ g
Velocity + ________ mm,sec
Weight + ________ g
Velocity + ________ mm,sec
F. %hoose P*%2 D2 from the T%%*( menu.
18. 6et 9eight as the C:axis and Total <orce as the A:axis by dragging the slider bars. %lick
P/)!2 P*%2 at the top left corner of the /lot 1ata window and choose A"%-, PD9 as the
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printer to sa7e the graph in /1< format !attach the plot in your lab report#. 9hen
finished, click the C at the top right of the plot window.
What does the plot reveal about the relationship between resistance and the initial
velocity of shortening?
11. %lick T%%*( P/)!2 D2 and choose A"%-, PD9 as the printer to sa7e the graph in
/1< format !attach the data in your lab report#.
12. %lick C*,/ T-*, in the data control unit at the bottom of the screen. %lick Y,( when you
are asked if you want to erase all data in the table.
13. 3eturn the current weight to the weight cabinet.
14. (ttach the 1.*:g weight to the muscle and run through the range of starting lengths from
.8:F8 mm in *:mm increments. Be sure to click R,$%/" D2 after each stimulus.
1*. (fter all runs ha7e been completed, choose P*%2 D2 from the T%%*( menu.
1.. 6et ength as the C:axis and ?elocity as the A:axis by dragging the slider bars. %lick
P/)!2 P*%2 at the top left corner of the /lot 1ata window and choose A"%-, PD9 as the
printer to sa7e the graph in /1< format !attach the plot in your lab report#. 9hen
finished, click the C at the top right of the plot window.
$escribe the relationship between starting length and initial velocity of shortening.
MPrF-02C
M U S C L E P E R 9 O R M AN C E T E S T
If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment
and exercise, not too little and not too much, we would have found
the safest way to health.
Hippocrates
$n 1FF4, Bouchard and 6hepard proposed a model describing the relationships among physical
acti7ity, fitness, and health. They defined fitness as Jmatching of the indi7idual to his or her
physical and social en7ironmentJ and pointed out that the two goals of fitness were performance
and health. /erformance:related fitness was proposed to include motor skillsK cardiorespiratory
power and capacityK muscular power, strength, and enduranceK body si=eK body compositionK
moti7ationK nutritional statusK and genetics. 'ealth:related fitness was defined as ha7ing Jan
ability to perform daily acti7ities with 7igorJ and a low risk of de7eloping degenerati7e diseases.
The components of health:related fitness include body composition, strength and endurance,
cardio7ascular and respiratory function, and intracellular metabolism. %learly, these two goals of
fitness lie on a continuum.
1
(s clearly stated abo7e, a musculoskeletal assessment is essential to determine a person;s
o7erall fitness le7el. $t can also identify specific areas of strength and weakness so a person will
be able to plan his"her exercise accordingly.
$n this lab work, you will try some of the a7ailable online muscle performance assessment re:
written from 2x3x.net !2xercise /rescription on the -et : http:""www.exrx.net"index.html#. Try
these exercises on your group members. Try these exercises, and then write a group report as
stated by the 5uidelines of the ab 3eport on 4uscle /hysiology !see attachment#. The in:
depth analysis will reDuire you to explore 7arious sub>ect related to musculoskeletal work,
sometimes from outside of the physiological standpoint.
PURPOSE
1. To e7aluate muscle performance using a set of muscle performance tests.
2. To analy=e the indi7idual and group result of muscle performance tests.
PREPARATION AND RE;UIREMENTS
1. R," 2', 4%**%w)!& L- M!5* -,4%/, 2', #'y()%*%&y *- (,(()%! in order to
understand the assessment techniDues.
2. 27ery group member has to be the sub>ect of each experiment.
3. The sub>ects ha7e to meet the following conditions:
a. healthy
b. ha7e no cardio7ascular and musculoskeletal conditions
c. prepare themsel7es to perform the test on physiology lab sessionK therefore they are
reDuired to:
i. get enough sleep prior to the time of the test
1
Committee on Body, Composition, Nutrition, and Health of Military Women, Institute of Medicine: Assessing
Readiness in Military Women: The Relationship of Body, Composition, Nutrition, and Health !""#$
MPrF-02C
ii. ha7e lunch at least two hours before the time of the test
iii. wear comfortable clothing suitable for doing exercise
LABORATORY WOR1 PROTOCOL
1. 1o the sit up, push up, and 7ertical >ump test on each group member.
2. %alculate the result using a personal computer connected to the internet.
3. 3ecord the result and write a group report !see attachment: 5uidelines for 4uscle
/erformance Test 3eport#.
4. The report is due 1 week after the laboratory work, and has to be submitted to the
1epartment of /hysiology administration office !"ata -saha $epartemen .isiologi#.
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MUSCULAR ENDURANCE ASSESSMENT
4uscular endurance is the ability to sustain muscle contraction o7er a period of times without
undue fatigue. -o single endurance test measures the endurance of all musclesK howe7er, the
6it @p Test ser7es as a measure of abdominal and hip flexor endurance while the /ush @p Test
indicate upper body strength and endurance.
E6/6.N,2: S)2 U# T,(2
http:""www.exrx.net"calculators"situps.html
T,(2 P/%$,"5/,(
6ub>ect performs as many bent knee sit:ups as possible within .8 seconds. 6ub>ect can rest
between repetitions if unable to sit:up continuously. 6ub>ect should be encouraged to perform
one or two trial repetitions before test. 6ee online animation.
feet anchored by partner or apparatus
knees bent F8L
hands clasped behind neck
elbows tra7el beyond or make contact with knees
back of shoulders must return to floor
R,(5*2 )!2,/#/,22)%!
5o to the indicated website. 2nter information !sex, age and accurate repetitions# in left columnK
%lick J%alculateJ. 3ecord the result.
6ex
(ge
3epetitions
/opulation (7erage
6core
3ating
%alculate 3eset
32<232-%2 -&34:
/ollock 4, 9ilmore M', <ox 64: 'ealth and <itness through /hysical (cti7ity. -ew Aork Mohn
9iley ) 6ons, 1F0E.
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E6/6.N,2: P5(' U# T,(2
http://www.exrx.net/calculators/pushups.html
T,(2 P/%$,"5/,(
The push ups must be completed using the following techniDue: hands are positioned directly
under shoulders, elbows bend out on a 4*N angle. The head must be tucked under, back straight
and push ups lowered +nose fist distance from floor,. 9omen are allowed to use the +adies
/ush @ps, on their knees.
6ub>ect performs as many repetitions as possible without pausing. 6ub>ect should be
encouraged to perform one or two trial repetitions before test.
2lbows fully extended
4ale sub>ect !6ee animation#
forefoot or toes on floor
legs, hips, and back straight
tester places upright fist below chest of male sub>ect
contact with testers fist
<emale sub>ect !6ee animations: feet down, feet up#
knees on floor or mat
hips and back straight
tester gi7es 7erbal feed back to female sub>ect on depth of
push:up
shoulders the same height of elbow
R,(5*2 )!2,/#/,22)%!
5o to the indicated website. 2nter information !sex, age and accurate repetitions# in left columnK
%lick J%alculateJ. 3ecord the result.
MPrF-02C
6ex
(ge
3epetitions
/opulation (7erage
6core
3ating
%alculate 3eset
32<232-%2 -&34:
/ollock 4, 9ilmore M', <ox 64: 'ealth and <itness through /hysical (cti7ity. -ew Aork Mohn
9iley ) 6ons, 1F0E.
MPrF-02C
,6/6.!,2: <,/2)$* 35m# 2,(2
http:""www.exrx.net"calculators"7ertical>ump.html
The ?ertical Mump Test is a uni7ersal assessment of power. The sub>ect is allowed three
attempts at performing a depth >ump and marking their progress in centimeters relati7e to their
standing height. ( measure of power is gi7en relati7e to the height of the >ump
T,(2 P/%$,"5/,(
/ut chalk on finger tips. 6tand with side toward 7ertical >ump apparatus and reach up as
high as possible keeping the feet flat on the ground. 4ark and record standing reach.
6tand slightly away from the apparatus. Mump up as high as possible using both arms and
legs to assist in pro>ecting the body upwards. Touch the measurement board at the highest
point of the >ump.
%alculate the Jnet heightJ by subtracting the standing reach height from the >ump height. The
best of three attempts is recorded.
R,(5*2 )!2,/#/,22)%!
5o to the indicated website. 2nter information !sex, population category, body weight and the
peak 7ertical >ump# in left columnK %lick J%alculateJ. 3ecord the result.
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-et 'eight
6ex
/opulation
Body 9eight
%alculate 3eset
/opulation (7erage
6core
3ating
4ean /ower !kgm"sec#
The 7ertical >ump height are categori=ed for 7arious populations including children !ages 18:10#,
adults !ages 1E:2F#, and world class athletes.
32<232-%2 -&34:
(dult norms based on data from the <itness $nstitute of Texas, @ni7ersity of Texas at
(ustin.
%hildrenOs norms based on data from Texas Test 1F03.
MPrF-02C
GUIDELINES 9OR MUSCLE PER9ORMANCE TEST REPORT
The lab report is a full narration group report. 2ach member of the group must participate in
writing the report and must be pointed out explicitly in the report.
The guidelines of the lab report:
1. Text should typewritten, formatted as 12 point Times -ew 3oman font si=e, and 1.1*:
spaced. The page limit for the report is 28 pages !excluding co7er and references#. /lease
write clearly and concisely.
2. The report consists of
a. $ntroduction !max. 1 page#:
i. 9hat did you doP
ii. 9hy did you do itP
Q$n this section, clearly state the test ob>ecti7es. 1escribe in general the mechanism of
muscle contraction and the importance of assessing muscle performanceR
b. iterature 3e7iew !max. . pages#:
Q9rite down the supporting theories to the experiment, what results were expected from
the experimentR
c. 4aterials and 4ethods !max. 3 pages#:
i. ( brief outline or schematic of your experimental setup, and a reference to your
laboratory manual.
ii. 6pecify any de7iations from the protocol in the aboratory 4anual.
Q1o not restate the protocol from the laboratory manual. @se this section to briefly
summari=e the methodology and to highlight any specific procedural changes.R
d. 3esults !max. 4 pages#:
i. %alculate descripti7e statistics !mean and standard de7iation# for the pooled class
data.
ii. /resent the calculated 7alues !descripti7e statistics# in an appropriate and
informati7e way !tables, figures and"or graphs#, and in anticipation of the points
that you will address in the discussion section of the report.
Q1o not duplicate your reporting of data : that is, present the data in either tabular or
graphical form, but not both.R
e. 1iscussion !max. . pages#:
i. %ompare the findings with the expected results based on theory !that is, explain
the results in accordance with factors affecting muscle performance#.
ii. -ote and discuss, as appropriate, any agreements and"or disagreements between
expected and obser7ed findings.
iii. $n making comparisons, consideration should be gi7en to the identification of
appropriate control groups !if any#.
i7. 9hat is the conclusion!s#P
f. 3eference:
Q9rite down list of reference according to the ?ancou7er method !see 4edical Mournal
of $ndonesia#R