LIBRARY STUDY ON

COMMERCIAL KITCHENS

SUBMITTED TO
AR. MUNISH SHARMA
AR. JOGA SINGH
SUBMITTED BY
ANAS AHMAD
AR/10/606

1.1 Spatial Requirements

A well planned kitchen should:
Provide adequate storage for raw materials.
Provide adequate space for food being prepared.
Provide adequate space food awaiting service.
Provide adequate storage for equipment, utensils, crockery and cutlery.
Be efficient and effective in terms of movement of staff, equipment, materials and waste
Provide an area for checking in stock.
Janitorial store for kitchen, with janitorial sink in place and chemical store.
To maintain effective movement through spaces, the area per person according to use of the
equipment has been established
by the Building Act 1984 / Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992. It is
recommended that in a kitchen each
person needs 10m2.
1.2 Work Flow
The premises shall be designed so that there is a continuous progression of food from
delivery to storage, through to
preparation and the finished product, with no cross over to avoid cross contamination.
1.2.1 Food Delivery or Receiving
This includes the receiving of purchased goods, which involves: handling, checking, recording
or storage.
Some of these functions may be combined or not needed depending on the size of the
kitchen.

1.2.2 Storage
The amount of storage space and the type of storage will depend on:
The size of the kitchen.
Menu.
The volume of business.
Delivery frequency.
The length of storage.
The type of storage (frozen, refrigerated or dry).
Storage of meats, poultry and fish should be taken into consideration when designing the
kitchen and kept separate
from dry foods, vegetables, fruit and pastry.
1.2.3 Preparation and Cooking
The main preparation areas in food premises are for:
Meat preparation.
Poultry preparation.
Fish preparation.
Vegetable preparation.
Pastry/dessert preparation.
All food preparation areas should be separate from the cooking area.
1.2.4 Clean Crockery
Storage for clean crockery should be close to the washing up facility to minimise excess
movement around the kitchen
and ideally in a separate room due to the air pollution in a kitchen.

1.2.5 Food Service

The type of service (a la carte, fast food, caf or banquet) will direct how the serving function is
performed. The most
common service is plate service, which requires pick-up points next to the cooking area. The
pick-up point arrangement
should have a method to keep the dishes warm/cold.
There should be a separate pick-up point for chilled food such as desserts to be held in a
refrigerated cabinet. The
pick-up point arrangement is critical for an efficient in and out flow of waiter traffic. It is
essential to design kitchen
flow of service/waiters traffic in the kitchen layout.

1.2.6 Waste Food and Dirty Crockery

The dish washing area positioning is vital to the successful operation of any kitchen. The design
of the dish washing
area should have a large drop off area. This area should have the facility to cope with the waste
from plates. The following is a suggested list of possible cleaning/storing methods and
equipment:
Stainless steel racking for pots and pans. Open for ease of cleaning.
Stainless steel racking for plates in separate enclosed area.
Cutlery storage.
Enclosed storage for mops, chemical and janitorial sink. Different mops for different areas.
Adequate sinks. When positioning sinks, drainage should be addressed e.g. Sinks should be in
line, in order to reduce the number of Grease Traps required.

 Pre-rinse hose on dirty sink.

Extraction system.
Waste disposal bin (differing bins for recyclables).
Waste Management System.
HACCP - Regulation (EC) No. 852/2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs.
Food, Oil & Grease are by products of the kitchen and create drainage problems in kitchens.
These substances create
major problems for treatment plants. The best method of controlling this is at source. This
should be addressed at
planning stage to prevent problems from water companies, environmental agencies and
public health inspectors.

1.3 Provisions for Adequate Space

Space shall be provided on the premises for staff to handle food and perform other activities
that are part of the food
business.
Space should be provided for:
Staff changing room.
Food preparation and service.
Separation of raw food preparation from cooked food preparation and other ready-to-eat
food preparation areas.
Washing and sanitizing operations for utensils and equipment.
Separation of food storage and handling areas from areas for chemical storage, toilets, waste
storage, office areas and other areas used for activities that could contaminate food.

SUGGESTED COMMERCIAL KITCHEN LAYOUT PLAN

2.1 Temperature Measuring Devices

Temperatures must be taken and recorded A temperature measuring device needs to be
readily accessible and must accurately measure the temperature of
food to +/- 1C.
The temperature of cold food should be maintained at 8 Celsius, or below.
This is to minimise the growth of infectious or toxigenic micro-organismst
The temperature of hot food should be maintained at 63 Celsius or above.
2.2 Food Handling
Staff must wash hands as they move from different areas in the kitchen e.g. preparation
to cooking. This will help
reduce cross contamination. Prepared meats, poultry, fish and vegetables must be
refrigerated until needed and held
in a refrigerated under counter unit in the cooking/prep area.
Ideally
Use colour coded chopping boards and knives for raw and ready-to-eat food.
Wash your hands before preparing food and after.
Keep raw and ready-to-eat food apart at all times.
Any staff suffering from diarrhea / vomiting within hours must not be allowed into the
kitchen area under any
circumstance.

3.1 Water supply

Water supply is required for the following:
Drinking.
Cooking.
Ice making.
Cleaning.
Sanitizing.
Personal hygiene.
Fire suppression systems (fire hydrants, hose reels and sprinkler systems).
Separate non-potable water supplies are often used for fire suppression systems e.g.
recycled rainwater.
Hot water must be stored at a minimum of 60C to prevent growth of bacteria such as
Legionella. (See page 24).
Water pressure must be adequate to meet all the demands of the commercial kitchen.
Non-potable water: Water that is not suitable for human consumption (grey water).

WORK TRIANGLE

A major appliance and its surrounding landing/work

area form a work center. The distances between the
three primary work centers (cooking surface, cleanup/prep primary sink, and refrigeration storage) form a
work triangle.
When the kitchen plan includes more than three
primary appliance/work centers, each additional travel
distance to another appliance/work center should
measure no less than 4' nor more than 9'.
Each leg is measured from the center-front of the
appliance/sink.
No work triangle leg may intersect an island/peninsula
or other obstacle by more than 12".

In a kitchen with three work centers the sum of

the three traveled distances should total no more
than 26' with no single leg of the triangle
measuring less than 4 feet nor more than 9 feet.
No major traffic patterns should cross through
the basic work triangle.

WORK AISLE
The width of a work aisle should be at least 42 for one cook and at least 48 for
multiple cooks. Measure between the counter frontage, tall cabinets and/or
appliances.
ADA/ANSI Guidelines:
A clear floor space of at least 30 by 48 should be
provided at each kitchen appliance. Clear floor
spaces can overlap. (ANSI A 117.1 305.3, 804.6.1).
(ANSI A 117.1 404.2.3.1)
In a U-shaped kitchen, plan a minimum clearance of
60 between opposing arms. (ANSI A117.1 804.2.2,
1003.12.1.2).
Include a wheelchair turning space with a diameter
of at least 60, which can include knee* and toe*
clearances. (ANSI A117.1 304.3.1).
A wheelchair turning space could utilize a T-shaped
clear space, which is a 60 square with two 12 wide
x 24 deep areas removed from the corners of the
square. This leaves a minimum 36 wide base and
two 36 wide arms. T-shaped wheelchair turning
spaces can include knee and toe clearances. (ANSI
A117.1 304.3.2).

In planning a Universal Access Kitchen...

Knee clearance must be a minimum 30 wide (36 to use as part of the T-turn) and
maintain a 27 clear space under the cabinet, counter or sink for a depth of 8. The
next 3 of depth may slope down to a height of 9, with a clear space of at least 17
extending beneath the element. (ANSI 306.3).
Toe clearance space under a cabinet or appliance is between the floor and 9 above
the floor. Where toe clearance is required as part of a clear floor space, the toe
clearance should extend 17 minimum beneath the element. (ANSI A117.1 306.2).

WALKWAYS
The width of a walkway should be at least 36.

If two walkways are perpendicular to each

other, one walkway should be at least 42
wide.

REFRIGERATOR LANDING AREA

Include at least:
15 of landing area on the handle side of the refrigerator, or
15 of landing area on either side of a side-by-side refrigerator, or
15 of landing area which is no more than 48across from the front of the refrigerator, or

15 of landing area above or adjacent to any undercounter style refrigeration appliance.

ADA/ANSI Guidelines: A clear

floor space of 30 x 48 should
be positioned for a parallel
approach to the
refrigerator/freezer with the
centerline of the clear floor
space offset 24 maximum from
the centerline of the appliance.
(ANSI A 117.1 804.6.6,
1003.12.6.6)

COOK SURFACE LANDING AREA

Include a minimum of 12 of landing area on one side of a cooking surface and 15 on the
other side.
Note A: The 12 and 15 landing areas must be at the same height as the cooking surface.
Note B:For safety reasons, in an island or peninsula situation, the countertop should also
extend a minimum of 9 behind the cooking surface if the counter height is the same as
the surface-cooking appliance.
Note C: For an enclosed configuration, a reduction of clearances shall be in accordance
with the appliance manufacturers instructions or per local codes. (This may not provide
adequate landing area.)
ADA/ANSI Guidelines:
When a forward-approach clear
floor space is provided at the
cooktop, it should provide knee and
toe clearance and the underside of
the cooktop should be insulated or
otherwise configured to prevent
burns, abrasions, or electric shock.
(ANSI 1002.12.6.4)
The location of cooktop controls
should not require reaching across
burners. (ANSI 1003.12.6.4)

COOKING SURFACE VENTILATION

Guideline: Provide a correctly sized, ducted ventilation system for all cooking surface
appliances. The recommended minimum is 150 cubic feet of air per minute (cfm).

Code Requirement:
Manufacturers specifications must be followed. (IRC G 2407.1, IRC G 2447.1).
The minimum required exhaust rate for a ducted hood is 100 cfm and must be ducted to
the outside. (IRC M 1507.3).
Make-up air may need to be provided. Refer to local codes. (IRC G 2407.4).

Universal Design
Guideline: Ventilation
controls should be
placed 15 44 above
the floor, operable with
minimal effort, easy to
read and with minimal
noise pollution.

ADA/ANSI Guidelines:
Operable parts should be operable with
one hand and not require tight grasping,
pinching or twisting of the wrist. The
force required to activate operable parts
should be 5 pounds maximum. (ANSI
A117.1 309.4).
Where a forward or side reach is
unobstructed, the high reach should be
48 maximum and the low reach should
be 15 minimum above the floor.(ANSI
A117.1 308.2.1 and 308.3.1).
Where a forward or side reach is
obstructed by a 20 25 deep counter,
the high reach should be 44 maximum.
(ANSI A117.1 308.2.2)

SIGNAGE
12.1 Emergency Signage
12.1.1 Exit Signs
Exit signs are required to direct people to exit doors in the case of an emergency.
12.1.2 Fire Emergency Signage
It is necessary in a commercial kitchen to provide signage that tells
Signs detailing the emergency evacuation plan for the business. Staff should be made
aware of where emergency
evacuation procedures are written down.
Instructional signs adjacent to fire extinguishers, fire blankets and fire hose reels detailing
their correct use.
12.1.3 First Aid Signage
Signs should be installed to clearly mark the location of first aid kits.
12.2 Hygiene Signage
12.2.1 Personal Hygiene Signage
Personal hygiene of staff is important to prevent contamination of food.
12.2.2 Kitchen Hygiene Signage
Posters should be displayed that detail the procedures necessary to keep the kitchen clean
and hygienic..
12.2.3 Check Lists
To keep track of hygiene and cleanliness issues, a checklist of procedures is recommended.
The checklist should provide
a brief description of what is required.

STAFF AMENITIES
13.1 Storage of Personal Items`
Staff should be provided with adequate and secure storage for clothing and personal
belongings.
13.2 Change Rooms
Staff should be provided with dedicated change rooms, particularly when they are required to
wear uniforms.
13.3 Toilets
It is essential that staff have access to toilets.
For a small business located in a shopping centre, use of the centres public toilets may be
adequate.
For larger businesses, staff may share the toilet facilities provided for patrons
Where more than 10 staff are employed, separate male and female toilets should be provided.
Toilets must not open directly into kitchens or food storage areas and should be accessed via
airlocks with self-closing doors. toilets must be adequately ventilated in accordance with the
Building Act 1984.
13.4 Storage of Office Materials
Office materials and paperwork should be stored in a room designated for office use
13.5 Wash Hand Basins
Staff must have access to wash hand basins / Quadwash facilities after visits to the
toilets/smoking areas(contamination from lighters / cigarette packets).
Wash hand basins must be located where staff move from one area to another e.g. from prep
area to cooking area.

FIRE SAFETY
Basic fire precautions are:
All areas should be kept clean from dust, dirt and oil to limit fire damage.
All cooking and high-risk appliances should be watched when in use.
14.1 Emergency Procedures
All kitchens must have a written emergency evacuation plan in place.
14.1.1 Emergency Manuals
All manuals for emergency devices, solutions to dangerous situations and other emergency
instructions etc. should be kept in the same place. They must be clearly labeled, well organized
and easy to understand.
14.2 Emergency Devices
Emergency devices should be dispersed around the kitchen, not all in the same area.
Emergency equipment should be serviced at least once a year.
14.2.1 Fire Extinguishers
The most common cause of serious fires in commercial kitchens is the over-heating of deep
fryer oil.
It is recommended that all extinguishers / blankets used in the kitchen are suitable for hot oil
fires.
How many extinguishers?
The number of extinguishers is dependent on the size of the kitchen.

Location
They should be in a main thoroughfare, preferably along the exit route.
They need to be easy to access in a hurry.
They should be 100mm high off the floor; the top of the extinguisher should be 1200mm from
the floor.
For electrical fires the extinguisher must be closer than 40m from the appliances.
For cooking oils and fats the extinguishers must be placed between 2 and 20m from the risk. In
a
commercial kitchen 20m is too far away, it is safer to keep them within 10m.

SOME LAYOUT PLANS OF COMMERCIAL KITCHENS

REFERENCE

REFERENCE:
http://scullmeister.blogspot.in/2014/05/tiny-commercial-kitchen-layout.html

REFERENCE
http://www.viahouse.com/2013/07/commercial-kitchen-design-ofdirties/extravagant-modern-style-commercial-kitchen-design-spacious-room-design/

REFERENCES
http://www.alulinegms.com/sitedata/files/kitchen_design_guide.pdf
http://starcraftcustombuilders.com/kitchen.design.rules.htm#.VFMZKvmSxz4
https://www.safework.sa.gov.au/contentPages/docs/hospSafeDesignComKitc
hen.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_work_triangle
ADA/ANSI STANDARDS